Final SHS EarthSci q2 m5 Fabie Jeff Oliver PDF

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula 11 Zest for Progress Z Peal of artnership Earth Science Qua...

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula 11 Zest for Progress Z Peal of artnership Earth Science Quarter 2 - Module 5 Determining the Age of Stratified Rocks Name of Learner: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________________ Name of School: ___________________________ Module Determining the Age of Stratified 5 Rocks What I Need to Know This Module was written with you in mind. It is here to help you master and describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed and the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks. (S11ES - llh-35, S11ES-llh-i-36). The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to be similar to the textbook you are using. This Module contains the lesson on how layers of stratified rocks are formed and the different methods used to determine its age. After going through this module, you should be able to: 1. Describe how layers or rocks (stratified rocks) are formed; and 2. describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks. What’s In Have you ever wondered how the beautiful scenery of rock formation you see around during your vacation came into its existence? Have you asked yourself how these beautiful and magnificent view were made? Let us now recall your lessons on your previous grade to know more about how these rocks were formed. Let us answer together the following questions we have been asking ourselves since time in the world started. Let us start with activity one. Activity 1: The Images of Petra! Score: ___ / 8 Directions: Observe and analyze the pictures in the next page, (Images of Petra) and answer the guide questions. (2 points each) 2 https://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=&bih=&ei=T59xX8PCH6ehQanm6_IBw&q=images+of+petra #imgrc=KxCn3RSWshUrTM Guide Questions: 1. What do you think are these? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What type of sedimentary rock is this? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. How would you describe the pattern of this building? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Does this support the idea that layers of sediments exposed to heat and pressure form solid rock? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ What’s New Activity 2: Layer by Layer! Score: ___/ 5 Directions: Analyze the given picture carefully and identify the type of rock. Choose your answer from the word bank and write them on the space provided after each letter. (1 point each) Mudstone Siltstone limestone Sandstone Conglomerate 3  https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=sedimentary+rocks+layers A.______ C.________ E.____ B.______ D.________ What Is It A process taking place on Earth is a geologic event in its history. The characteristics of rocks shows a record of events that happened involving them. But if you just consider one rock it will give you very limited information. Instead, what happened in the past can be best explained by examining the cross sections of large masses of rocks in their particular location. We shall use the term “rock formation”. Most of the rocks exposed at the surface of Earth are sedimentary-- formed from particles of older rocks that have been broken apart by water or wind. The gravel, sand, and mud settle to the bottom in rivers, lakes, and oceans. These sedimentary particles may bury living and dead animals and plants on the lake or sea bottom. With the passage of time and the accumulation of more particles, and often with chemical changes, the sediments at the bottom of the pile become rock. Gravel becomes a rock called conglomerate, sand becomes sandstone, mud becomes mudstone or shale, and the animal skeletons and plant pieces can become fossils. Within the rock formation that make up the Earth’s crust lies evidence of over 4.5 billion years of time. The clues found in them help scientist put together a picture of how Earth has changed. As early as the mid 1600’s, Nicolas Steno, a Danish scientist, studied the relative positions of sedimentary rocks. He found that solid particles settle according to their relative weight or size. The largest and heaviest settles first; the smallest and lightest is the last one to settle. Slight changes in particle 4 size or composition result in the formation of layers. Layering is the most obvious feature of sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed particle by particle and layer by layer. The layers are piled on top of the other. Rock layers are also called strata and stratigraphy is the science of rock strata or layers. Stratigraphic Laws are basic principles that all geologist use in deciphering the age and characteristics of rock layers. These laws were developed in the 17th and 19th centuries based upon the work of Steno, James Hutton and William Smith. The following are the four different laws that scientists used to date rocks. Figure 1 https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=original+horizontality The Principle of Original Horizontality Most sediments when deposited, form a horizontal or nearly horizontal layers. This means that if there are non-horizontal layers they could have been tilted or folded from their original horizontal position by events such as episodes of mountain building. (see figure 1) Figure 2 https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=lateral+continuity 5 The Principle of Lateral Continuity Rock Layers, as originally laid down, are bounded by the edge of the basin of deposition. Layers of sedimentary rocks extend sideways in the same order. A later event such as river cutting may form a gap, but the connection between strata can still be established. The point is that, scientist can relate layers at one location to layers at another location. This is critical for stratigraphic correlation. (see figure 2) Figure 3 https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=principle+of+superposition+stratigraphy The Principle of Superposition As undisturbed layers accumulate through time; older layers are buried beneath younger layers. This principle also states that rock fragments must be older than the rock containing the fragments. (see figure 3) Figure 4 https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=principle+of+faunal+succession The Principle of Faunal Succession This principle was developed by William Smith, an English engineer in the late 1700s. Smith noticed succession of rock layers; furthermore, he saw that the same vertical changes in fossils that are embedded in rocks occurred 6 in different places. He recognized that fossil groups were succeded by other fossil groups through time. A kind of living thing had succeeded another when its population increased after the population of the other kind disappears from the Earth. This allowed geologist to develop a fossil stratigraphy and provide means to correlate rock throughout the world. The four fundamental principles of stratigraphy form the foundation of our understanding of the history of the Earth. Methods Used to Determine Age of Rocks Dating techniques are procedures used by scientist to determine the age of rocks. Geologist establish the age of rocks in two ways: relative dating and absolute dating. Relative dating is used to arrange geological events and the rocks they leave behind in a sequence. It is based on the Principle of Superposition which enables scientist to arrange geological events in order. Relative dating cannot specify the absolute age, whether one rock is older or younger than another. The age is determined by its position within the strata. Relating the succession of events in one region to those in another requires that the two areas be stratigraphically correlated. To correlate means to link and match in time from different places. Correlations can be made by tracing rock strata from one area to another using the Principle of Lateral Continuity or by relating the fossils of the two areas using the Principle of Faunal Succession. Relative dating requires an extensive knowledge of stratigraphic succession, a term for the way rock strata are built up and change by geologic process. By studying strata, geologists and paleontologists interpret the strata formation to learn about the environment a long time ago. If the sediment layer is thick, the climate was stable. When new layers appear in the strata, a change occurred. Faunal dating refers to the use of animal bones to determine the age of sedimentary layers and the materials embedded within those layers. Scientist can determine an approximate age for a layer by examining which species or genera of animals are buried on it. The technique works best if the animals belonged to species that evolved quickly, expanded rapidly over a larger area or suffered extinction. Faunal analysis can provide relative ages for materials buried in the fauna encasing layers. Absolute dating is the term used to describe any dating technique that tells how old a rock specimen is in years. This is generally an analytical method and is carried out in a laboratory. Rocks whose ages have been determined by absolute dating can be incorporated into a succession of strata determined by relative dating. Before the advent of absolute dating method, nearly all dating was relative. Radiometric dating. Until the advent of radiometric dating, there was no independent way to test the accuracy of relative dating of sedimentary sequence. With the discovery of radioactivity in the late 1800s, scientists were able to measure the exact age in years of different rocks. By measuring the 7 amount of radioactive decay of a radioactive isotope with a known half-life, geologist can establish the absolute age of a parent material. A number of radioactive isotopes are used for this purpose and depending on the rate of the decay, are used for dating different geological periods. Isotopes that decay slowly are useful for longer periods of time but are less accurate in absolute years. Some of the most commonly used radiometric dating include: Radiocarbon dating. This technique measures the decay of C-14 in organic material and can be best applied to specimens younger than 60,000 years. Carbon – 14 dating has been successful in determining the age of fossils. You must remember that the rock strata are usually as old as the fossils embedded to them. Uranium dating uses a very important isotope which is U-238. It is used in dating very old rocks, specifically rocks that do not contain fossils. Uranium, when it decays undergoes a series of nuclear transformations to arrive at Pb-206 that is often applied to trace mineral zircon in igneous rocks. Radioactive dating method is independent of all physical and chemical conditions such as temperature, pressure and chemical agent. This method allowed scientists to date thousands of rocks samples from different parts of the Earth. The oldest rock dated 4580 million years old are reported from eastern Siberia followed by gneiss from Greenland which is dated 3900 million years. The oldest unmetamorphosed rock found in Southern Africa is over 3200 million years. This could probably mean that the Earth’s surface must have been solid since at least, 3,750 million years ago. Radiometric technology has recently unlocked the clue that reveals the ancient age of our planet. Evidence from radiometric dating indicates that the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. What’s More If rocks are here since time immemorial, then how are we to know the approximate time of their existence? What are the methods used in determining the age of stratified rocks? Let us find out in the next activity. Dating techniques are procedures used by scientist to determine the age of rocks. Geologist establish the age of rocks in two ways: relative dating and absolute dating. Score: ___/15 Activity 3: Identification Directions: Identify the word/s that is/are being described in each statement below. Choose the words from the box. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. (1 point each) 8  Uranium dating Radiocarbon dating Principle of Superposition Radioactive decay Faunal Dating Radiometric dating Nicholas Steno Analytical Method Absolute Dating Relative Dating Fossils Marker fossils Principle of Faunal Succession Principle of Lateral Continuity Sedimentary rocks ______________1. It is based on the Principle of Superposition which enables scientists to arrange geological events in order. ______________2. This principle states that rock fragments must be older than the rock containing the fragments. ______________3. It refers to the fragments of bones left behind by animals to determine the age of sedimentary layers embedded on them. ______________4. A Danish scientist who studied the relative positions of sedimentary rocks in the 1600s. ______________5. This is generally an analytical method and is carried out in a laboratory. ______________6. It is the scientific method of studying the rock strata that occurs in sedimentary rocks as they accumulate through time. ______________7. It measures the amount of radioactive decay of a radioactive isotope with a known half-life. ______________8. This method allowed scientist to date thousands of rock samples from different parts of the Earth. ______________9. This technique measures the decay of C-14 in organic material and can best applied to specimens younger than 60,000 years old. ______________10. It is used in dating very old rocks, specially rocks that do not contain fossils. _____________11. These are the basis for defining boundaries in the geologic time scale and also for the correlation of strata. _____________12. A recognizable structure or impression of a structure of an organism like skeleton, trails, or fecal remains that are embedded in very old rocks. _____________13. A principle developed by an English engineer William Smith in the late 1700s. _____________14. This principle makes scientist relate or link layers at one location at another location. _____________15. These are formed particle by particle and layer by layer. 9  What I Have Learned Activity 4: My Spider Web! Score: ____/ 20 Directions: Fill the web with brief description that corresponds to the given word on the box. Follow the example in blue box below. (2 points each) Radiometric Dating Faunal Succession Absolute Dating Stratigraphic Law – principle used in determining the age of rocks Radioactive Dating Original Horizontality Age of Stratified Rocks Relative Dating Uranium Dating Faunal Dating Radiocarbon Dating Superposition 10  What I Can Do Activity 5: Look for Me Now! Score: ___/20 Directions: Look for a stratified rock formation in your locality. Take a picture of this rock formation and paste the copy on the photo section below. Then determine the method that can be used in deciphering its age. Explain why you choose that particular method. Write it in the space provided below the photo. Refer Table 1 for your rubric. Photo here (10 points) 11 Table 1. The Rubric Features Expert Accomplished Capable Beginner (5) (4) (3) (2) Thought Thoughts are Thoughts are Thoughts are Thoughts are Process very well well organized inorganized but not organized and show strong points are organized points visible and show a little point Grammar No Few grammatical Punctuations Grammar Usage grammatical errors found are unclear and error found punctuation not visible Assessment Score: ___ /15 Multiple Choice. Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each number. __1. Which among the following is NOT a basis for stratigraphy? a. Principle of verticality b. Principle of Superposition c. Principle of Faunal Succession d. Principle of Original Horizontality __2. Which principle states that layers can be traced over a long interval from one location to another? a. Principal of Faunal Succession b. Principle of Lateral Continuity c. Principle of Original Horizontality d. Principle of Superposition __3. Which is used by geologist to help them correlate rock units? a. Core b. Strata c. Sediments d. Texture __4. Which among the following uses animal bones to determine the age of sedimentary layers and the materials embedded with those layers. a. Relative Dating c. Radiocarbon Dating b. Uranium Dating d. Faunal Dating __5. It uses a very important isotope which is U-238. a. Uranium Dating c. Radiocarbon Dating b. Absolute Dating d. Radiometric Dating __6. Which among the following is a method independent of all physical and chemical conditions such as temperature, pressure and chemical agents. a. Uranium Dating c. Absolute Dating b. Radioactive Dating d. Relative Dating 12 __7. It is the scientific study of rock strata or layers. a. Strata c. Stratigraphy b. Geology d. Earth Science __8. How does sedimentary rocks are formed? a. bigger particles settle first b. layer by particle c. by pushing rocks upward d. Particle by particle or layer by layer __9. What does the Principle of Superposition mean? a. Rock fragments must be older than the rock containing the fragments b. fossil groups were succeeded by other fossil groups c. Scientist can relate layers at one location to layers at another location d. Sediments when deposited, form a horizontal layer __10. Which among the following scientists developed the Stratigraphic Law in the 17th to 19th century? a. James Smith and William Hutton b. James Hutton and William Smith c. Alexander Van Humboldt and Isaac Newton d. Alexander Fleming and Alexander Bell __11. It is considered as the oldest rock ever dated about 4,580 million years ago. Which among the following European countries scientists found this rock? a. Western Siberia c. Russia b. Eastern Siberia d. Germany __12. Gneiss is a classification of rock. The oldest dated gneiss recorded was found in Greenland. It dated about ___________? a. 4580 million years old c. 3200 million years old b. 3900 million years old d. 3750 million years old __13. The oldest unmetamorphosed rock was found in Southern Africa is over? a. 3100 million years old c. 3300 million years old b. 3200 million years old d. 3400 million years old __14. Evidence from radiometric dating indicates that the earth is about _______? a. 4.5 billion years ago c. 4.50 billion years ago b. 4.54 billion years ago d. 4.52 billion years ago __15. It is any trace of living creatures such as a recognizable structure or impression of a structure of an organism like skeleton, trails, or fecal remains that are embedded in the rock. a. fauna b. fossils c. strata d. rock formation 13 Additional Activity Another cool thing they have found in rocks tells us more about the story of the historical past of the Earth – the fossils. Scientist define fossils as any trace of living creatures such as recognizable structure or impression of a structure of an organism like skeleton, trails of fecal remains that are embedded in very old rocks which are at least 5000 years old. There are certain fossils of animals or plants that are preserved in the rock record of the Earth that identify a particular span of geologic time or environment. They are called marker fossils or guide fossils or index fossils. ACTIVITY 6. Tell Me What You Think Score: ____ /10 Directions: Answer the following questions given below. Write your answer on the space provided after the number. Five points each question. Refer the rubric from table 1. Guide Questions: 1. What does fossil record tell about the Earth? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. If fossil tells us about the approximate or exact age of the Earth, how do we know it is so? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 14  15 Activity 4. 1. Original Horizontality – most sediments, when deposited, form a horizontal or nearly horizontal layers. 2. Relative Dating- used to arrange geological events and rocks events and the rocks they leave behind in a sequence. 3. Faunal Dating- use of animal bones to determine the age of sedimentary layers and the materials embedded within those layers 4. Superposition – Older layers are buried beneath younger layers. 5. Radiocarbon Dating – this technique measures the decay of C-14 in organic material and can be best applied to specimens younger than 60, 000 years. 6. Uranium Dating – Uses important isotope which is U-238. 7. Radioactive Dating – an independent method of all physical and chemical condition such as temperature, pressure and chemical agents. 8. Absolute Dating – generally an analytical method and is carried out in a laboratory 9. Radiometric Dating- it is used to measure the amount of radioactive decay of a radioactive isotope 10. Faunal Succession – fossil groups are succeeded by other fossil groups through time. Assessment Activity 3 1. A 4. D 7. C 10. B 13. B 2. B 5. A 8. D 11. B 14. B 1. Relative dating 3. C 6. B 9. A 12. B 15. B 2. Principle of Superposition 3. Faunal Dating 14. Principle of Lateral Continuity Activity 2. Possible Answer 4. Nicolas Steno 15. Sedimentary Rocks. 5. Absolute Dating 6. Stratigraphy 7. Radiometric Dating 8. Radioactive Dating 9. Radiocarbon Dating 10. Uranium Dating 11. Marker fossils 12. Fossil 13. Principle of Faunal Succession Activity 1. Possible Answer What do you think this is? (Students should recognize that it is something, possibly a building, carved out of stone.) What type of sedimentary rock is this? (Sandstone.) Can you describe the pattern on this building? (Striped.) Does this support the idea that layers of sediments exposed to heat and pressure form solid rock? (Yes.) Answer Key  References Earth and Life Science (Bayo-ang, et. al, 2016) pp 86-93 http://sciencenetlinks.com/lessons/how-sedimentary-rocks-are-formed/ Images: https://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=&bih=&ei=T 59xX8PCH6ehQanm6_IBw&q=images+of+petra#imgrc=KxCn3RSWshUrTM https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=sedimentary+rocks+layers https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=original+horizontality https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=lateral+continuity https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=principle+of+superposition+stratigraphy https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=principle+of+faunal+succession Development Team Mi Ultimo Adios Deja que el sol, ardiendo, las lluvias evapore Writer: Jeff Oliver B. Fabie Adiós, Patria adorada, región del sol querida, Y al cielo tornen puras, con mi clamor en pos; Perla del mar de oriente, nuestro perdido Edén! Deja que un ser amigo mi fin temprano llore A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida, Y en las serenas tardes cuando por mí alguien ore, Editors: Margie Lou C. Jacob Y fuera más brillante, más fresca, más florida, ¡Ora también, oh Patria, por mi descanso a Dios! También por ti la diera, la diera por tu bien. Laarni A. Adonis Ora por todos cuantos murieron sin ventura, Kathleen Joy B. Padilla En campos de batalla, luchando con delirio, Otros te dan sus vidas sin dudas, sin pesar; Por cuantos padecieron tormentos sin igual, Por nuestras pobres madres que gimen su amargura; Joly C. Baradero El sitio nada importa, ciprés, laurel o lirio, Por huérfanos y viudas, por presos en tortura Cadalso o campo abierto, combate o cruel martirio, Y ora por ti que veas tu redención final. Lo mismo es si lo piden la patria y el hogar. Reviewer: Sandy R. Albarico Y cuando en noche oscura se envuelva el cementerio Yo muero cuando veo que el cielo se colora Illustrator: Y al fin anuncia el día tras lóbrego capuz; Y solos sólo muertos queden velando allí, No turbes su reposo, no turbes el misterio, Layout Artist: si grana necesitas para teñir tu aurora, Tal vez accordes oigas de cítara o salterio, Vierte la sangre mía, derrámala en buen hora Management Team: Y dórela un reflejo de su naciente luz. Soy yo, querida Patria, yo que te canto a ti. Y cuando ya mi tumba de todos olvidada Mis sueños cuando apenas muchacho adolescente, Majarani M. Jacinto, Ed.D., CESO VI Mis sueños cuando joven ya lleno de vigor, No tenga cruz ni piedra que marquen su lugar, Deja que la are el hombre, la esparza con la azada, SDS-ZDS Fueron el verte un día, joya del mar de oriente, Y mis cenizas, antes que vuelvan a la nada, Secos los negros ojos, alta la tersa frente, El polvo de tu alfombra que vayan a formar. Sin ceño, sin arrugas, sin manchas de rubor Visminda Q. Valde, Ed.D. Ensueño de mi vida, mi ardiente vivo anhelo, Entonces nada importa me pongas en olvido. Tu atmósfera, tu espacio, tus valles cruzaré. ASDS ¡Salud te grita el alma que pronto va a partir! Vibrante y limpia nota seré para tu oído, ¡Salud! Ah, que es hermoso caer por darte vuelo, Aroma, luz, colores, rumor, canto, gemido, Morir por darte vida, morir bajo tu cielo, Constante repitiendo la esencia de mi fe. Raymond M. Salvador, Ed.D. Y en tu encantada tierra la eternidad dormir. ASDS Si sobre mi sepulcro vieres brotar un día Mi patria idolatrada, dolor de mis dolores, Querida Filipinas, oye el postrer adiós. Entre la espesa yerba sencilla, humilde flor, Ahí te dejo todo, mis padres, mis amores. Acércala a tus labios y besa al alma mía, Juliet A. Magallanes, Ed.D. Y sienta yo en mi frente bajo la tumba fría, Voy donde no hay esclavos, verdugos ni opresores, Donde la fe no mata, donde el que reina es Dios. CID Chief De tu ternura el soplo, de tu hálito el calor. Adiós, padres y hermanos, trozos del alma mía, Deja a la luna verme con luz tranquila y suave, Amigos de la infancia en el perdido hogar, Florencio R. Caballero, DTE Deja que el alba envíe su resplandor fugaz, Dar gracias que descanso del fatigoso día; Deja gemir al viento con su murmullo grave, EPS-LRMDS Y si desciende y posa sobre mi cruz un ave, Adiós, dulce extranjera, mi amiga, mi alegría, Adiós, queridos seres, morir es descansar. Deja que el ave entone su cántico de paz. Sandy R. Albarico Dr. Jose Rizal EPS-Science 16 JOSE RIZAL