Foundation Of Education PDF

Foundation Of Education Psychological Basis of Education Learner Temperament Personality Learning Process Motivation Discipline and Guidance T...

Foundation Of Education Psychological Basis of Education Learner Temperament Personality Learning Process Motivation Discipline and Guidance The Teacher and the Policy maker  Psychological Basis of Education Psychological Basis The systems of Schools Psychological factors that Condition the of Education of Psychology Intellectual and Behavioural Development Learner Education depends heavily upon Personality psychology because the king and amount Learning Process of education that the learner acquires is Motivation conditioned by his psychological traits Discipline and such as general mental ability, aptitudes, Guidance temperament, interests, effort-making The Teacher capacity, physical condition, etc. and the Policy maker Reporters  Psychological Basis of Education Psychological Basis The systems of Schools Psychological factors that Condition the of Education of Psychology Intellectual and Behavioural Development Learner Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology Personality This is the point of view held by Wundt and Titchener. All consciousness Learning Process of facts and phenomena of experiences Motivation are based upon the operation of the Discipline and nervous system, particularly the brain. Guidance Then follows as abstract analysis of the The Teacher and the mental structures that are operating. Policy maker Reporters  Psychological Basis of Education The systems of Schools Psychological factors that Condition the Psychological Basis of Education of Psychology Intellectual and Behavioural Development Learner Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology Personality Led by Dewey and Carr, functionalists are interested in how an Learning Process organism makes its adjustment to its Motivation environment, that is, either it changes or Discipline and makes adaptation to it. Guidance The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Psychological Basis of Education Psychological Basis The systems of Schools Psychological factors that Condition the of Education of Psychology Intellectual and Behavioural Development Learner Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology Temperament Personality Founded by Watson, behaviorism considers the Stimulus Response Learning Process hypothesis as its basic theory. This theory Motivation believes that a stimulus, physical or Discipline and otherwise, creates a response. Guidance The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Psychological Basis of Education Psychological Basis The systems of Schools Psychological factors that Condition the of Education of Psychology Intellectual and Behavioural Development Learner Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology Temperament Personality According to this theory, the whole is more than the sum of all its parts, Learning Process meaning that the whole processes Motivation qualities, attributes, or functions which Discipline and the individual component elements do not Guidance possess. The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Psychological Basis of Education Psychological Basis The systems of Schools Psychological factors that Condition the of Education of Psychology Intellectual and Behavioural Development Learner Reflexes Drives, needs, wants, urges Capacities and special aptitudes Temperament or emotion Temperament Personality These are inborn automatic responses to simple localized stimulation Learning Process involving particular muscles and parts of Motivation the body. The automatic withdrawal of a Discipline and foot upon stepping on a live charcoal is Guidance an example. The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Psychological Basis of Education Psychological Basis The systems of Schools Psychological factors that Condition the of Education of Psychology Intellectual and Behavioural Development Learner Reflexes Drives, needs, wants, urges Capacities and special aptitudes Temperament or emotion Temperament Personality These are inborn urges and tendencies and wants. Some refer to Learning Process these instincts as drives. These Motivation tendencies give rise to ambitions which Discipline and motivate individuals to exert efforts to Guidance attain their goal. The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Psychological Basis of Education Psychological Basis The systems of Schools Psychological factors that Condition the of Education of Psychology Intellectual and Behavioural Development Learner Reflexes Drives, needs, wants, urges Capacities and special aptitudes Temperament or emotion Temperament Personality These include all those latent potentialities that an individual possesses Learning Process which are developed through the process Motivation of education. Besides general capacity Discipline and and intelligence, an individual possesses Guidance certain special talents or aptitudes, such The Teacher and the as those for mathematics, arts, music Policy maker and the like. Reporters  Psychological Basis of Education Psychological Basis The systems of Schools Psychological factors that Condition the of Education of Psychology Intellectual and Behavioural Development Learner Reflexes Drives, needs, wants, urges Capacities and special aptitudes Temperament or emotion Temperament Personality This refers to certain emotional predispositions of an individual. Some Learning Process emotional patterns such as rage, some Motivation forms of fear, and lust (sex) are inborn. Discipline and One with a poor temperament , one who Guidance is easily irritated and emotionalized even The Teacher and the with trivial matters. Policy maker Reporters  Learner Stages of Psychological Basis Definition development Types of Learners of Education Learner Learner Temperament Personality n 1: someone (especially a child) who Learning Process learns (as from a teacher) Motivation or takes up knowledge or beliefs [syn: scholar, assimilator] Discipline and Guidance 2: works for an expert to learn a trade [syn: The Teacher apprentice, prentice] and the Policy maker Reporters  Learner Stages of Psychological Basis Definition development Types of Learners of Education Learner 1. Prenatal Period Temperament From conception to birth, during this period all parts of the human body such as the internal organs, skeletal Personality bones, flesh, etc. are formed. The inherited characteristics from the parents are also imparted to the child during this Learning Process period. Motivation 2. Period of Infancy or Babyhood Discipline and Guidance This period is from birth to two years. The baby begins to learn the rudiments from right and wrong. The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Learner Stages of Psychological Basis Definition development Types of Learners of Education Learner 3. Early Childhood Temperament From 2-6 years, the pre-school age. The child begins to learn some social relationships and mixes and Personality plays with children of his age group. The child wants to Learning Process explore or anything he can reach and asks too many questions. Motivation 4. Late Childhood Discipline and Guidance From 6 or 7 years to 11 or 12 years, the elementary period. They learns things taught in school such as reading, The Teacher writing, arithmetic, and language, and social studies. and the Further learns what is right and wrong. They begins to be Policy maker interested in the opposite sex. Reporters  Learner Stages of Psychological Basis Definition development Types of Learners of Education Learner 5. Puberty Stage Temperament from 12 or 13 to 14 or 15 years, the early high school period. This is the stage when the urge of sex Personality begins to assert itself very rapidly. In fact, man at this age is Learning Process already capable of procreation. The girls start having their monthly period. Motivation 6. Early Adolescence Discipline and Guidance From puberty to 17 years, middle high school period. Rapid sex maturation occurs. Some young people The Teacher get married at this age. Voice, feeling and thinking continue and the changing. Start to develop their life ambitions and Policy maker aspirations. Reporters  Learner Stages of Psychological Basis Definition development Types of Learners of Education Learner 7. Late Adolescence Temperament From 18 to 21 years. The student in college are now preparing for the professional or vocational careers Personality and those out of school are entering or finding jobs in Learning Process preparation for an independent life. Development of intellectual and social skills continues. Motivation 8. Early Adulthood Discipline and Guidance From 21 – 40 years, productive years. New life adjustments occur such as courtship and marriage, The Teacher parenthood, employment, recreational hobby, religious and the affiliation which may occur earlier, joining clubs, and years Policy maker of achievement. Reporters  Learner Stages of Psychological Basis Definition development Types of Learners of Education 9. Middle Age Learner From 46 - 65 years. Man or woman must have Temperament achieved most of his/her aspirations in life such as a well- established home and family, stable and lucrative employment Personality or business, creative achievements even political Learning Process achievement. Some physical and physiological functioning begin to decrease or deteriorate. The preparation of Motivation retirement. 10. Old age Discipline and Guidance 65 and above, period of retirement. Characteristics The Teacher of old age occur, such as deafness, failing eyesight, and the forgetfulness, baldness arthritis, senility, etc. Painful Policy maker adjustments have to be made to meet some unavoidable circumstances such as death of spouse, solitude as children Reporters now have their own homes or jobs in far places, etc.  Learner Stages of Psychological Basis Definition Definition development Types Types of Learners of Learners of Education Learner Temperament Visual Learners Personality Learning Process Auditory Learners Motivation Read-Write Learners Discipline and Guidance The Teacher Kinesthetic Learners and the Policy maker Reporters  Learner Stages of Psychological Basis Definition Definition development Types Types of Learners of Learners of Education Visual Auditory Read-Write Kinesthetic Learner Learners Learners Learners Learners Temperament Visual learners are characterized by the following: Personality _ They tend to be fast talkers. _ They exhibit impatience and have a tendency to interrupt. Learning Process _ They use words and phrases that evoke visual images. Motivation _ They learn by seeing and visualizing. Discipline and Your teaching strategy for visual learners should Guidance include the use of demonstrations and visually pleasing The Teacher materials, and you should make an effort to paint mental and the pictures for learners. Policy maker Reporters  Learner Stages of Psychological Basis Definition Definition development Types Types of Learners of Learners of Education Visual Auditory Read-Write Kinesthetic Learner Learners Learners Learners Learners Temperament Auditory learners are characterized by the following: Personality _ They speak slowly and tend to be natural listeners. Learning Process _ They think in a linear manner. _ They prefer to have things explained to them verbally rather Motivation than to read written information. Discipline and _ They learn by listening and verbalizing. Guidance Your teaching strategy for auditory learners should The Teacher sound good and should be planned and delivered in the form and the of an organized conversation. Policy maker Reporters  Learner Stages of Psychological Basis Definition Definition development Types Types of Learners of Learners of Education Visual Auditory Read-Write Kinesthetic Learner Learners Learners Learners Learners Temperament Read-write learners are characterized by the following: _ They prefer for information to be displayed in writing, such as Personality lists of ideas. _ They emphasize text-based input and output. Learning Process _ They enjoy reading and writing in all forms. Motivation Your teaching strategy for read-write learners should include Discipline and writing out key words in list form. The learners will learn by silently Guidance reading or rewriting their notes repeatedly; writing out in their own words the ideas and principles that were taught or discussed; The Teacher organizing any diagrams, graphs, other visual depictions into and the statements (e.g., “The trend is... ”); and putting reactions, actions, Policy maker diagrams, charts, and flowcharts into words. They like multiple-choice tests. Reporters  Learner Stages of Psychological Basis Definition Definition development Types Types of Learners of Learners of Education Visual Auditory Read-Write Kinesthetic Learner Learners Learners Learners Learners Temperament Personality Kinesthetic learners are characterized by the following: Learning Process _ They tend to be the slowest talkers of all. Motivation _ They tend to be slow to make decisions. _ They use all their senses to engage in learning. Discipline and _ They learn by doing and solving real-life problems. Guidance _ They like hands-on approaches to things and learn The Teacher through trial and error. and the Policy maker Reporters  Personality Psychological Basis Definition Five-dimension Personality Model of Education Learner According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Temperament Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, Personality personality traits are "enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the Learning Process environment and oneself that are exhibited in a Motivation wide range of social and personal contexts." Discipline and Theorists generally assume a) traits are relatively Guidance stable over time, b) traits differ among individuals The Teacher (for instance, some people are outgoing while and the others are reserved), and c) traits influence Policy maker behavior. Reporters  Personality Psychological Basis Definition Five-dimension Personality Model of Education Lewis Goldberg proposed a five-dimension personality model, Learner nicknamed the "Big Five": Temperament A. Openness to Experience: the tendency to be imaginative, independent, and interested in variety vs. practical, conforming, Personality and interested in routine. Learning Process B. Conscientiousness: the tendency to be organized, careful, and disciplined vs. disorganized, careless, and impulsive. Motivation Discipline and C. Extraversion: the tendency to be sociable, fun-loving, and Guidance affectionate vs. retiring, somber, and reserved. The Teacher D. Agreeableness: the tendency to be soft-hearted, trusting, and and the helpful vs. ruthless, suspicious, and uncooperative. Policy maker E. Neuroticism: the tendency to be calm, secure, and self-satisfied Reporters vs. anxious, insecure, and self-pitying  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Learning Theory Temperament Learning theory may be described as a body of principles advocated Personality by psychologists and educators to explain how people acquire skills, knowledge, and attitudes. Various branches of learning theory are Learning Process used in formal training programs to improve and accelerate the learning process. Motivation Discipline and Behaviorists Cognitive Guidance The Teacher and the Combined Approach Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Behaviorists Cognitive Combined Approach Temperament Behaviorists believe that animals, including humans, learn Personality in about the same way. Behaviorism stresses the Learning Process importance of having a particular form of behavior reinforced by someone, other than the student, to shape or Motivation control what is learned. In aviation training, the instructor provides the reinforcement. Frequent, positive Discipline and reinforcement and rewards accelerate learning. This theory Guidance provides the instructor with ways to manipulate students The Teacher with stimuli, induce the desired behavior or response, and and the reinforce the behavior with appropriate rewards. Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Behaviorists Cognitive Combined Approach Temperament Personality Cognitive Theory Much of the recent psychological thinking and Learning Process experimentation in education includes some facets of the Motivation cognitive theory. This is true in basic as well as more advanced training programs. Unlike behaviorism, the Discipline and cognitive theory focuses on what is going on inside the Guidance student's mind. Learning is not just a change in behavior; it The Teacher is a change in the way a student thinks, understands, or and the feels. Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Behaviorists Cognitive Combined Approach Temperament Personality Both the behavioristic and the cognitive approaches are useful learning theories. A reasonable way to plan, manage, Learning Process and conduct aviation training is to include the best features Motivation of each major theory. This provides a way to measure behavioral outcomes and promote cognitive learning. The Discipline and combined approach is not simple, but neither is learning. Guidance The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Temperament Learning is Purposeful Personality Learning Process Learning is a Result of Experience Motivation Learning is Multifaceted Discipline and Guidance Learning is an Active Process The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Learning is Purposeful Learning is a Result of Experience Temperament Learning is Multifaceted Learning is an Active Process Each student sees a learning situation from a different viewpoint. Personality Each student is a unique individual whose past experiences affect Learning Process readiness to learn and understanding of the requirements involved. For example, an instructor may give two aviation Motivation maintenance students the assignment of learning certain inspection procedures. One student may learn quickly and be able Discipline and to competently present the assigned material. The combination of Guidance an aviation background and future goals may enable that student The Teacher to realize the need and value of learning the procedures. A second and the student's goal may only be to comply with the instructor's Policy maker assignment, and may result in only minimum preparation. The responses differ because each student ads in accordance with Reporters what he or she sees in the situation.  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Learning is Purposeful Learning is a Result of Experience Temperament Learning is Multifaceted Learning is an Active Process Personality Since learning is an individual process, the instructor cannot do it for the student. The student can learn only from personal experiences; Learning Process therefore, learning and knowledge cannot exist apart from a person. A person's knowledge is a result of experience, and no two people have Motivation had identical experiences. It seems clear enough that the learning of a Discipline and physical skill requires actual experience in performing that skill. Guidance Student pilots learn to fly aircraft only if their experiences include flying them; student aviation maintenance technicians learn to overhaul The Teacher power plants only by actually performing that task. Mental habits are and the also learned through practice. If students are to use sound judgment Policy maker and develop decision Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Learning is Purposeful Learning is a Result of Experience Learning is Multifaceted Learning is an Active Process Personality If instructors see their objective as being only to train their Learning Process students' memory and muscles, they are underestimating the potential of the teaching situation. Students may learn Motivation much more than expected if they fully exercise their minds Discipline and and feelings. The fact that these items were not included in Guidance the instructor's plan does not prevent them from influencing the learning situation. The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Learning is Purposeful Learning is a Result of Experience Temperament Learning is Multifaceted Learning is an Active Process Personality Students do not soak up knowledge like a sponge absorbs water. The instructor cannot assume that students remember Learning Process something just because they were in the classroom, shop, or airplane when the instructor presented the material. Neither Motivation can the instructor assume that the students can apply what Discipline and they know because they can quote the correct answer Guidance verbatim. For students to learn, they need to react and The Teacher respond, perhaps outwardly, perhaps only inwardly, and the emotionally, or intellectually. But if learning is a process of Policy maker changing behaviour, clearly that process must be an active one. Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Temperament Readiness Exercise Personality Learning Process Effect Primacy Motivation Discipline and Guidance Intensity Recency The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Readiness Exercise Effect Temperament Primacy Intensity Recency Personality Individuals learn best when they are ready to learn, and Learning Process they do not learn well if they see no reason for learning. Getting students ready to learn is usually the instructor's Motivation responsibility. If students have a strong purpose, a clear objective, and a definite reason for learning something, they Discipline and make more progress than if they lack motivation. Readiness Guidance implies a degree of single-mindedness and eagerness. The Teacher When students are ready to learn, they meet the instructor and the at least halfway, and this simplifies the instructor's job. Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Readiness Exercise Effect Temperament Primacy Intensity Recency Personality The principle of exercise states that those things most often Learning Process repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. The human memory is fallible. The mind can rarely Motivation retain, evaluate, and apply new concepts or practices after a single exposure. Students do not learn to weld during one Discipline and Guidance shop period or to perform crosswise landings during one instructional flight. They learn by applying what they have The Teacher been told and shown. and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Readiness Exercise Effect Temperament Primacy Intensity Recency Personality The principle of effect is based on the emotional reaction of Learning Process the student. It states that learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling, and that Motivation learning is weakened when associated with an unpleasant feeling. Experiences that produce feelings of defeat, Discipline and Guidance frustration, anger, confusion, or futility are unpleasant for the student. If, for example, an instructor attempts to teach The Teacher landings during the first flight, the student is likely to feel and the inferior and be frustrated. Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Readiness Exercise Effect Temperament Primacy Intensity Recency Personality Primacy, the state of being first, often creates a strong, Learning Process almost unshakable, impression. For the instructor, this means that what is taught must be right the first time. For the Motivation student, it means that learning must be right. Unteaching is Discipline and more difficult than teaching. If, for example, a maintenance Guidance student learns a faulty riveting technique, the instructor will have a difficult task correcting bad habits and reteaching The Teacher correct ones. Every student should be started right. and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Readiness Exercise Effect Temperament Primacy Intensity Recency Personality A vivid, dramatic, or exciting learning experience teaches Learning Process more than a routine or boring experience. A student is likely to gain greater understanding of slow flight and stalls by Motivation performing them rather than merely reading about them. Discipline and The principle of intensity implies that a student will learn Guidance more from the real thing than from a substitute. In contrast to flight instruction and shop instruction, the classroom The Teacher imposes limitations on the amount of realism that can be and the Policy maker brought into teaching. Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Readiness Exercise Effect Temperament Primacy Intensity Recency Personality The principle of recency states that things most recently learned are best remembered. Conversely, the further a Learning Process student is removed time-wise from a new fact or Motivation understanding, the more difficult it is to remember. It is easy, for example, for a student to recall a torque value used a few Discipline and minutes earlier, but it is usually impossible to remember an Guidance unfamiliar one used a week earlier. Instructors recognize the The Teacher principle of recency when they carefully plan a summary for and the a ground school lesson, a shop period, or a postflight Policy maker critique. Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Graph Definition Temperament Personality Learning Process Motivation Discipline and Guidance The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Graph Definition Temperament What I hear, I forget. Personality What I hear and see, I remember a little. Learning Process What I hear, see, and ask questions about or Motivation discuss with someone else, I begin to understand. Discipline and Guidance What I hear, see, discuss, and do, I acquire knowledge and skill. The Teacher and the What I teach to another, I master. (Silberman, Policy maker 1996, p. 1) Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Graph Definition Temperament Personality Learning Process Motivation Discipline and Guidance The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Graph Definition Temperament Levels of learning may be classified in any number of ways. Four basic levels have traditionally been included in aviation Personality instructor training. The lowest level is the ability to repeat Learning Process something which one has been taught, without understanding or being able to apply what has been Motivation learned. This is referred to as rote learning. Progressively Discipline and higher levels of learning are understanding what has been Guidance taught, achieving the skill for application of what has been learned, and correlation of what has been learned with other The Teacher things previously learned or subsequently encountered. and the Figure 1-3 Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Temperament Cognitive Domain Personality Learning Process Motivation Affective Domain Discipline and Guidance Psychomotor Domain The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Cognitive Domain Affective Domain Psychomotor Domain Temperament Graph Definition Personality Learning Process Motivation Discipline and Guidance The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Cognitive Domain Affective Domain Psychomotor Domain Temperament Graph Besides the four basic levels of learning, Definition educational psychologists have developed Personality several additional levels. These classifications Learning Process consider what is to be learned. Is it knowledge only, a change in attitude, a physical skill, or a Motivation combination of knowledge and skill? One of Discipline and the more useful categorizations of learning Guidance objectives includes three domains: cognitive domain (knowledge), affective domain The Teacher (attitudes, beliefs, and values), and and the psychomotor domain (physical skills). Each of Policy maker the domains has a hierarchy of educational Reporters objectives.  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Cognitive Domain Affective Domain Psychomotor Domain Temperament Graph Definition Personality Learning Process Motivation Discipline and Guidance The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Cognitive Domain Affective Domain Psychomotor Domain Temperament Graph Definition The affective domain may be the Personality least understood, and in many ways, Learning Process the most important of the learning domains. A similar system for Motivation specifying attitudinal objectives has Discipline and been developed by D.R. Krathwohl. Guidance Like the Bloom taxonomy, Krathwohl's The Teacher hierarchy attempts to arrange these and the Policy maker objectives in an order of difficulty. Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Cognitive Domain Affective Domain Psychomotor Domain Temperament Graph Definition Personality Learning Process Motivation Discipline and Guidance The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Learning Process Psychological Basis Learning Theory Definition of Learning Principles of Learning of Education How People Learn Levels of Learning Domains of Learning Learner Cognitive Domain Affective Domain Psychomotor Domain Temperament Graph Definition Psychomotor or physical skills always Personality have been important in aviation. Typical Learning Process activities involving these skills include learning to fly a precision instrument Motivation approach procedure, programming a Discipline and GPS receiver, or using sophisticated Guidance maintenance equipment. As physical The Teacher tasks and equipment become more and the complex, the requirement for integration Policy maker of cognitive and physical skills Reporters increases.  Motivation Psychological Basis Definition Positive Motivation Negative Motivation of Education Learner Motivation is probably the Temperament dominant force which governs the Personality student's progress and ability to learn. Learning Process Motivation may be negative or positive, Motivation tangible or intangible, subtle and difficult to identify, or it may be obvious. Discipline and Guidance The Teacher and the Policy maker Reporters  Motivation Psychological Basis Definition Positive Motivation Negative Motivation of Education Positive motivation is provided by the promise or Learner achievement of rewards. These rewards may be Temperament personal or social; they may involve financial gain, satisfaction of the self-concept, or public Personality recognition. Motivation which can be used to Learning Process advantage by the instructor includes the desire for personal gain, the desire for personal comfort or Motivation security, the desire for group approval, and the Discipline and achievement of a favourable self-image. Guidance Reward is getting something good for doing a The Teacher given task. It needs someone who has the power and the to give the good thing. It is the opposite of Policy maker punishment. Reporters  Motivation Psychological Basis Definition Positive Motivation Negative Motivation of Education Negative motivation may engender fear, and be Learner perceived by the student as a threat. While negative Temperament motivation may be useful in certain situations, characteristically it is not as effective in promoting Personality efficient learning as positive motivation. Learning Process Punishment is the authoritative imposition of Motivation something negative or unpleasant on a person or animal in response to behavior deemed wrong by an Discipline and Guidance individual or group. Negative consequences that are not authorized or that are administered without a The Teacher and the breach of rules are not considered to be punishment Policy maker as defined here. Reporters