Intro Phonetics and Phonology Script WS2024/25 PDF

Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology (Lecture) Version 2024-09-26...

Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology (Lecture) Version 2024-09-26 Prof Jakob Leimgruber Tue 1000–1200 · H2 Winter Semester 2024/25 Consultation hours: https://tinyurl.com/ZoomJL eɪ əʊ ɔɪ aɪ aʊ Description Phonetics and phonology is the study of human speech sounds. This introductory lecture builds on ‘Introduction to English linguistics: Theory and structure’ and together with it and ‘Introduction to English linguistics: English in use’, covers the core curriculum in English linguistics. The lecture will consider the various types of phonetics, their difference to phonology, the working of the human speech apparatus, and the rules according to which languages combine sounds to form meaningful words. The phonemic system of English will be given particular attention, especially in its RP and GA incarnation, but regional and social variation will also be addressed. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), in particular its application to English, will be taught and exemplified in class. NB: It is strongly recommended that students attend the ‘Theory and structure’ lecture together with this lecture in their first term, before registering for ‘English in use’ in their second term. GRIPS The GRIPS room for this lecture is at https://elearning.uni- regensburg.de/course/view.php?id=67851. You can join without password. Course requirements Pass the final modular exam. Schedule 15 Oct Session 1 22 Oct Session 2 29 Oct Session 3 5 Nov Session 4 12 Nov Session 5 19 Nov Session 6 26 Nov Session 7 3 Dec Session 8 10 Dec Session 9 17 Dec Session 10 7 Jan Session 11 14 Jan Session 12 21 Jan Session 13 28 Jan Session 14 4 Feb Session 15 10 Feb 13:00 Modular exam Outline Introduction 3.3.2 Long vowels Contextualisation 3.3.3 Diphthongs Examination information 3.4 Consonants Administrative information 3.4.1 Plosives Syllabus 3.4.2 Fricatives Outline 3.4.3 Affricates 0 Preliminaries 3.4.4 Sonorants 0.1 Introduction 4 Sounds in connected speech 0.2 Writing systems 4.1 Word stress 1 Principles of phonetics 4.2 Weak forms 1.1 Phonetics and phonology: 4.3 Intonation preliminary distinction 4.4 Phonotactics and the syllable 1.2 IPA and transcription 4.5 Assimilation and boundaries 1.3 Kinds of phonetics 5 English accents 1.4 Speech organs and sound 5.1 RP production 5.2 British and American 1.5 Types of sounds pronunciation 1.6 Vowels 5.3 Sound changes 1.7 Consonants 5.4 Other English accents 2 Principles of phonology 6 German–English contrastive 2.1 Definition and comparison w phonology phonetics 6.1 Contrasting English and 2.2 Phonemes and minimal pairs German: why? 2.3 Allophones 6.2 Major differences 3 The sounds of English 6.3 Minor differences 3.1 The phoneme system of 6.4 Phoneme systems compared English 7 Summary & examination 3.2 Phonology and orthography information 3.3 Vowels 7.1 Summary 3.3.1 Short vowels 7.2 Examination information Useful resources (Skandera & Burleigh 2016; Jones et al. 2011; Roach 2010; Wells 2008; Wells 1982; International Phonetic Association 1999) International Phonetic Association (ed.). 1999. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge, U.K. ; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Jones, Daniel, Peter Roach, Jane Setter & John Henry Esling. 2011. Cambridge English pronouncing dictionary. 18th ed. Cambridge (GB) New York: Cambridge university press. Roach, Peter. 2010. English phonetics and phonology: a practical course. 4. ed., reprinted. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Skandera, Paul & Peter Burleigh. 2016. A manual of English phonetics and phonology: twelve lessons with an integrated course in phonetic transcription (Narr- Studienbücher). 3rd revised edition. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto. Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English. 1–4 vols. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York: Cambridge University Press. Wells, John Christopher. 2008. Longman pronunciation dictionary. 3rd edition. Harlow (GB): Pearson education.  THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2015 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back Close Bilabial Bilabial Examples: Dental Dental/alveolar Bilabial Close-mid (Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar Palatoalveolar Velar Velar Open-mid Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative OTHER SYMBOLS Open Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced alveolar lateral flap Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous and SUPRASEGMENTALS Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress Affricates and double articulations Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols Secondary stress joined by a tie bar if necessary. Epiglottal plosive Long Half-long DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. Extra-short Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental Minor (foot) group Voiced Creaky voiced Apical Major (intonation) group Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal Syllable break More rounded Labialized Nasalized Linking (absence of a break) Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release TONES AND WORD ACCENTS Advanced Velarized Lateral release LEVEL CONTOUR Extra Retracted Pharyngealized No audible release or high or Rising Centralized Velarized or pharyngealized High Falling High Mid rising Mid-centralized Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative) Low Low rising Syllabic Lowered ( = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- low falling Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root Downstep Global rise Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root Upstep Global fall Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); Doulos SIL, IPA Kiel, IPA LS Uni (symbols)  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 Dr. Max Mustermann Referat Kommunikation & Marketing Verwaltung Introduction to linguistics: Phonetics and phonology Prof Jakob Leimgruber Chair of English Linguistics FACULTY OF LANGUAGES, LITERATURES AND CULTURES WS 2024/25 1 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 Introduction Jakob Leimgruber [email protected] Office hours (remote and in-person) at https://tinyurl.com/ZoomJL 2 1  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 Contextualisation Part of module M12 Introduction to linguistics: 1. Theory & structure 2. Phonetics & phonology 3. English in use Recommendation: 1 & 2 !rst (!rst semester), then 3 (second semester) One !nal exam covering all three modular lectures (exam available every semester), 135 minutes Monday 10 February 2025 13:00, Audimax 3 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 Examination information At the end of this class, you should be able to: describe the phonemes of English using appropriate terminology know the major differences between RP (Received Pronunciation, British English) and GA (General American) read transcriptions of English words into IPA explain the various kinds of phonetics and how they differ from phonology understand some fundamental pronunciation differences between English and German 4 2  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 Examination information Credit for this lecture is obtained by taking part in the modular exam This exam takes place every semester and covers three lectures: Theory & structure Phonetics & phonology English in use The exam takes 135 minutes, i.e. roughly 45 minutes per lecture Paper-based, multiple-/single-choice questions Anything covered in this script may appear in the exam 5 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 Administrative information Script available on GRIPS: https://elearning.uni- regensburg.de/course/view.php?id=67851 Attendance is strongly recommended! You may ask questions at any point during the lecture There will be a few interactive elements, participation is encouraged! 6 3  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 Syllabus 15 Oct Session 1 22 Oct Session 2 Weekly sessions 29 Oct Session 3 10:15 to (max.) 11:45 5 Nov Session 4 No break 12 Nov Session 5 19 Nov Session 6 If you must pop out, do so quietly without 26 Nov Session 7 disturbing your classmates (or me) 3 Dec Session 8 10 Dec Session 9 17 Dec Session 10 7 Jan Session 11 14 Jan Session 12 21 Jan Session 13 28 Jan Session 14 4 Feb Session 15 10 Feb Modular exam 7 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 Outline 8 4  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 0 Preliminaries 10 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 0.1 Introduction Linguistics = the scientific study of language Language = … definitions vary! Speech Potentially all forms of human communication. —> e.g. body language, facial expressions, speech, intonation, sign language, … —> distinctive, di erent Language For us in this class: language = spoken language (primacy of speech over writing, Linguistics cf. Saussure) 11 5  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 0.1 Introduction Speech has existed for longer than writing Writing is an inaccurate representation of speech sounds Di"erent writing systems o"er di"erent ways of dealing with speech sounds 12 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 0.2 Writing systems 1. Alphabetic: symbols/letters ≈ sounds Latin Кириллица (Cyrillic) Ελληνικό (Greek) მხედრული (Georgian) Italian ⟨a⟩ = [a] English ⟨oo⟩ = [uː ʊ] —> fool vs. foot Russian ⟨р⟩ = [r] German ⟨st⟩ = [st ʃt] —> Stein vs. fast Greek ⟨λ⟩ = [l] French ⟨ti⟩ = [ti sj] Georgian ⟨ე⟩ = [ɛ] 13 6  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 0.2 Writing systems 2. Syllabic: symbols ≈ syllables —> syllables as units カタカナ, ひらがな (Japanese Kana) —> more than one sound in one symbol ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ (Cherokee) Japanese ⟨た⟩ = [ta] ⟨さ⟩ = [sa] ⟨は⟩ = [ha, wa] Cherokee ⟨Ꮤ⟩ = [ta] 14 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 0.2 Writing systems 3. Abjad: symbols/letters ≈ consonants (Arabic) ُ‫ا َْﻟﻌََﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ‬ (Hebrew) ‫אלפבית‬ (Tifinagh) ⵜⴼⵏⵗ Arabic ⟨‫[ = ⟩ب‬b] Hebrew ⟨‫ב‬ּ ⟩ = [b] Tifinagh ⟨ⴱ⟩ = [b] 15 7  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 0.2 Writing systems 4. Abugida (alphasyllabary): symbols = syllables देवनागरी (Devanāgarī) தமி$ அ&'(வ* (Tamil) ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ (Inuktitut) Inuktitut ⟨ᒋ⟩ = [ɡi] Tamil ⟨+⟩ = [t] ⟨ᒍ⟩ = [ɡu] ⟨த⟩ = [ta] —> built in vowel by slight modi cation ⟨ᒐ⟩ = [ɡa] ⟨தி⟩ = [ti] ⟨ᒡ⟩ = [ɡ] ⟨,⟩ = [tu] 16 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 0.2 Writing systems 5. Logographic: symbols = ? —> concepts 汉字 (Chinese) —> symbols give almost no information about pronunciation 漢字 (Japanese Kanji) Mandarin ⟨马⟩ = [ma˧4˦] Japanese ⟨京⟩ = [kjoː] ⟨中⟩ = [t͡ʂʊŋ˥] ⟨榊⟩ = [sa.ka.ki] ⟨饿⟩ = [ɤ˥˩] ⟨山⟩ = [ja.ma] [saɴ] ⟨装⟩ = [t͡ʂwɑŋ˥] ⟨一人⟩ = [çi ̥.to̞.ɽi] 17 8  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 0.2 Writing systems 6. Featural: symbols ≈ phonemes 한글 (Hang(e)ul/Korean) Individual sounds represented by a given symbol These sounds are then stacked together into syllabic blocks All plosives have a horizontal top stroke (ㄱg, ㄷd), all alveolars have a horizontal bottom stroke (ㄴn, ㄹl), etc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul 18 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 0.2 Writing systems Conclusions: No writing system completely accurately represents speech The language and writing system you grew up with may influence your perception of sounds in your first or additional language(s) For descriptive linguistic purposes, a language-neutral system to represent speech sounds is desirable Thats does wɒtthe à /ˈðætswhat ði aɪ piː A ˈdʌz p ˈeɪ | ˈɔːɹ ət ˈliːst ˈtɹaɪz tə ˈduː/ à You will encounter and learn the basics of the IPA in this class 19 9  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1 Principles of phonetics 20 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.1 Phonetics & phonology: a preliminary distinction Language: meanings – sounds (‘duality of pattern’, ‘double articulation’) Phonetics and phonology: describe the sound level only Phonetics vs. phonology (preliminary, simplistic): infinite variety of sounds vs. language-specific limited set of sounds e.g. English & German /u/: Hut, hood only German: /y/ (Hüte), /x/ (Dach) only English: /θ/, /ð/: thing, this 21 10  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.1 Phonetics & phonology: a preliminary distinction Preliminary definitions: Phonetics: Description of all possible speech sounds, independent of an individual language Phonology: Description of the speech sounds of a specific language Cf. Saussure’s langue-parole phonetics speech (Sprechlaute) (= parole) phonology language (Sprachlaute) (= langue) 22 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.2 IPA and transcription 23 11  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.2 IPA and transcription Daniel Jones, English Pronouncing Dictionary International Phonetic Association (IPA); ‘International Phonetic Alphabet’ ‘IPA characters’: sound symbols used to transcribe speech NOTE: IPA = speech sounds! !! —> sounds not letters! ≠ writing (‘letters’)! Transcription: Two levels: Broad: phonological level (Convention: between slashes: / /) Narrow: phonetic level, details, with more symbols and diacritics; (between square brackets: [ ]) 24 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.2 IPA and transcription 25 12  THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015) THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015) THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015) ! not relevant for the exam since it‘s phonetic ! Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.2 IPA and transcription CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Close Bilabial Bilabial Examples: Dental Dental/alveolar Bilabial Close-mid VOWELS (Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015) Front Central Back Palatoalveolar Velar Velar Open-mid CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2015 IPA Close Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive OTHER SYMBOLS Open Close-mid Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one Nasal to the right represents a rounded vowel. Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced alveolar lateral flap Trill Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous and SUPRASEGMENTALS Tap or Flap Open-mid Alveolar fricative Voiceless epiglottal fricative Fricative Affricates and double articulations Lateral Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols fricative joined by a tie bar if necessary. Open Epiglottal plosive Approximant Lateral Where symbols appear in pairs, the one approximant to the right represents a rounded vowel. to the right represents a rounded vowel. DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. Voiced Symbols to the right labial-velar in a cell are approximant Voiced alveolar voiced, to the left are voiceless. lateraldenote Shaded areas flap articulations judged impossible. Voiced alveolar lateral flap Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous and SUPRASEGMENTALS SUPRASEGMENTALS Voiced Creaky voiced Apical Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress Affricates and double articulations Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols Secondary stress More rounded Labialized Nasalized joined by a tie bar if necessary. Epiglottal plosive Long Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release Half-long Advanced Velarized Lateral release DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. Extra-short Retracted Pharyngealized No audible release Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental Minor (foot) group Centralized Velarized or pharyngealized Voiced Creaky voiced Apical Major (intonation) group Mid-centralized Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative) Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal Syllable break Syllabic Lowered ( = voiced bilabial approximant) More rounded Labialized Nasalized Linking (absence of a break) Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release TONES AND WORD ACCENTS Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root Advanced Velarized Lateral release LEVEL CONTOUR Extra Retracted Pharyngealized No audible release or high or Rising Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); Doulos SIL, IPA Kiel, IPA LS Uni (symbols) Centralized Velarized or pharyngealized High Falling High Mid rising Mid-centralized Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative) Low Low rising Syllabic Lowered ( = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- low falling Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root Downstep Global rise Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root Upstep Global fall Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); Doulos SIL, IPA Kiel, IPA LS Uni (symbols) 26 Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); Doulos SIL, IPA Kiel, IPA LS Uni (symbols) Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); Doulos SIL, IPA Kiel, IPA LS Uni (symbols) Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.2 IPA and transcription Useful resources Phonetic fonts: https://software.sil.org/fonts/ IPA keyboards: https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=uniipakeyboard https://keyman.com/keyboards/h/ipa/ Interactive sagittal section: http://smu-facweb.smu.ca/~s0949176/sammy/ Clickable IPA chart: https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/inter_chart_2018/IPA _2018.html 27 13 phonemic writing: pronuncation becomes evident when reading the word Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.3 Kinds of Phonetics Articulatory Sender production of sounds phonetics (speaker) articulation most relevant for this class Phonology (i.e., more to follow) Acoustic Channel physical properties of phonetics (sounds, sounds as air waves measured in Hertz air) software: Praat —> between (http://www.praat.org/) Auditory Articulatory phonetics sender & phonetics receiver Auditory Receiver impression upon hearer phonetics (listener) (perception) decoding of audio impression; ‘chunks’ of sounds, not Acoustic one-by-one mental matching activity, phonetics driven by expectations (probabilities) 31 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.3 Kinds of Phonetics Acoustic phonetics physical properties; intensity of a sound vibration at a specific frequency (measured in Hertz) is represented mechanically (spectrograph, produces spectrogram) Spectrogram of /iː, uː, ɑː, aɪ/ y:frequency x:time 32 14  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.3 Kinds of Phonetics Acoustic phonetics physical properties; intensity of a sound vibration at a speci!c frequency (measured in Hertz) is represented mechanically (spectrograph, produces spectrogram) Spectrogram of /ˈɛɪjaˌfjatl ̥aˌjœkʰʏtl ̥/ —> more white: typically consonants 33 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.3 Kinds of Phonetics Acoustic phonetics Spectrograms of /s, ʃ, f / and vowels: —> fricatives NOTE: Vowels are characterised by two "formants" 34 15  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.3 Kinds of Phonetics Auditory phonetics concerned with the perception of speech sounds, from the point of the listener —> sound: ba ba —> video: ga ga di erent visual and auditory input confuses you 35 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.4 Speech organs and sound production Articulatory phonetics 36 16  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.4 Speech organs and sound production —> sounds exit nostrils —> can close 37 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.4 Speech organs and sound production Airstream from the lung (pulmonic, egressive) Larynx, vocal folds, glottis (open, narrow, closed) voiced / voiceless sounds; glottal stop Pharynx, uvula, velum 38 17  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.4 Speech organs and sound production Sound production begins in the lungs, with air being pushed up (usually) In the larynx are the vocal folds (which can vibrate) and the glottis (=space between folds) The vocal tract is above The velum guides air outwards either through the mouth or the nose 39 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.4 Speech organs and sound production Egressive pulmonic airstream mechanism → air flowing outwards starting from the lungs —> most common airstream throughout every language Non-English airstream mechanisms: Glottalic egressive close lips + glottis —> „pa-ap-a“ → the glottis compresses air (ejectives, e.g. [p’]) Glottalic ingressive glottis closed, clottis goes up & closes agaom, air is released —> „ba-ab-a“ → the glottis rarefies air (implosives, e.g. [ɓ]) Lingual/velaric ingressive in(clucking some African languages —> „ta-at-a“ sound) → tongue rarefies air in the mouth (clicks, e.g. [|]) 40 18  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.4 Speech organs and sound production The vocal cords as seen from above https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSvN0d-g5vQ 41 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.4 Speech organs and sound production Settings of the velum Raised for oral sound (pie /paɪ/) Lowered for nasal sound (my /maɪ/) 43 19  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.4 Speech organs and sound production The articulators The air expelled from the lungs can be modi!ed by the articulators Active articulators can move: the lips (labial), the tongue, the velum, etc. Passive articulators do not move: the teeth (dental), the palate, the alveolar ridge (behind the teeth), etc. 44 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.4 Speech organs and sound production The articulators continuum in the tounge—> no strict division between tip, blade, back,,,, tongue usually not distinguishing factor for consonants —> more for vowels 45 20  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.5 Types of Sounds Three properties: Manner of Acoustic shape Syllable position articulation Vowels Voiced, no obstruction Harmonic ‘sounds’ Syllable centre/nucleus Consonants With obstruction (= ‘noise’ Syllable margins closure/friction) Sonorants (nasals & Voiced, with Harmonic ‘sounds’ Syllable margins (poss. approximants) obstruction syllabic) Intermediate in some respects: sonorants (nasals & approximants; definition / classification see below) articulatory property of consonants but acoustic property of vowels syllable position: normally consonantal NOTE: articulatory description is easier for consonants, acoustic definition for vowels 46 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types We will consider two main pronunciations of English in this class RP = Received Pronunciation, the ‘British’ variant and GA = General American, the ‘American’ one. Keep in mind that: both are prestigious (≠‘standard’!) accents in their respective countries and there are hundreds of other accents of English in the UK, in the USA, and around the world. 47 21  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types Two basic properties: quantity, quality 1. Quantity: Length; short vs long vowels 2. Quality: ‘sound’ difference; movement of highest point of back of the tongue: lower or higher (vertical), (correlates with degree of opening jaws) front or back (horizontal) Area of movement: vowel trapezium (rarer simpler form: vowel triangle) 48 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types The vowel trapezium and its ‘location’ in the oral cavity 49 22  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types rounding of the lips: redundant in English (back vowels are rounded; front vowels are unrounded) ‘absolute’ system of reference: ‘cardinal vowels’ (D. Jones) 50 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types The cardinal vowel scale (Jones) i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u highest & frontest one you can physically do e ø ɤ o ɛ œ ʌ ɔ a ɶ ɑ ɒ —>all can be produced as banded or unbanded vowels 51 23  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types English vowels (location in the vowel trapezium) Front Back Close iː uː ɪ ʊ ɜː e ə ɔː æ ʌ ɒ ɑː Open 52 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types English diphthongs (location in the vowel trapezium) —> tongue moves to form diphtongs ɪə ʊə eɪ əʊ eə ɔɪ aɪ aʊ Closing diphthongs Centering diphthongs 53 24  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types We can identify English vowels with three descriptive properties: degree of frontness/backness degree of height Front Back length Close iː uː ɪ ʊ Diphthongs: glides correspond (phonologically) to long vowels ɜː closing (rising) e ə ɔː Forward: [aɪ], [ɔɪ], [eɪ] backward: [aʊ], [əʊ] æ ʌ ɒ centering: [eə], [ɪə], [ʊə] ɑː Open 54 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types Vowel quantity (length) Has to do with duration; indicated by colon (ː) original transcription in early versions of EPD (dated!): /i/ – /iː/, /u/ – /uː/ But! 1. duration time influenced by following sound (bit - beat; bid - bead) 2. not only difference of quantity but of quality: (cf: bit - beat) quantitative difference has turned into a quant. + qualitative difference, even predominantly qualitative (esp. in GA); this change is reflected by new transcription symbols since 14th edition of English Pronouncing Dictionary: bit /ɪ/ - beat /iː/; full /ʊ/ - fool /uː/; etc. not only colons for length difference, but also different characters symbolising different qualities 55 25  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types ‘Tense’ and ‘lax’ as properties of vowels: describes the amount of muscular tension required in the articulation of certain vowels (high / low) as an articulatory property: independent of length; but: correlates with length very strongly, esp. in RP: ‘long’ vowels are tense, ‘short’ vowels are lax bit [bɪt], pull [pʊt] (short, lax) vs beat [biːt], pool [puːl] (long, tense) some phoneticians use tense/lax as more appropriate descriptive terms than long/short because of difficulty of determining ‘length’ we keep using the traditional, established terms ‘long’ – ‘short’; but be aware of their limitations! 56 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types Acoustic representation of vowel systems: plotting of formants corresponds roughly to (articulatory) trapezium representation Example of an acoustic representation of an individual vowel system: —> individual speaker (white male from the South of Dallas Texas) 57 26  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types Recap Formants are frequency measures of a particular vowel. 58 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types Recap Formants are frequency measures of a particular vowel. Pulmonic = lung-related, egressive = outward, velum = soft palate 59 27  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types Recap Formants are frequency measures of a particular vowel. Pulmonic = lung-related, egressive = outward, velum = soft palate The vocal tract is that part of the anatomy which can modulate the airflow for the purposes of speech production. 60 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types Recap Formants are frequency measures of a particular vowel. Pulmonic = lung-related, egressive = outward, velum = soft palate The vocal tract is that part of the anatomy —> lungs aren‘t an articulator —> soft palate, uvula and alveolar ridge are articulators which can modulate the airflow for the purposes of speech production. —> shape is not used to describe vowels —> height, lengt and frontness are used to describe vowels Sonorants are sounds intermediate between consonants and vowels. Manner of Acoustic shape Syllable position articulation Vowels Voiced, no obstruction Harmonic ‘sounds’ Syllable centre/nucleus Consonants With obstruction (= ‘noise’ Syllable margins closure/friction) Sonorants (nasals & Voiced, with Harmonic ‘sounds’ Syllable margins (poss. approximants) obstruction syllabic) 61 28  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.6 Vowels: production, description, survey of types Recap Formants are frequency measures of a particular vowel. eɪ Pulmonic = lung-related, egressive = outward, əʊ velum = soft palate The vocal tract is that part of the anatomy ɔɪ which can modulate the airflow for the aɪ aʊ purposes of speech production. Sonorants are sounds intermediate between ɪə ʊə consonants and vowels. Diphthongs can be classified as rising vs. eə centering. 62 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.7 Consonants: production, description, types De!nition of English consonants by three properties: 1. Place of articulation 2. Manner of articulation 3. Voicing 1. Voicing: voiced vs unvoiced = vibration of vocal folds NOTE: muscular tension (strong / weak; ‘fortis’ – ‘lenis’) 67 29  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.7 Consonants: production, description, types 2. Places of Articulation 1. bilabial 2. labiodental 3. interdental —> th souond 4. alveolar 5. (alveo) palatal 6. velar—> sounds 7. uvular —> r sounds 8. glottal —> glottal consonants 68 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.7 Consonants: production, description, types 3. Manners of articulation 1. closure (plosives/stops: /p, b, d, k/, etc.) 2. friction (fricatives: /f, s, θ, ð/, etc.) 3. affricate (combination of a stop and fricative: /tʃ/, /dʒ/) 4. nasal (soft palate lowered, airstream escapes through the nose: /m, n, ŋ/) 5. approximant (frictionless continuant); subtypes include pronunciations of /r/ 6. semi-vowels /j/, /w/ 7. lateral /l/ 8. trill/roll (repeated contact between articulators: /r/ as alveolar trill [r] or uvular trill [ʀ] 9. tap (or ‘flap’; single, quick contact between articulators: [ɾ]) 69 30  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 1.7 Consonants: production, description, types Set of English consonants: Alveolar alveolar alveolar Bilabial Palato- Palatal Glottal Dental dental Labio- Velar Post- Plosive pb td kɡ Affricate tʃ dʒ Fricative fv θð sz ʃʒ (x) h Nasal m n ŋ Lateral l Approximant w r j 70 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 2 Principles of phonology 71 31  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 2.1 Definition and comparison with phonetics There is much variation in the production of sounds (between speakers, regions, classes, ages, etc.) —> accents and dialects But! Speakers of the language are able to recognise and identify individual sounds as such Every language has a sound system, i.e. selects (out of the infinite variability of possibilities) a distinct, relatively small set of sounds out of which it builds its words 72 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 https://linguistlaura.blogspot.com/2012/02/from-speculative-grammarian-difference.html —> underlying system 73 32  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 2.2 Phonemes and minimal pairs Phonemes = the smallest meaning-distinguishing !! unit in the sound system of an individual language Example: [θ] in German/English: German Maus: /maʊs/ (not /maʊθ/) IF [maʊθ] then: speech defect (‘lispeln’ → [θ] perceived as ‘wrong’ variant of /s/ (but not creating a different word!) English mouse /maʊs/ vs mouth /maʊθ/ → these are two different words/meanings, therefore /s/ and /θ/ are different phonemes 74 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 2.2 Phonemes and minimal pairs Phonemes = the smallest meaning-distinguishing !! unit in the sound system of an individual language Phonemes make a difference between words, are therefore ‘meaning- distinguishing’ Replacing one phoneme by another may cause misunderstanding: 75 33  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 2.2 Phonemes and minimal pairs Minimal pairs: two words which differ in meaning when only one sound* is changed NOTE: *not ‘letter’! IPA = speech sounds! !! ≠ writing (‘letters’)! Example: mouse - mouth, louse - house, hit - hat, bin - been, glass - class, Miss - Ms, set - said, said - sad, etc. Phonemes are the smallest meaning-distinguishing units in a language. → phonemic system of a language 77 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 2.3 Allophones —> di erent sounds for the same phomene —> vowels are the deciding factor Phonemes = system Realisations/instantiation of a phoneme: ‘allophones’ Phonemes = set of allophones (→ Saussure: langue – parole) The choice between di"erent allophones can be systematic (assimilation): /k/ in key [k̟iː] (advanced) and car [k̠ɑː] (retracted) → place of articulation of the vowel impacts that of the consonant /t/ in tip [tʰɪp] (aspirated), stick [st⁼ɪk] (non-aspirated) and pet [pet̚] (unreleased) → position and context determine the allophone /l/ in leave [liːv] (clear) and feel [!ːɫ] (dark, velarised) little ( rst l) —> clear little (second l) —> dark → clear /l/ before vowels and dark /l/ word-!nally (and between vowels and consonants in the same word (!lter [fɪɫtə]) 78 34  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 2.3 Allophones ‘Complementary distribution’: Each allophone has a unique context/distribution, none interferes with the position of the others Where clear /l/ occurs, you cannot have dark /l/ All /p t k/ following an initial /s/ are non-aspirated (spill, still, skill) Allophones of a phoneme typically stand in complementary distribution. 79 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 2.3 IPA and transcription Useful resources Interactive sagittal section: http://smu-facweb.smu.ca/~s0949176/sammy/ Clickable IPA chart: https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/inter_chart_2018/IPA _2018.html 80 35  Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 3 The sounds of English 81 Introduction to English linguistics: Phonetics and phonology WS 2024/25 THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015) —>cross-linguistc, not language-speci c CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2015 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back Close Bilabial Bilabial Examples: Dental Dental/alveolar Bilabial Close-mid (Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar Palatoalveolar Velar Velar Open-mid Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative OTHER SYMBOLS Open Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced alveolar lateral flap Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous and SUPRASEGMENTALS Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress Affricates and double articulations Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols Secondary stress joined by a tie bar if necessary. Epiglottal plosive Long Half-long DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. Extra-short —> no capital „letters“ Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental Minor (foot) group Voiced Creaky voiced Apical Major (intonation) group Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal Syllable break More rounded Labialized Nasalized Linking (absence of a break) Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release TONES AND WORD ACCENTS Advanced Velarized Lateral release LEVEL CONTOUR Extra Retracted