Formation And Synthesis Of Javier Elements PDF

FORMATION AND SYNTHESIS OF HAVIER ELEMENTS DOM DOM R. UNIANA EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS Star Formation Theory - states that stars are formed when a dense region of molecular cloud collapses. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS...

FORMATION AND SYNTHESIS OF HAVIER ELEMENTS DOM DOM R. UNIANA EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS Star Formation Theory - states that stars are formed when a dense region of molecular cloud collapses. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS Protostar - fragments of clouds contract and form a stellar core. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS The contraction and gravitational force of the protostar result in an increase in temperature which triggers nuclear reaction within the star upon reaching 10 million Kelvin. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS Throughout the reaction, neutrinos and positrons are released, slowing down the reaction. Once the contraction stops and the protostar attains its gravitational equilibrium, a main sequence star will be formed. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS In the core of a main sequence star, hydrogen fuses with helium through proton-proton chain. In addition, the gravitational force of a main sequence star forces hydrogen and helium to fuse resulting to burning of the 2 primordial elements. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS Furthermore, at this stage, helium is converted to carbon at the core while hydrogen is converted into helium surrounding the core which denotes the formation of red giant. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS On the other hand, since massive stars possess enough energy, mass, temperature, and pressure, the star will undergo a series of stages where heavier elements are fused around the shell of the core whereas carbon will be formed through helium fusion, neon will be formed through oxygen fusion, magnesium from neon fusion, silicon from magnesium fusion, and iron from silicon fusion which denotes the formation of red giant. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS Considering that the majority of helium surrounding the core has been converted into carbon, the rate of reaction will decrease causing the gravitational force to act squeezing the entire star. With low mass stars, considering that the amount of energy is not enough to sustain the reaction, and that the star’s fuel has been exhausted, the outer material covering the star will eventually be blown-off leaving an inert carbon core resulting to the formation of white dwarf. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS The first 3 minutes of Big Bang focused primarily on the expansion and cooling of universe so as to the synthesis of the first three elements. On the other hand, the second cosmological event is Stellar nucleosynthesis, a process in which heavier elements such as Beryllium (4Be) and Iron (26Fe) were formed by combining protons and neutrons from the nuclei of a lighter elements. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS Moreover, under the process of stellar nucleosynthesis, heavier elements are created in different types of stars as they die or explode, and the abundance of these elements change as the stars evolve. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS Stable Helium reacts with Carbon to produce oxygen and gamma rays under extreme gravitational force and temperature. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS Oxygen as the product of the initial reaction then reacts with Helium to form Neon and gamma rays ( 4 2He + 16 8O  20 10Ne + 0 0 γ) EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS The third reaction involves carbon reacting with another Carbon forming Magnesium and gamma ray ( 126C + 126C  2412Mg + 0γ) 0 EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS On the other hand, Oxygen to Oxygen fusion will create Silicon, alpha particle (Helium) and gamma rays as product. ( O+ 16 8 16 O 8 28 Si + 14 4 He + 2 0γ). 0 EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS The process will continue to form heavier elements from lighter ones, but not heavier than Iron with atomic mass of 26. EVOLUTION OF STARS AND THE FORMATION OF HAVIER ELEMENTS Lastly, supernova happens when the core can no longer produce the needed energy to resist gravitational force, leading to its explosion and release of large amounts of energy. PIECES OF EVIDENCE One remarkable evidence to support stellar nucleosynthesis and star formation theory is the discovery of interstellar dusts and gasses which justifies the stages of stellar formation which are happening across the universe. In addition, infrared radiation being emitted in the process of stellar formation serves as a strong indication that stellar nucleosynthesis is a concurrent with stellar formation and evolution. ATOMIC NUMBER AND SYNTHESIS OF NEW ELEMENTS Throughout history, scientist have been working on a periodic organization of elements as to their properties and to predict new elements. This is because understanding the properties of these known elements will provide them a pattern which would help them discover new elements. Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Mosely an English chemist arranged the elements in the periodic table by using atomic number as basis. This allowed him to identify and predict any element considering the number of protons which is equal to the atomic number. In addition, he emphasized that adding proton to an element increases its atomic number and that new element will be formed. NUCLEAR REACTION Alpha Emission: a particle with two protons and two neutrons is emitted resulting to a lighter new element. 23892 U  23490Th + 4 2 He Beta Emission: a neutron becomes a proton, and an electron will be ejected resulting to a new element with the same mass. 13153 I  13154Xe + 0 -1 e Gamma Emission: gamma ray will be emitted when a radioactive nuclide leaves a nucleus in an excited state. 56Ba  56Ba + γ-photon. 137 137 ACTIVITY: STELLAR PRODUCTS Directions: Based on your understanding about the formation of heavier elements during stellar nucleosynthesis, predict the reactants, and products which will be formed by the following reactions inside the table. ACTIVITY: STELLAR PRODUCTS