Fonetika a Fonologie - Past Paper PDF

*Fonetika a fonologie* **[ACCENTS ]** **- dialect** ≠ **accent** (pronunciation variety) \- **Received Pronunciation = BBC pronunciation** \- model of British English pronunciation recommended for learners \- used in british English dictionaries and textbooks \- taught at schools in the UK -...

*Fonetika a fonologie* **[ACCENTS ]** **- dialect** ≠ **accent** (pronunciation variety) \- **Received Pronunciation = BBC pronunciation** \- model of British English pronunciation recommended for learners \- used in british English dictionaries and textbooks \- taught at schools in the UK - regionally neutral - subtypes: Estuary English **[Vocalic Phonemes]** VOWELS - acoustic characteristics **-- tones (voiced)** - articulatory characteristics -- no contact of articulators - phonological characteristics -- centre of a syllable **English vowels:** 12 monophthongs (pure vowels) 8 diphthongs 5 triphthongs **Classification:** - vertically: distance btw. **close, mid, open** - horizontally: which part of the tongue is raised highest **front, central, back** - lip position: **rounded, spread, neutral**  **Cardinal vowels:** - standard reference system - extremes of vowel quality - International Phonetic Association (IPA) - primary and secondary cardinal vowels **MONOPHTHONGS**  **schwa (central, mixed vowel)**  **English Monophthongs**  **DIPHTHONGS** - - - **Centring closing** **ɪə** *here* **eɪ** *pain* **eə** *square* **aɪ** *time* **ʊə** *tour* **Ɔɪ** *boy* **əʊ** *home* **aʊ** *house* *NOTE: (moor ≠ more, poor ≠ paw)* **TRIPHTHONGS** - **glide from 1st to 2nd and 3rd vowel** - **triphthongs = closing diphthongs + /əp, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h tʃ, dʒ p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h tʃ, dʒ p, t, k, b, d, g, l, r, w, j, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h, tʃ, dʒ m, n, ŋp/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /hb/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/,** **/m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /w/, /j f, v, θ, ð, s,**  **z, ʃ, ʒ, h tʃ/ -* **homorganic sounds** **NASALS** - **3 /m, n, ŋmnŋŋg l j - /D/ and /ļ/ are the centres of syllables* \- **minimum syllable** -- a single vowel in isolation *are* /ɑ:/, or /ɔ:/, err /ɜ:/ **STRUCTURE OF SYLLABLE** - 1\. **onset** (before the centre) -- 1, 2 or 3 consonants *bar /ba:/ key /ki:/ more /mɔ: ə / ("schwa")** - - the most frequent vowel in English, mid and central - **close front and close back vowels** - - **syllabic consonants** - - *bottle /bɒtļ/, muddle /mʌdļ/, tunnel /tʌnļ´hæpənðət/ I hope [that] she will.* weak forms ≠ contracted forms (it is → it՚s, we have →we՚ve) - WF: I՚m fond of chips. BUT SF: Chips are what I՚m fond [of.] WF: The letter is from him. BUT SF: The letter is [from] him, not [to] him. WF: I must go. BUT SF: You [must] give me more money. WF: rock and roll BUT SF: You shouldn՚t put "and" at the end of a sentence. ASPECTS OF CONNECTED SPEECH (Rhythm, Assimilation) **Rhythm** - English rhythm: **stress-timed** - Czech/Slovak rhythm: **syllable-timed** - **foot --** a unit of rhythm (begins with a stressed syllable and includes all following unstressed syllables) **Stress shift**  - **rhythmical & arhythmical speech** - **rhythm** -- regular repeated pattern **[INTONATION]** **Complex tones** - **simple tones:** level, fall, rise - **complex tones:** fall-rise rise-fall - **pitch range:** **Functions of tones** - **fall:** neutral, finality - **rise:** something more is to follow - **fall-rise:** limited agreement, response with reservations - **rise-fall:** approval, disapproval, surprise - **level:** routine, uninteresting, boring **Tone-unit** - English, Czech/Slovak -- **intonation languages** - **tone-unit:** the basic unit of intonation analysis (min. 1 syllable) - **tonic syllable:** prominent syllable which carries a **tone** and **tonic stress** - (tonic syllable = nucleus, tonic stress = nuclear stress) tone-unit 1 tone-unit 2 - **hierarchy of phonological units**: SPEECH → UTTERANCE → TONE-UNIT → FOOT → SYLLABLE → PHONEME **Structure of tone-unit** - simple tone unit = one **tonic syllable** - **head:** from the 1st stressed syllable up to the tonic syllable - **pre-head:** all unstressed syllables preceding the 1st stressed syllable - **tail:** syllables between the tonic syllable and the end of the tone-unit **Structure of tone-unit** **(PRE-HEAD) + (HEAD) + TONIC SYLLABLE + (TAIL)** - - - - \- the functions overlap with each other **Accentual function** - **word stress** -- independent of intonation - **tonic stress** -- function of intonation - **position of tonic stress** = focus of intonation - neutral position: last lexical word in a tone-unit *1. I want to know where he´s [tra]velling to.* *2. I want to know where he´s travelling [to].* *1. She was wearing a red [dress].* *2. She was wearing a [red] dress.* *2. It was [ve]ry boring.* *1. You mustn´t talk so [loud]ly.* *2. You [mu]stn´t talk so loudly.* *1. I have plans to [leave. ]* *2. I have [plans] to leave.* *1. Here´s that [book] you asked me to bring.* *2. I´ve got to take the [dog] for a walk.*