Final Study Guide 600 Online w-TR Rev F'24 PDF

**DSM-5-TR: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders** **1. DSM Definitions of Obsessions and Compulsions** Obsessions are persistent thoughts, urges, or images that cause distress. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety. Common obsessions include fears of...

**DSM-5-TR: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders** **1. DSM Definitions of Obsessions and Compulsions** Obsessions are persistent thoughts, urges, or images that cause distress. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety. Common obsessions include fears of contamination and harm; common compulsions include excessive washing and checking (p. 265). **2. Criteria for OCD Diagnosis** A person does not need both obsessions and compulsions for an OCD diagnosis. Obsessions and compulsions are maladaptive as they cause significant distress and consume over an hour per day (pp. 265-266). **Reichenberg, Chapter 7: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders** **1. Treatment for OCD** The recommended treatment for OCD is Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP). In ERP, a person is exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli while refraining from compulsive behaviors to reduce anxiety over time (p. 224). **2. Enhancing Motivation for Hoarding Disorder** A therapist can enhance motivation by helping clients identify personal goals and the benefits of decluttering. Individuals with hoarding disorder often do not seek treatment voluntarily (pp. 230-231). **DSM-5-TR: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders** **1. Main Symptom Categories of PTSD** The four main categories are (B) intrusion symptoms, (C) avoidance, (D) negative alterations in cognition and mood, and (E) alterations in arousal and reactivity (pp. 301-302). **2. Distinction Between PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder** Trauma involves exposure to actual or threatened death, injury, or violence. PTSD symptoms must persist for more than a month, while acute stress disorder symptoms are within three days to a month (p. 315). **Reichenberg, Chapter 8: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders** **1. Timing and Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD** Ideally, treatment for PTSD should begin shortly after the trauma. In prolonged exposure therapy, individuals are exposed to trauma memories and reminders to reduce fear (p. 257). **2. Other Evidence-Supported Interventions for PTSD** Besides prolonged exposure therapy, Cognitive Processing Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are effective interventions (pp. 258-259). **DSM-5-TR: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders** **1. Definitions and Examples of Delusions:** Delusions are fixed false beliefs. Types include persecutory (being targeted), grandiose (having special abilities), and jealous delusions. Persecutory is most common. Bizarre delusions are implausible, while nonbizarre are possible but false (p. 101). **2. Definition and Types of Hallucinations:** Hallucinations are perceptions without external stimuli, with auditory being the most common. Other types include visual, olfactory, and tactile (p. 102). **DSM-5-TR: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders** **1. DSM Definitions of Obsessions and Compulsions** - **Obsessions**: Persistent and intrusive thoughts, urges, or images that cause distress. - **Compulsions**: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety or distress. - **Purpose/Function**: Compulsions temporarily relieve the anxiety caused by obsessions. - **Common Obsessions and Compulsions**: - Obsessions: Contamination fears, fears of harm. - Compulsions: Excessive washing, repeated checking (p. 265). **2. Criteria for OCD Diagnosis** - A person does not need both obsessions and compulsions for an OCD diagnosis. - Maladaptive Characteristics: Causes significant distress and consumes over an hour per day (pp. 265-266). **3. Body Dysmorphic Disorder** - **Primary Concern**: Obsessive focus on perceived flaws in appearance (p. 271). - **Difference from Excoriation and Trichotillomania**: In BDD, behaviors like skin-picking or hair removal are due to appearance concerns, whereas in excoriation and trichotillomania, they\'re due to anxiety or compulsion (pp. 271, 276). **4. Hoarding Disorder** - **Reason for Acquisition**: An emotional attachment to items and fear of needing them in the future (Criterion B) (p. 277). - **Hoarding Due to Medical Condition**: DSM diagnosis of hoarding disorder does not apply if it\'s due to a medical condition (p. 291). **Reichenberg, Chapter 7: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders** **1. Recommended Treatment for OCD** - **Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)**: Exposing to anxiety triggers and preventing compulsive responses (p. 224). **2. Enhancing Motivation for Hoarding Disorder** - **Therapist\'s Role**: Help identify personal goals and benefits of change. - **Voluntary Treatment**: Individuals with hoarding disorder rarely seek help voluntarily (pp. 230-231). **DSM-5-TR: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders** **1. Main Symptom Categories of PTSD** - Criteria B: Intrusion symptoms. - Criteria C: Avoidance. - Criteria D: Negative alterations in cognition and mood. - Criteria E: Alterations in arousal and reactivity (pp. 301-302). **2. PTSD vs. Acute Stress Disorder** - **Trauma**: Exposure to actual or threatened death, injury, or violence. - **Duration**: PTSD symptoms persist over a month; Acute Stress Disorder occurs within 3 days to a month (p. 315). **Reichenberg, Chapter 8: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders** **1. Timing and Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD** - **Ideal Timing**: Begin soon after the trauma. - **Exposure**: Involves re-exposure to trauma memories and external cues (p. 257). **2. Other Interventions for PTSD** - **Interventions**: Cognitive Processing Therapy and EMDR (pp. 258-259). **DSM-5-TR: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders** **1. Delusions and Examples** - **Delusions**: Fixed false beliefs. - **Types**: Persecutory, grandiose, jealousy. - **Most Common**: Persecutory. - **Bizarre vs. Non bizarre**: Bizarre delusions are implausible; no bizarre are possible but untrue (p. 101). **2. Hallucinations and Types** - **Definition**: Perceptions without stimuli. - **Most Common**: Auditory. - **Other Types**: Visual, olfactory, tactile (p. 102). **3. Other Psychotic Symptoms** - **Examples**: Disorganized thinking, negative effect. - **Positive Symptom**: Hallucinations. - **Negative Symptom**: Affective flattening (pp. 102-103). **4. Delusional Disorder** - **Symptoms and Duration**: One month of delusions. - **Types**: Erotomaniac, grandiose. - **Erotomaniac Type**: Belief someone is in love with them. - **Difference from Schizophrenia**: No other schizophrenia symptoms (pp. 104-105). **5. Brief Psychotic Disorder** - **Symptoms**: One or more psychotic symptoms. - **Duration**: More than a day but less than a month. - **Difference**: Schizophrenia requires longer duration (p. 108). **DSM-5-TR: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders (Continued)** **6. Schizophreniform Disorder** - **Number of Symptoms**: Two or more symptoms from Criterion A of schizophrenia. - **Duration**: At least one month but less than six months. - **Difference from Schizophrenia**: Schizophrenia symptoms must persist for at least six months. Schizophreniform does not require the decline in functioning often seen in schizophrenia (pp. 111-113). **7. Schizophrenia Criteria** - **Symptoms Required**: Two or more symptoms for one month, including at least one of delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. - **Duration of Continuous Signs**: Symptoms must persist for at least six months. - **Phases**: Active phase, prodromal phase, and residual phase (pp. 113-114). **8. Schizoaffective Disorder** - **Primary Feature**: Uninterrupted period of illness during which a major mood episode occurs with Criterion A of schizophrenia. - **Co-occurrence**: Schizophrenia symptoms must occur along with mood disorder symptoms, and there must be a period of at least two weeks of delusions or hallucinations without major mood disorder symptoms. - **Distinction**: Mood symptoms are a separate focus in major depression or bipolar disorder with psychotic features (pp. 121, 125). **9. Psychotic-Like Symptoms from Substances** - **Cause**: Yes, substances, medications, or medical conditions can cause psychotic-like symptoms (pp. 126, 131). **Reichenberg Chapter 3: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders** **1. Working with Clients with Delusions** - **Suggestion**: Validate feelings without reinforcing delusions, gently challenge distortions (p. 73). **2. Symptoms Emergence** - **Men**: Late teens to early 20s. - **Women**: Late 20s to early 30s (p. 79). **3. Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors** - **Environmental Factors**: Prenatal exposure to infections, early stressors. - **Drugs Contributing to Symptoms**: Cannabis, amphetamines (p. 80). **4. Working with Delusions and Hallucinations** - **Positive Alliance**: Establish trust before addressing symptoms. - **Caution**: Avoid confrontation that may increase defensiveness (p. 82). **5. Evidence-Based Interventions for Schizophrenia** - **Interventions**: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis, Family Psychoeducation, Supported Employment, Social Skills Training (pp. 84-86). **6. Long-Term Management and Prognosis** - **Factors for Positive Prognosis**: Early treatment intervention, strong social support, adherence to treatment (p. 85). **7. Importance of Family Education and Counseling** - **Purpose**: Helps families understand the condition, supports adherence to treatment, and reduces relapse rates (p. 86). **Reichenberg Chapter 16: Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders** **1. Treatment for ODD and CD** - **Most Studied Treatment**: Parent Management Training (PMT). - **Focus of PMT**: Empowering parents with behavioral techniques to manage challenging behaviors and improve parent-child interactions, leading to more positive outcomes (p. 395). **2. Treatment for Kleptomania-like Symptoms** - **First Step in Treatment**: If kleptomania-like symptoms have a sudden onset, it is crucial to conduct a thorough assessment to rule out other underlying psychological issues. This is necessary to create an effective treatment plan (p. 408). **DSM-5-TR: Neurodevelopmental Disorders** **1. Intellectual Disability (ID) Requirements** - **Deficits**: A diagnosis of intellectual disability requires deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning. Severity is determined based on the level of support required (p. 37). **2. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Criteria** - **Categories of Impairment**: Criterion A (social communication and interaction deficits) and Criterion B (restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior) are required to diagnose ASD. Severity level is determined by the extent of support needed (p. 56). **3. ADHD Symptoms** - **Inattentive Symptoms**: Examples include difficulty sustaining attention, forgetfulness, and being easily distracted (p. 68). - **Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Symptoms**: Examples include fidgeting, interrupting others, and difficulty waiting for turns (p. 69). - **Settings**: Symptoms must be evident in two or more settings (e.g., home, school). **4. Tourette\'s Disorder Distinctiveness** - **Combination of Tics**: Tourette's disorder is characterized by both motor and vocal tics. The diagnosis applies only if both types of tics are present (p. 93).