Final Music 8.4 Music of East Asia Korea PDF

UNIT 4: Music of East Asia: Korea Table of Contents Introduction 3 Lesson 1: Geographical, Historical, and Cultural Background of Korean Mus...

UNIT 4: Music of East Asia: Korea Table of Contents Introduction 3 Lesson 1: Geographical, Historical, and Cultural Background of Korean Music 5 Learning Targets 5 Let’s Warm Up! 5 Learn about It! 6 Check Your Understanding 8 Challenge Yourself! 9 Let’s Jam! 9 Lesson 2: Traditional Instruments of Korea 10 Learning Targets 10 Let’s Warm Up! 10 Learn about It! 11 Check Your Understanding 20 Challenge Yourself! 20 Let’s Jam! 21 Lesson 3: Folk Songs and Ritual Music of Korea 22 Learning Targets 22 Let’s Warm Up! 22 Learn about It! 23 Challenge Yourself! 25 Let’s Jam! 25 Lesson 4: KPOP 26 1  Learning Targets 26 Let’s Warm Up! 26 Learn about It! 27 Check Your Understanding 29 Challenge Yourself! 30 Let’s Jam! 30 Did You Know? 30 Web Links 31 Performance Task 31 Self-Check 33 Wrap Up 34 Bibliography 36 Glossary 37 2 GRADE 8 UNIT 4 Music of East Asia: Korea Fig. 1. A Korean monument guard. Photo from pixabay.com Introduction Korea is miles and miles away from the Philippines, but their culture has spread throughout our country like wildfire. A lot of Filipinos watch K-dramas and would faithfully wait for the next season no matter how long it took to release. Even skincare products from Korea are highly sought-after—mostly by those who want to achieve smooth skin like the Koreans. The “Spicy Noodle Challenge” has also taken social media by storm, and when taking pictures, some would pose with their fingers shaped like a heart. 3 Another Korean “product” Filipinos love to consume is KPOP. Korean singing groups come over and perform to sold-out crowds in arenas, and their merchandise are considered collector’s items by fans. Their songs are staples in parties, outings, and various “dance challenges.” With so much of Korean culture ingrained in our society, it’s very surprising how little we know about their music outside of KPOP. An average Filipino would not know what a haegum and daegum are. Even fewer would know that these are actually instruments from Korea, and even fewer would be able to sing Korean songs that aren’t KPOP. In this unit, we will dive deeper into Korean culture—one that is as colorful and historical as their neighbors. We will first learn about the geography and history of Korea, and what sets their culture apart from others. We will also learn about the different traditional instruments of Korea, and their folk songs and ritual music. Lastly, we will talk about how the KPOP trend came about. 4 Lesson 1: Geographical, Historical, and Cultural Background of Korean Music Learning Targets In this lesson, you should be able to: locate of Korea on the world map; describe its climate, terrain, and its people’s sources of livelihood; and discuss how these factors influenced the music of Korea. The music of a country is directly influenced by its history and culture. A country’s culture is dynamic and changes with the times, and it is no different in Korea. What are the different factors that influenced the music of Korea? Let’s Warm Up! 1. Form a group of three. 2. Look at a map of Asia and locate Korea. 3. Examine its location. Is it surrounded by water or landlocked? What other Asian countries are found around Korea? What bodies of water surround the country? 5  Learn about It! Geography of Korea Korea is found in East Asia, adjacent to China and Japan. It is a peninsula, a landform extending from the mainland and surrounded by water. Korea’s northern border is formed by two rivers: Amnokkang and Tuman-gang. These rivers separate it from Manchuria. Eastern China is about 200 kilometers away, and the Japanese islands of Honshu and Kyushu are 206 kilometers southeast of Korea. Because of its location, it served as a bridge for Buddhism to cross over to Japan, thus creating a cultural sphere of Buddhism and Confucianism between the three countries. The name “Korea” means “land of high mountains and sparkling streams” and is taken from the word Koryo, which is the name of an ancient kingdom. True enough, mountains and streams make up the terrain of Korea and because of this only one-fifth of the land can be cultivated. The climate in Korea is very diverse. Like other countries in East Asia, it experiences typhoons and hot summers, but it also experiences fall, spring, and winter. Try It Yourself What other places in the world are examples of peninsulas? Identify these places by labeling them on a blank world map. 6 North and South Korea At the end of World War II, Korea was divided into two by the DMZ or the “Demilitarized Zone.” The Soviets occupied North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea), and the US forces occupied South Korea (Republic of Korea). The DMZ is a temporary political boundary formed by the Korea Armistice of 1953 which ended the Korean War (1950-1953). It began as a civil war and expanded into an international war fought in Korea between communism and capitalism. This war has never been resolved, and the two countries are just in a state of a prolonged ceasefire. The DMZ is considered off-limits to civilians and military, but there is always tension between the two sides, who constantly intimidate each other. Seoul, South Korea’s capital, is found just south of the DMZ and is vulnerable to the North Korean military forces. It is the fourth-largest urban center and has a bustling city life with crowded streets, skyscrapers, subways, and industries. Pyongyang, on the other hand, is North Korea’s capital and is at a safer distance from South Korean soldiers. Compared to Seoul, it is moderately-sized and cleaner. Try It Yourself Research on the latest news involving the division between Korea. Are there moves for unification? Are there still factors that are hindering the full reconciliation between the two countries? Write a reaction paper on this subject. 7 Religion Buddhism and Shamanism are two of the biggest religions in Korea. Buddhism was brought to Korea by China in the 4th century CE. It was accepted by the courts and then was extended to the people. The growth of Buddhism in Korea can be attributed to monks such as Wonhyo Daisa, who used music, dance, and literature to express the meaning of Buddhism. Shamanism, on the other hand, is an ancient Korean tradition. It involves communication with the spirit world through a medium called a shaman, who does this communication with the unseen while in a state of trance. Buddhism and Shamanism have both seen a decline, especially after World War II, due to factors such as communism in the North and the growing influence of Christianity in the South. Check Your Understanding Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. 1. Korea is found in East Asia, adjacent to _________ and _________. 2. Korea is called a _________ because it stretches out from the mainland and is surrounded by water. 3. “Korea” is taken from the word _________, the name of an ancient kingdom. 4. The _________ divides Korea into North and South. 5. This zone was a temporary political boundary formed by the _________. 6. The _________ started as a civil war and expanded into an international war. 7. _________ was brought to Korea by China in the 4th century CE. 8. _________ involves communication with the spirit world through a medium called a shaman. 9. _________ was a monk who used music, dance, and literature to teach Buddhism. 10. The capital of North Korea is _________. 8  Challenge Yourself! Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is incorrect ________ 1. Korea is found in Southeast Asia. ________ 2. The capital of South Korea is Pyongyang. ________ 3. Korea is a peninsula. ________ 4. Buddhism and Shinto are the biggest religions in Korea. ________ 5. The Korean War was originally a civil war. Let’s Jam! Activity 1: Research on Buddhist teachings and pick one to focus on. Use this as an inspiration for a song. Create a one-stanza song about this teaching and perform it in front of the class. 9 Lesson 2: Traditional Instruments of Korea Learning Targets In this lesson, you should be able to: name different traditional musical instruments from Korea; identify these aurally and visually; and classify these instruments into string, wind, and percussion instruments. The music of Korea has a unique timbre. What were the different instruments developed and contributed to the unique sound of traditional Korean music? Let’s Warm Up! 1. Listen to two recordings of flute music—one from a metal flute and one from a wooden flute. 2. Compare and contrast the two recordings. What can you observe? What are the differences in sound? Does the material affect the timbre of the instrument? 10  Learn about It! The warm timbre of Korean music is the result of the materials from which the instruments are made. Instruments from Korea are typically made of wood, which has a distinctly warm character compared to metal. Traditional Korean musical instruments are divided into three: string, wind, and percussion. String Gayageum — the most representative instrument of Korea, with origins tracing back to Gaya Kingdom in the 6th century. It is a 12-string zither. Fig 2.1 gayageum Geomungo—a 6-string zither with 16 frets, played with a plectrum. Fig 2.2 geomungo 11  Hyang-bipa—a 5-string instrument similar in appearance to a lute. It is also played with a pick. It originally had 5 frets but was increased to 10 during the Choson Dynasty. Modern versions can have up to 12 frets. The word hyang is a Chinese word that means “native”, which indicated that this instrument is native to Korea. Fig 2.3 hyang-bipa Dang-bipa—a 4-string instrument with 12 frets similar in appearance to the hyang-bipa. The word dang refers to China, which means that the instrument is a native Chinese instrument. Fig 2.4 dang-bipa 12  Hae-gum—a spike fiddle with two strings tuned a fifth apart. It produces sound through running a bow between the strings. Fig 2.5 hae-gum Yang-geum—an instrument with metal strings. It is the Korean version of a dulcimer. Fig 2.6 yang-geum 13 Wind Daegeum—a transverse bamboo flute used in court and folk music. It is also one of the most treasured instruments of Korea. It is the largest of the three bamboo flutes called samchuk from the Shilla dynasty (618-932). Fig 2.7 daegeum flute Sogeum—the smallest of the samchuk flutes. Fig 2.8 sogeum flute 14  Junggeum—the middle-sized instrument of the samchuk. Fig 2.9 junggeum flute Hyang-piri—a Korean cylindrical oboe with seven finger holes. Fig 2.10 hyang-piri 15  Saeng-hwang—a mouth organ constructed with 17 bamboo tubes. It is played similar to a harmonica. Fig 2.11 saeng-hwang Hun—one of the few instruments made of clay, and can be formed into different shapes. The hun is normally shaped like an egg. It has a dark timbre. Fig 2.12 hun 16 Percussion Jing—a large gong made from brass and played with a cloth-covered mallet. Fig 2.13 jing Kkwaenggwari—a small hand gong played with an unwrapped mallet, therefore creating a higher-pitched and sharper sound. Fig 2.14 kkwaenggwari 17  Pungmul buk—a folk drum played by striking the drumheads with a hard wooden stick. Fig 2.15 pungmul buk Sori buk—a drum similar in shape and construction with the pungmul buk but has tiny metal tacks embedded around the rim. Fig 2.16 sori buk 18  Pungmul Janggo—an hourglass-shaped drum with a wooden body and drum heads made of hide. Fig 2.17 pungmul janggo Try It Yourself Watch this performance of a Korean instrumental ensemble and identify the instruments based on the descriptions given earlier (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeHBVYDVrrE). 19  Check Your Understanding Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. 1. Korean musical instruments are divided into three: ________, ________, and ________. 2. The string instrument called ________ is the representative instrument of Korea. 3. The ________ is a 6-string zither with 16 frets. 4. The hae-gum is a spike fiddle with two strings tuned a ________ apart. 5. The three bamboo flutes of Korea are collectively known as ________. 6. The ________ is a Korean cylindrical oboe. 7. The ________ is played similarly to a harmonica. 8. An hourglass-shaped drum in Korea is called ________. 9. The ________ is a large brass gong played with a cloth-covered mallet. 10. The ________ is a folk drum played with a wooden stick. Challenge Yourself! Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is incorrect ________ 1. The hyang-bipa is native to Korea. ________ 2. The word dang refers to China, which makes the dang-bipa a Chinese instrument. ________ 3. The hun is made of wood. ________ 4. The drumheads of the pungmul janggo are made of animal hide. ________ 5. The kkwaenggwari is played with a cloth-covered mallet. 20  Let’s Jam! Activity 1: Watch a performance that uses any of the instruments mentioned earlier on YouTube. Do you know any other instruments that have the same timbre as the traditional Korean instrument you saw? 21 Lesson 3: Folk Songs and Ritual Music of Korea Learning Targets In this lesson, you should be able to: discuss the different examples of folk and ritual music of Korea; describe how they are performed; and perform selected examples of Korean folk and ritual music. Philippine folk music usually describes life on the farm, and can also talk about love and respect. What is Korean folk music about? Let’s Warm Up! 1. Listen to the song “Arirang.” 2. Look for an English translation of the text. 3. Based on your understanding of the text, create a picture that depicts what the song is about. 22  Learn about It! P’ansori In Korea, the dominant form of narrative folk music is called p’ansori. It is traditionally performed by a singer-narrator called kwangdae and a drummer called kosu. It is said that p’ansori was derived from shamanistic rituals of entertaining the gods before it became popular with the rich. It is a product of Korea’s storytelling tradition. The kwangdae alternates between speaking and singing and uses a fan and a handkerchief to illustrate sections of the story, while the kosu and the members of the audience shout words of agreement called chuimsae. An example of p’ansori is “The Underwater Kingdom” which tells the story of a dragon king who rules an underwater kingdom who gets sick and is told that the only cure is a rabbit’s liver. The dragon sends someone to get a rabbit liver, only to encounter a problem: he does not know what a rabbit is. The story goes on as the emissary encounters different animals. He eventually brings back a rabbit, who later outwits the king and escapes. Try It Yourself The p’ansori is the narrative folk tradition in Korea. What do we have in the Philippines that is similar to that? 23 Folk Songs Koreans are known for their natural singing ability. As a result, the country has a vast collection of folk songs. These folk songs are classified according to what region they come from, and these regions have their own signature melodic scale. Some examples of Korean folk songs are: Arirang Miryang Arirang Susimga Try It Yourself Research on the subject matter of Korean folk songs. What are they about? How are these different from our native folk songs? Shaman Ritual Music and the Buddhist Bompae As mentioned earlier shamanism is one of the religions in Korea—even older than Buddhism. Shaman ritual music contains a large collection of performances like vocal and instrumental forms. These rituals are usually led by a single shaman (mudang), who is accompanied by a small instrumental ensemble of gongs, drums, and flutes. A Korean shamanic ritual is called kut. The kut helps the mudang to reach a trance state to communicate with the unseen world. Rituals are performed for a number of functions such as sending wishes and appeals to the gods, contacting the souls of the dead, or to simply entertain the gods. The bompae, on the other hand, is Korean Buddhist music mixed with a vocal offering of chants and songs performed in a Buddhist ceremony as praises to the sutras, teachings of the Buddha. Bompae is characterized by long, drawn-out notes and is rarely performed in concerts. Only a few monks are able to perform bompae. 24  Check Your Understanding Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. 1. Korean narrative folk music is called ________. 2. A singer-narrator in p’ansori is called ________. 3. An example of a p’ansori is ________. 4. Give one example of a Korean folk song mentioned in the lesson. 5. ________ is one of Korea’s religions and is older than Buddhism. 6. A Korean shaman is called a ________. 7. A Korean shamanic ritual is called a ________. 8. Buddhist music in Korea is called ________. 9. The drummer who accompanies the kwangdae in p’ansori is called ________. 10. The teachings of the Buddha are known as ________. Challenge Yourself! Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is incorrect ________ 1. P’ansori is the product of Korea’s storytelling tradition. ________ 2. Folk song singers use handkerchiefs and fans to illustrate sections of the story. ________ 3. Audience members can shout words of agreement called chuimsae in p’ansori performances. ________ 4. Shamanistic rituals can be performed for entertaining the gods. ________ 5. Buddhist Bompae music is regularly performed in concerts. Let’s Jam! Activity 1: Listen again to “Arirang.” Learn the Korean text and perform the song with choreography. 25 Lesson 4: KPOP Learning Targets In this lesson, you should be able to: discuss the historical development of KPOP; and name examples of famous KPOP acts. KPOP music is very famous here in the Philippines. You can hear it played in parties, outings, and many dance challenges in social media. How did this phenomenon come about? Let’s Warm Up! 1. Listen to “To the Happy World” by Han Dae-soo. 2. Look for a copy of the text and learn how to sing it in Korean. 3. Look for an English translation. What is the song about? 26  Learn about It! Origins of KPOP KPOP traces its origins in 1885 when Henry Appenzeller, an American missionary, began teaching Korean school children some American and British folk songs. He replaced the English lyrics with Korean. These songs then became known as changga. However, during the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910-1945) these songs were banned since the lyrics of many changga were against Korea’s foreign oppressors. After Korea was divided into North and South Korea in 1945, American popular music slowly started to enter Korean culture through the US troops who remained in the country after the Korean War. American pop music was then slowly accepted by the people, and the changga started to take on a more “American” form. This era began the appearance of the first Korean pop stars. Try It Yourself Research more on the changga. What did these songs sound like? Compare them with modern KPOP music. 27 KPOP Stars In 1959, the Kim Sisters rose to fame. The trio was composed of two sisters (Sook-Ja & Aija) and their cousin (Minja). They started their career singing country songs to US troops, and in return, they were given rock and roll records to expand their repertoire. They would eventually leave Korea to perform in the Stardust Hotel in Las Vegas. Ed Sullivan, a famous television host, saw them play and invited them onto his show. They would go on to perform more than 20 times, introducing American audiences to Korean music. Add4 was a Korean rock band formed in 1962 by Shin Jung-Hyeon (guitarist/songwriter). He is also acknowledged as the “Father of Korean Rock.” Add4 was the first rock band to emerge in Korea, coinciding with “Beatlemania.” Shin, like the Kim Sisters, also performed for US troops in the late 50s and honed his musical talents doing so. In the ‘60s and ‘70s, Han Dae-soo rose to fame. He was a folk singer-songwriter who performed music inspired by John Lennon and Bob Dylan in Busan in 1968. American folk music influenced him during his childhood and university years in New York. He then returned to Korea and started to gain popularity, however, his first two albums were banned in South Korea due to accusations of his music being “anti-government”. Another very famous Korean musician is Cho Yong-Pil. He also started his career singing and performing for US troops in the ‘50s, but experienced more success after releasing his debut single “Come Back to Busan Port” in 1975. This song became very famous in Japan. Cho Yong-Pil is sometimes referred to as the “Korean Michael Jackson” and in 1980, would be the first Korean to perform at Carnegie Hall in New York City. He is also one of the very few South Koreans who performed in Pyongyang, North Korea when he held a concert there in 2005. 28 Since the ‘90s, Korean music has been largely focused on idol groups. Seo Taiji & The Boys’ debut on a Korean TV talent show is marked as the beginning of modern KPOP. Their signature song “Nan Arayo (I Know)” would later inspire the hip-hop influenced songs of newer idol groups such as BTS, EXO, and more. Check Your Understanding Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. 1. American missionary __________ taught Korean school children American and British folk songs. 2. ________ were American and British folk songs with Korean lyrics. 3. American popular music slowly entered Korean culture through the remaining __________. 4. The __________ were a female trio who started their career by singing to US troops. 5. The “Father of Korean Rock” is __________. 6. __________ was the first rock band to emerge in Korea. 7. __________ was a folk singer/songwriter who was heavily influenced by John Lennon and Bob Dylan. 8. Cho Yong-pil’s debut solo single __________ propelled him to further success. 9. __________ is referred to as “Korean Michael Jackson”. 10. __________ was an idol group whose debut TV performance was considered as a starting point for modern KPOP. 29  Challenge Yourself! Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is incorrect ________ 1. During the Japanese occupation, changgas were banned. ________ 2. US troops gave the Kim Sisters rock and roll records to help expand their repertoire. ________ 3. Han Dae-soo’s first two albums were banned in Korea for being “anti-government.” ________ 4. Shin Jung-Hyeon is sometimes referred to as “Korean Michael Jackson.” ________ 5. “Nan Arayo” is Seo Taiji & The Boys’ signature song. Let’s Jam! Activity 1: Listen to “Nan Arayo” by Seo Taiji & The Boys. Create choreography for the song and perform it in class. Did You Know? Over 100 idol groups make their debut in Korea each year, but only less than 5% become successful. 30  Web Links https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwQ2MsFCGNM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxaegqvl4aE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_UhaSi46NQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1cG8BB4fts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALDoWCcpa7k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZ-ORItaQ7o Performance Task New Wave of Korean Folk Music Purpose: At the end of this activity, the students should be able to: perform a Korean folk song using modern musical instruments; and showcase skills in arrangement and composition. Role: You are musicians who have been invited to perform for the South Korean president during their courtesy call in Malacanang. Competence: You must use your knowledge of Korean music and your musicality to perform a Korean folk song with an original arrangement and with modern musical instruments. Procedure 1. Form a group of three. 31 2. Of the three folk songs mentioned in the unit, pick one to perform. 3. Create a new arrangement for the folk song. You may adapt it into different genres like rock, jazz, or even EDM. Be creative with your choice of instruments and techniques. 4. Perform your arrangement in front of the class. 5. After all the groups have performed, have a sharing of insights facilitated by your teacher. Key Guide Questions 1. Which folk song did you use? What made you choose it? 2. What genre did you base your arrangement on? What made your arrangement unique? Reflective Questions 1. Was it easy or difficult to rearrange the folk song in a modern way? 2. How did the group collaborate in ideas? 3. How did your group stay true to the sound of the original? What Korean music elements did you keep? 4. Would you like to pursue a career in music arrangement? 5. Did this deepen your appreciation for traditional Korean music? 32  Self-Check Reflect I find __________________________ the most interesting because ______________________. I got ____ checks because _______________________________________________________. I need to improve on _______________________because _____________________________. I need to practice _________________________ because _____________________________. I plan to ___________________________________________________ __________________. 33  Wrap Up Geographical, Historical, and Cultural Background Traditional Instruments of Korea 34 Folk Songs and Ritual Music of Korea KPOP 35  Bibliography Education and Literacy in Korea. Accessed March 01, 2019. http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/geography.htm. "A Brief History of K-Pop." A.Side. June 14, 2017. Accessed March 01, 2019. https://ontheaside.com/music/a-brief-history-of-k-pop/. "Folk Music Pieces." Angelfire: Welcome to Angelfire. Accessed March 1, 2019. http://www.angelfire.com/alt/koreanmusic/folk.html. "Korean Buddhism and Art." The Buddha: Sermons and Teachings (6th Century B.C.E.) - Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia. Accessed March 01, 2019. http://www.chinabuddhismencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Korean_Buddhism_and_Art# Bompae. Koudela, Pal, and Jinil Yoo. Music and Musicians in Kut, The Korean Shamanic Ritual. 2016. PDF. Lee, Ki-baik, Jung Ha Lee, Kwang-rin Lee, Young Ick Lew, and Bae-ho Hahn. "Korea." Encyclopædia Britannica. January 25, 2019. Accessed March 01, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/place/Korea. Malm, William P. "Korean Music." Encyclopædia Britannica. November 19, 2014. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/art/Korean-music#ref283441. "The Geography of the Koreas." Asia Society. Accessed March 01, 2019. https://asiasociety.org/education/geography-koreas. 36  Glossary Buddhism refers to the Indian religion founded on the teachings of the Buddha (“enlightened one”) known as Siddhartha Gautama. Confucianism refers to a social philosophy and way of life propagated by Confucius in China. Dulcimer refers to a stringed instrument wherein the strings are wrapped over a flat, wooden body and are beaten using small hammers instead of plucked using the fingers. Fiddle refers to a bowed string instrument. Lute refers to a plucked string instrument with a neck and a hollow body. Peninsula refers to land that is surrounded by water on three sides and is attached to land on one. Shaman refers to someone who has communication with spirits while in a trance state. Zither refers to a string instrument wherein the strings are stretched over a flat, wooden body and are played by plucking using the fingers or a plectrum. 37