Geology Quiz: Soil and Volcano Concepts

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Questions and Answers

Match the soil types with their characteristics:

Desert Soil = Low organic material, dry conditions Temperate Soil = Well-defined horizons, moderate climate Tropical Soil = High organic material, warm and wet conditions Urban Soil = Often disturbed, contaminated, and compacted

Match the groundwater terms with their definitions:

Aquifer = A geological formation that can store and transmit water Aquitard = A layer that restricts water flow Confined Aquifer = An aquifer surrounded by impermeable layers Unconfined Aquifer = An aquifer directly open to the surface

Match the soil problems with their explanations:

Liquefaction = Soil behaves like a liquid during shaking Compaction = Reduction of soil volume due to pressure Expansive Soils = Soils that swell when wet and shrink when dry Mixed Soils = Soils composed of different types often leading to instability

Match the soil horizons with their descriptions:

O Horizon = Organic layer of decomposed materials A Horizon = Topsoil rich in minerals and organic matter B Horizon = Subsoil that accumulates leached materials C Horizon = Parent material, partially weathered rock Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors affecting soil thickness with their descriptions:

Substrate Strength = Determines resistance to erosion and weathering Slope Steepness = Affects erosion rates and drainage Climate = Influences soil formation and moisture availability Time = Longer exposure leads to thicker soils Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of erosion with their causes:

Agricultural Practices = Tillage and crop removal lead to soil exposure Drought = Reduces vegetation cover, leading to loose soil Deforestation = Tree removal increases runoff and erosion Overgrazing = Livestock trampling compacts soil and removes cover Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to porosity and permeability with their implications:

Porosity = Volume of voids in a material Permeability = Ability of material to transmit fluids Pore Space = Hollow spaces within rock or soil Primary Porosity = Initial porosity present in rock or soil formation Signup and view all the answers

Match the water features with their characteristics:

Water Table = The upper surface of groundwater in the soil Perched Water Table = A localized zone of saturation above the main water table Natural Springs = Water flows to the surface due to pressure or geological conditions Artesian Well = A well that produces water under pressure without pumping Signup and view all the answers

Match the volcanic terms with their definitions:

Caldera = A large depression formed after a volcano erupts and collapses Lahar = A volcanic mudflow composed of water and volcanic debris Tephra = Rock fragments ejected from a volcano during an eruption Pahoehoe = Smooth, ropy lava that flows easily Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of volcanic eruptions with their characteristics:

Effusive Eruption = Lava flows gently out of the volcano Strombolian Eruption = Explosive bursts of lava that can create lava fountains Plinian Eruption = Characterized by explosive outbursts and high columns of tephra Phreatic Eruption = Steamed explosion due to water interacting with hot magma Signup and view all the answers

Match the volcanic settings with their corresponding volcanic arcs:

Convergent tectonic boundaries = Cascade Volcanic Chain Oceanic hot spots = Hawaiian Islands Continental hot spots = Yellowstone Caldera Divergent tectonic boundaries = Iceland Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of lavas with their viscosity levels:

Basalt = Low viscosity Andesite = Intermediate viscosity Rhyolite = High viscosity Flood basalt = Very low viscosity Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of a volcano with their descriptions:

Vent = Opening through which magma escapes to the surface Magma chamber = Underground chamber that holds molten rock Crater = Depressed area at the summit of a volcano Conduit = Passage that carries magma from the chamber to the vent Signup and view all the answers

Match the volcanic hazards with their descriptions:

Pyroclastic flows = Fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter Volcanic ash = Fine particles of rock and glass ejected during an eruption Lava flows = Molten rock that travels down the slopes of a volcano Lahars = Destructive mudflows caused by volcanic activity Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of volcanoes with their typical characteristics:

Cinder cone = Small, steep-sided volcano formed from pyroclastic debris Stratovolcano = Tall, conical volcano formed with alternating layers of lava and ash Shield volcano = Broad, gently sloping volcano formed by low-viscosity lava Caldera = Immense volcanic depression formed by a major eruption Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to volcanic eruptions with their definitions:

Eruption column = Vertical plume of gas and ash emitted during an eruption Fissure eruption = Eruption from cracks in the Earth's surface Flood basalt = A large area covered by vast lava flows Pyroclastic debris = Fragmented materials ejected during an explosive eruption Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to streams with their definitions:

Stream capacity = The total amount of sediment a stream can transport Stream competence = The maximum size of particles a stream can carry Watershed = An area that drains rainfall and snowmelt into a common outlet Drainage basin = The land area from which water collects and drains into a river Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of flooding with their descriptions:

Seasonal flooding = Predictable flooding occurring at certain times of the year Flash flooding = Rapid flooding that occurs shortly after heavy rainfall Meandering stream = A stream characterized by winding curves and bends Braided stream = A stream with multiple channels separated by small islands Signup and view all the answers

Match the stream load types with their characteristics:

Bed load = Sediment that rolls along the bottom of the stream Suspended load = Particles that are carried within the water column Dissolved load = Minerals and nutrients dissolved in the water Trunk stream = The main river within a drainage network Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of drainage networks with their landscapes:

Dendritic = Tree-like, typical in flat landscapes Radial = Spokes radiating from a central point like a volcano Rectangular = Intersecting streams on a fractured landscape Trellis = Streams that run parallel to ridges in a valley landscape Signup and view all the answers

Match the erosion-related terms with their definitions:

Headward erosion = Erosion that expands a stream's length upstream Longitudinal profile = A cross-section of a stream from its source to mouth Natural levees = Raised banks built up by accumulated sediment Base level = The lowest point a stream can erode its bed Signup and view all the answers

Match the flood prevention methods with their descriptions:

Floodways = Areas designated to carry excess floodwater Levees = Artificial embankments to prevent river overflow Channelization = Modification of a stream to control flooding Artificial levees = Embankments built to hold back floodwaters Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts related to stream dynamics:

Dynamic equilibrium = A state where a stream's sediment load and capacity are balanced Graded stream = A stream that has a smooth, concave longitudinal profile Erosion zone = Region where the stream removes material from its banks Deposition zone = Area where sediment settles out from the stream flow Signup and view all the answers

Match the stream processes with their outcomes:

Meandering = Leads to the formation of oxbow lakes over time Erosion = Results in the widening of stream banks Flooding = Can lead to significant property damage and ecosystem changes Sedimentation = Creates alluvial fans and deltas as sediment accumulates Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 5: Volcanoes

Define and understand key volcanic terms: a'a, pahoehoe, bomb, caldera, columnar jointing, crater, effusive eruption, pyroclastic eruption, fissure, flood basalt, lahar, pyroclastic debris, tephra, tuff, volcanic ash, pyroclastic flow/nuée ardent.
Differentiate between volcanic crater and caldera.
Identify the parts of a volcano (vent, crater, flanks, pyroclastics, magma chamber, conduit).
Describe the relative sizes of different types of volcanoes (e.g., cinder cones).
Explain volcanic hazards (pyroclastic flows, lahars, volcanic ash, lava flows).
Discuss how volcanic eruptions can affect global climate.
Identify the most dangerous type of volcanic eruption and explain why.
Relate magma viscosity to eruption type.
Compare and contrast different eruption styles (effusive, strombolian, Surtseyan, Plinean, fountain, phreatic).
Match volcanoes or volcanic arcs with their geological settings.
Understand the differences between basalt, andesite, and rhyolite, and their associated viscosities.
Know which types of lava are associated with each type of volcano.

Chapter 14: Streams & Floods

Define drainage divide and drainage network.
Explain how stream velocity changes from headwaters to mouth, and the influencing factors.
Explain the effects of stream velocity on capacity and competence.
Define stream capacity and competence.
Distinguish between seasonal flooding and flash flooding.
Define watershed and drainage basin.
Define continental divide.
Identify different types of drainage networks and associated landscapes.

Chapter 16: Groundwater

Differentiate between porosity and permeability, including whether a rock can have high porosity but low permeability (and why pumice floats).
Define water table and perched water table.
Understand how natural springs form.
Explain the difference between artesian and ordinary wells.
Define potentiometric surface.
Evaluate the superiority of artesian water versus ordinary well water.
Describe how to mimic artesian systems.
Discuss possible solutions if a groundwater reservoir is lost due to overdrawing and ground compaction.
Explain saltwater intrusion and its causes.
Define aquitard and aquifer, confined and unconfined aquifers
Describe suitable rock types for aquifers and aquitards.
Explain how groundwater withdrawal leads to subsidence, saltwater intrusion, ground fissures, and contaminated water issues, along with possible solutions.
Discuss methods to prevent the effects of over-pumping groundwater and flooding in urban areas while also considering green infrastructure.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various aspects of geology, including soil types, groundwater terms, erosion, and volcanic features. This quiz covers matching definitions with their corresponding geological characteristics and concepts. It's an excellent way to reinforce your understanding of these essential earth sciences.