Final HORTI 2 Notes PDF

horticulture and importance in agriculture. Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants. Its importance lies in providing nutrition- rich food, improving rural employment, and enhancing the aesthetic value of the env...

horticulture and importance in agriculture. Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants. Its importance lies in providing nutrition- rich food, improving rural employment, and enhancing the aesthetic value of the environment. seed germination. factors affecting it. Seed germination is the process by which a seed develops into a seedling under favorable conditions. Factors affecting germination include water, oxygen, temperature, light, and seed dormancy. unfruitfulness of plants. Unfruitfulness in plants refers to their inability to produce fruits due to factors like lack of pollination, genetic incompatibility, adverse environmental conditions, or poor plant health. pollinizers" with examples. Pollinizers are plants or varieties that provide compatible pollen for cross-pollination in horticultural crops. Examples include Granny Smith as a pollinizer for Golden Delicious apples and Bing cherry for Lambert cherry. advantages of fertigation in horticultural crops. o Efficient use of water and fertilizers. o Uniform distribution of nutrients directly to the root zone. significance of horticultural crops in improving nutritional security. Horticultural crops are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, contributing to balanced diets. For example, fruits like oranges provide Vitamin C, while green vegetables like spinach are rich in iron. two methods of plant propagation in detail. o Cutting: A plant part (stem, leaf, or root) is cut and rooted to grow a new plant, e.g., rose stem cuttings. o Grafting: Joining parts of two plants (scion and rootstock) to grow as one, e.g., mango grafting. OR  role of propagating structures in ensuring the quality of plant propagation. Propagating structures like greenhouses, polyhouses, and mist chambers provide controlled environments to ensure optimal conditions for plant propagation. principles of orchard establishment and explain their importance. Principles include site selection, soil preparation, proper spacing, and irrigation management. These ensure healthy plant growth, efficient resource use, and high yields. fertilization and parthenocarpy, and discuss their relevance o Fertilization: Union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. o Parthenocarpy: Development of fruit without fertilization, e.g., seedless bananas. Both processes are crucial for fruit production and quality enhancement. different methods of irrigation used in horticultural crop production. o Drip irrigation: Provides water directly to the root zone. o Sprinkler irrigation: Simulates rainfall for even water distribution. o Furrow irrigation: Channels water between crop rows. climate and soil requirements for successful cultivation of horticultural crops. Horticultural crops require specific climatic conditions, such as moderate temperatures for apples and high humidity for bananas. Soil requirements include: o Well-drained soil for citrus crops. o Neutral pH for most vegetables. o High organic matter for floriculture. concept of seed dormancy, its types, and methods to overcome dormancy in horticultural crops. o Concept: A period when seeds fail to germinate despite favorable conditions. o Types: Physical (hard seed coat), physiological (internal factors), and morphological (underdeveloped embryo).  o Methods: Scarification (mechanical or chemical), stratification (cold treatment), and hormonal treatments. principles and methods of pruning in horticultural crops, with examples. Pruning involves removing unwanted branches to enhance light penetration and air circulation. o Principles: Maintaining plant shape, removing diseased parts, and promoting flowering. o Methods: Heading back (cutting terminal parts) and thinning out (removing entire branches), e.g., in grapes and roses. role of pollinators and honeybees in enhancing the productivity of horticultural crops. Pollinators like honeybees ensure cross-pollination, improving fruit set and yield. For instance, bees increase almond production significantly by transferring pollen effectively. OR importance of cultivating medicinal and aromatic plants in India. These plants have economic and therapeutic value. Examples include Tulsi for its medicinal uses and lemongrass for essential oil production, supporting rural livelihoods and exports. role and application of plant bio-regulators in improving fruit set, growth, and development in horticultural crops. o Role: Bio-regulators like auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins enhance fruit set, stimulate growth, and delay senescence. o Applications: Use of gibberellic acid in grapes to increase berry size and auxins to prevent fruit drop in mangoes.