Introduction to Globalization PDF

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD COURSE DESCRIPTION is course introduces students to the contempora world by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technologi...

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD COURSE DESCRIPTION is course introduces students to the contempora world by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of people and places around the globe. To this end, the course provides an ove iew of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to include a sense of global citizenship and global responsibility. 1  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION Prepared By: JOYCE L. COLONGON  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. De ne the globalization 2. Enumerate examples of Globalization 3. Explain the World Economy theo 4. Di erentiation of e Regional Block eo and e ird Way eo (or Transformationalism) 5. Enumerate the group of eoreticians and their explanation about globalization. 3  THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD 4  GLOBALIZATION Is a global movement towards integrating the economy, nance, commerce, and communications. Opening up local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader view of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfers of capital, goods, and se ices. e spread of nancial products, goods, technology, information, and jobs, across national borders and cultures. Is well known as the intensi cation of social relationships that connect distant localities in such a way that local events are shaped by events that occur many miles away and vice versa. 5  1. 6  Examples of Globalization Economic Globalization Cultural Globalization Technological Globalization Political Globalization Environmental Globalization 7  Examples of Globalization Economic Globalization is the increasing interdependence of national economies through cross-border, trade, investment, and capital ow. International Trade: Companies like Apple, Toyota, and Samsung produce goods in multiple countries, assemble them in another, and sell them globally. Global Supply Chains: Many products are made through a global supply chain, where di erent components are manufactured in other pa s of the world. Multinational Corporations: Companies like McDonald's, Coca-Cola, and Amazon operate in numerous countries, in uencing local markets and cultures. Cultural Globalization is the spread of the culture, customs, or ideas of a place or a people, to the rest of the world. Global Media: Movies, music, and TV shows from Hollywood, Bollywood, and K-pop are consumed globally, shaping ente ainment and cultural trends worldwide. Language: English has become a global lingua franca, used in international business, science, and diplomacy. Fashion: International fashion brands like Nike, Zara, and Gucci have a global presence, 8 and trends often spread quickly across borders. Examples of Globalization Technological Globalization refers to the spread and integration of technology, information, and communication systems. Internet and Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter connect people globally, allowing for instant communication and the sharing of ideas across borders. Information Technology: Companies like Google, Microsoft, and Amazon Web Se ices provide cloud computing and other IT se ices that suppo global operations. Political Globalization refers to the process by which political decisions and activities are becoming increasingly internationalized, leading to the diminishing role of national borders and the rise in global governance structures. International Organizations: e United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), and World Health Organization (WHO) are examples of global institutions that govern international relations and policies. Global Governance: Issues like climate change, human rights, and international security are addressed through multilateral agreements and cooperation. 9 Examples of Globalization Environmental Globalization Climate Change: Climate change is a global issue that a ects all countries, leading to international agreements like the Paris Agreement to address the problem. Transnational Environmental Movements: Organizations like Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) operate globally to advocate for environmental protection. Social Globalization is the interconnectedness of societies worldwide due to factors like communications, migration, and cultural exchange, impacting social structures and norms Migration: People move across borders for work, education, or to escape con ict, leading to diverse, multicultural societies. Global Health: Diseases like COVID-19 spread globally, requiring international cooperation for management and vaccination e o s. 10 Examples of Globalization Spo s Globalization International Spo s Events: Events like the Olympics, FIFA World Cup, and the NBA have global audiences, bringing together athletes and fans worldwide. Global Spo s Brands: Companies like Nike and Adidas sponsor athletes from di erent countries, and their products are worn worldwide. ese examples illustrate how globalization impacts various aspects of life, making the world more interconnected and interdependent. 11  THREE WAYS TO DETERMINING GLOBALIZATION 12 1. Cross –border ow of goods and se ices. It can be described as factors of production intensi cation, facilitated by modern means transpo and communication. 13  2. In a way that events in one pa of the world have immediate e ects on distant locations, can also de ned as a compression of time and space. 14  3. Represents an economic, political, and cultural historic transformation, Globalization driving force in undoubtedly technology progress. It accelerate the e ects of globalization and contributes to the essential transformations of economic system functioning 15  THREE THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATIONS 1. THE WORLD ECONOMY THEORY ( Hyper Globalization) 2. THE REGIONAL BLOC THEORY ( Global Skepticisms) 3. THE THIRD WAY THEORY ( transformationalism) 16  FIRST: THE WORLD- ECONOMY THEORY 1. Also known as Hyper-globalization. 2. e process by which the capitalist world system spreads across the entire globe. 3. Nearly reached geographical limit during the 1990s 4. World Economy is comprised of the single world market and labor force. e Single Market allows the unrestricted movement of goods, se ices, capital, and people throughout the territo (also called a bloc). 17 FIRST: THE WORLD- ECONOMY THEORY According to Wallerstein the world is divided into three types of countries: core, semi-periphe , and periphe. Core Countries: are the industrialized capitalist countries ( US, Japan Germany) Semi-peripheral countries are less developed than core nations but more developed than peripheral nations, with moderate Industrialization, intermediate income Levels, and political stability. Peripheral Countries; are ones that have been oppressed and exploited by other countries. low levels of industrialization, low Income and pove y, weak political structures, and exploitation of resources. 18 THE REGIONAL BLOC THEORY( Skepticism) e Regional Bloc eo refers to the concept in international relations and economics where countries within a speci c geographic region form an alliance or group to achieve common goals. It is focused on enhancing economic integration, political cooperation, and sometimes cultural or security collaboration among member states. Regional Bloc eo explains the formation and function of regional alliances that seek to enhance cooperation among neighboring countries to achieve common goals, often with a focus on economic integration and political collaboration. 19 THE REGIONAL BLOC THEORY( Skepticism Economic Integration: e prima focus is often on creating a free trade area, customs union, or common market among member states. is allows for the free movement of goods, se ices, capital, and sometimes labor within the bloc. Examples include the European Union (EU), the No h American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), now replaced by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Political Cooperation: Member countries may collaborate on political issues, such as foreign policy, security, or governance standards. For example, the African Union (AU) aims to promote political stability and democracy across Africa. 20 THE REGIONAL BLOC THEORY( Skepticism Cultural and Social Collaboration: Regional blocs may also promote cultural exchange and social cooperation, fostering a shared regional identity. is can be seen in initiatives like the cultural and educational exchanges within the European Union. Security Alliances: Some regional blocs include security arrangements where member states agree to mutual defense or cooperate on regional security issues. NATO (No h Atlantic Treaty Organization) is an example, though it focuses more on milita cooperation than economic integration. 21  THE THIRD WAY THEORY Also known the transformationalism Seeks to nd a relationship between economic processes occurring at the global and locale scales Known as transformationalism view because it looks for ways of transforming the powers of the nation-state to cope with the pressures of globalization. 22 THE THIRD WAY THEORY Economic Policy: Market Economy with Social Welfare: e ird Way advocates for a market- based economy but with a strong emphasis on social justice and welfare. It suppo s private enterprise and free markets but also insists on the need for government inte ention to ensure fairness and reduce inequality. Public-Private Pa nerships: It often promotes pa nerships between the public and private sectors, combining the e ciency of markets with the goals of public welfare. Social Policy: Social Justice and Equality: e ird Way seeks to address social inequalities through targeted welfare programs, education, and healthcare, without reso ing to large-scale state control of the economy. 23 THE THIRD WAY THEORY Individual Responsibility and Empowerment: While suppo ing social welfare, it also emphasizes personal responsibility, encouraging individuals to be self-reliant and take advantage of oppo unities provided by the state. Governance and Democracy: Decentralization and Community Involvement: e ird Way often advocates for devolving power to local governments and encouraging community pa icipation in decision-making processes. Modernization of the State: It suppo s reforming government institutions to make them more e cient, transparent, and responsive to citizens' needs. 24  GLOBALIZATION Globalization is viewed as hyperglobalist, a legitimate and irrepressible historical process leading to a market-based and supranational institutions-based world order. In the development of civilization, globalization presents a new era, without precedent in human histo. is process is called gradual and society-desirable 25  GLOBALIZATION Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and worldwide. Globalization has grown due to advances in transpo ation and communication technology.. With the increased global interactions comes the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture. 26 THEORETICIANS OF GLOBALIZATION Immanuel Wallerstein eo : World-Systems eo Contribution: Wallerstein's World-Systems eo is a macro-sociological perspective that analyzes the world economy as a complex system structured into a core, semi-periphe , and periphe. He argues that globalization is not a new phenomenon but a continuation of the capitalist world economy that has existed for centuries, leading to the unequal distribution of resources and power among nations. 27 THEORETICIANS OF GLOBALIZATION Anthony Giddens eo : Structuration eo and Globalization Contribution: Giddens, a British sociologist, de nes globalization as the intensi cation of worldwide social relations, linking distant localities in such a way that local events are shaped by events occurring many miles away. He also discusses the "runaway world" where globalization accelerates and impacts all aspects of life, from economics to culture. Roland Robe son eo : Globalization and Glocalization Contribution: Robe son introduced the concept of "glocalization," which describes how global processes and local cultures interact and shape each other. He emphasizes that globalization is not just about the spread of global culture but also about the adaptation and transformation of global in uences within local contexts. 28 THEORETICIANS OF GLOBALIZATION David Held eo : Cosmopolitanism and Globalization Contribution: Held is known for his work on cosmopolitan democracy and the political aspects of globalization. He argues for the necessity of global governance structures that re ect the interconnectedness of the world, advocating for more democratic accountability at the global level. 29  PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION Giddens, Scholte, Castells, From them, ce ain fundamental changes brought about the globalization in society are the growing overall integration and acceleration of socio-economic dynamics through space and time “ compression”(Time–space compression occurs as a result of technological innovations driven by the global expansion of capital that condense or elide spatial and temporal distances, including technologies of communication (telegraph, telephones, fax machines, Internet) and travel (rail, cars, trains, jets) 30  KEY POINTS Globalization has made economically insigni cant national borders. It has created a world where it is possible to move nancial capital, production activities, and labor force to other territories promising better oppo unities. Hyperglobalism includes globalization as a unique, lawful, and progressive of unce ainty, its multidimensionality Skeptics are challenging globalization’s e ects on ubiquity and sustainability in the world economy. e world economy through trade, investment, and nancial ows as a pa of globalization. 31  thank for your listening 32 REFERENCE Ether W.J.1998’Regionalism in a Multilateral World: Journal OF Political Economy, December.Vol106.No.6pp1214-1245 Frankel ,J.A.1997.Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economics System, Washington D.C. Institute for. International Economics. Frankel.J.A. and S,J, Wei.1997 ‘ e New Regionalism and Asia’.Impact and options” N.P. Rao and A. Panagariya (eds) e Global Trading System and Developing Asia , Hongkong Oxford University Press. Bauman ,Zygmunt. Globalization: Human Consequences. London 1998. An excellent work not only in terms of the problematic outcomes of globalization but also in the way that it clearly shows globalization involves a dialogical simultaneously of the global and he local. 33  Scollay ,R.1994 ‘Open Regionalism and Regional Trading Arrangements” in G.Yen (ed) New Directions in Regional Trade Liberalization and investment Cooperation, Singapore Paci c Economic Cooperation Council. Page, S. 2000 Regionalism among Developing Countries London. e Macmillan Press Ltd. 34 35