Geology Quiz: Soil and Volcano Concepts

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Questions and Answers

Match the soil types with their characteristics:

Desert Soil = Low organic material, dry conditions Temperate Soil = Well-defined horizons, moderate climate Tropical Soil = High organic material, warm and wet conditions Urban Soil = Often disturbed, contaminated, and compacted

Match the groundwater terms with their definitions:

Aquifer = A geological formation that can store and transmit water Aquitard = A layer that restricts water flow Confined Aquifer = An aquifer surrounded by impermeable layers Unconfined Aquifer = An aquifer directly open to the surface

Match the soil problems with their explanations:

Liquefaction = Soil behaves like a liquid during shaking Compaction = Reduction of soil volume due to pressure Expansive Soils = Soils that swell when wet and shrink when dry Mixed Soils = Soils composed of different types often leading to instability

Match the soil horizons with their descriptions:

O Horizon = Organic layer of decomposed materials A Horizon = Topsoil rich in minerals and organic matter B Horizon = Subsoil that accumulates leached materials C Horizon = Parent material, partially weathered rock Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors affecting soil thickness with their descriptions:

Substrate Strength = Determines resistance to erosion and weathering Slope Steepness = Affects erosion rates and drainage Climate = Influences soil formation and moisture availability Time = Longer exposure leads to thicker soils Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of erosion with their causes:

Agricultural Practices = Tillage and crop removal lead to soil exposure Drought = Reduces vegetation cover, leading to loose soil Deforestation = Tree removal increases runoff and erosion Overgrazing = Livestock trampling compacts soil and removes cover Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to porosity and permeability with their implications:

Porosity = Volume of voids in a material Permeability = Ability of material to transmit fluids Pore Space = Hollow spaces within rock or soil Primary Porosity = Initial porosity present in rock or soil formation Signup and view all the answers

Match the water features with their characteristics:

Water Table = The upper surface of groundwater in the soil Perched Water Table = A localized zone of saturation above the main water table Natural Springs = Water flows to the surface due to pressure or geological conditions Artesian Well = A well that produces water under pressure without pumping Signup and view all the answers

Match the volcanic terms with their definitions:

Caldera = A large depression formed after a volcano erupts and collapses Lahar = A volcanic mudflow composed of water and volcanic debris Tephra = Rock fragments ejected from a volcano during an eruption Pahoehoe = Smooth, ropy lava that flows easily Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of volcanic eruptions with their characteristics:

Effusive Eruption = Lava flows gently out of the volcano Strombolian Eruption = Explosive bursts of lava that can create lava fountains Plinian Eruption = Characterized by explosive outbursts and high columns of tephra Phreatic Eruption = Steamed explosion due to water interacting with hot magma Signup and view all the answers

Match the volcanic settings with their corresponding volcanic arcs:

Convergent tectonic boundaries = Cascade Volcanic Chain Oceanic hot spots = Hawaiian Islands Continental hot spots = Yellowstone Caldera Divergent tectonic boundaries = Iceland Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of lavas with their viscosity levels:

Basalt = Low viscosity Andesite = Intermediate viscosity Rhyolite = High viscosity Flood basalt = Very low viscosity Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of a volcano with their descriptions:

Vent = Opening through which magma escapes to the surface Magma chamber = Underground chamber that holds molten rock Crater = Depressed area at the summit of a volcano Conduit = Passage that carries magma from the chamber to the vent Signup and view all the answers

Match the volcanic hazards with their descriptions:

Pyroclastic flows = Fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter Volcanic ash = Fine particles of rock and glass ejected during an eruption Lava flows = Molten rock that travels down the slopes of a volcano Lahars = Destructive mudflows caused by volcanic activity Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of volcanoes with their typical characteristics:

Cinder cone = Small, steep-sided volcano formed from pyroclastic debris Stratovolcano = Tall, conical volcano formed with alternating layers of lava and ash Shield volcano = Broad, gently sloping volcano formed by low-viscosity lava Caldera = Immense volcanic depression formed by a major eruption Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to volcanic eruptions with their definitions:

Eruption column = Vertical plume of gas and ash emitted during an eruption Fissure eruption = Eruption from cracks in the Earth's surface Flood basalt = A large area covered by vast lava flows Pyroclastic debris = Fragmented materials ejected during an explosive eruption Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to streams with their definitions:

Stream capacity = The total amount of sediment a stream can transport Stream competence = The maximum size of particles a stream can carry Watershed = An area that drains rainfall and snowmelt into a common outlet Drainage basin = The land area from which water collects and drains into a river Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of flooding with their descriptions:

Seasonal flooding = Predictable flooding occurring at certain times of the year Flash flooding = Rapid flooding that occurs shortly after heavy rainfall Meandering stream = A stream characterized by winding curves and bends Braided stream = A stream with multiple channels separated by small islands Signup and view all the answers

Match the stream load types with their characteristics:

Bed load = Sediment that rolls along the bottom of the stream Suspended load = Particles that are carried within the water column Dissolved load = Minerals and nutrients dissolved in the water Trunk stream = The main river within a drainage network Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of drainage networks with their landscapes:

Dendritic = Tree-like, typical in flat landscapes Radial = Spokes radiating from a central point like a volcano Rectangular = Intersecting streams on a fractured landscape Trellis = Streams that run parallel to ridges in a valley landscape Signup and view all the answers

Match the erosion-related terms with their definitions:

Headward erosion = Erosion that expands a stream's length upstream Longitudinal profile = A cross-section of a stream from its source to mouth Natural levees = Raised banks built up by accumulated sediment Base level = The lowest point a stream can erode its bed Signup and view all the answers

Match the flood prevention methods with their descriptions:

Floodways = Areas designated to carry excess floodwater Levees = Artificial embankments to prevent river overflow Channelization = Modification of a stream to control flooding Artificial levees = Embankments built to hold back floodwaters Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts related to stream dynamics:

Dynamic equilibrium = A state where a stream's sediment load and capacity are balanced Graded stream = A stream that has a smooth, concave longitudinal profile Erosion zone = Region where the stream removes material from its banks Deposition zone = Area where sediment settles out from the stream flow Signup and view all the answers

Match the stream processes with their outcomes:

Meandering = Leads to the formation of oxbow lakes over time Erosion = Results in the widening of stream banks Flooding = Can lead to significant property damage and ecosystem changes Sedimentation = Creates alluvial fans and deltas as sediment accumulates Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Caldera

A large, circular depression formed by the collapse of a volcano's summit, often after a violent eruption.

Pyroclastic Eruption

A type of volcanic eruption characterized by the rapid expulsion of hot, gas-rich magma, often with explosive force.

Effusive Eruption

A type of volcanic eruption characterized by the effusive flow of lava, often with little or no explosion.

Pyroclastic Flow

A stream of incandescent volcanic debris, composed of hot gas, ash, and rock fragments, that flows rapidly downslope. Also known as a "nuée ardent."