Psych Exam Review PDF

UNIT ONE: Chapter 1 1. Identify the three social sciences and define each. Anthropology- is the study of human beings as a species and as members of different cultures -​ 2 major branches (physical and cultural) -​ Physical is about the similarities and differences between us and other speci...

UNIT ONE: Chapter 1 1. Identify the three social sciences and define each. Anthropology- is the study of human beings as a species and as members of different cultures -​ 2 major branches (physical and cultural) -​ Physical is about the similarities and differences between us and other species as well as a more biological aspect of things -​ Cultural is looking at how culture has shaped how we live past vs present Psychology- is the study of mental processes humans go through -​ They study overt actions and mental processes Sociology- the study of people in groups and like relationships between people also how society influences us 2. What are the five steps in the Social Science Inquiry Model? -​ Identify a problem or question -​ Develop a hypothesis -​ Gather data -​ Analyze data -​ Draw conclusions 3. What are the five research methods social scientists use in the inquiry process? UNIT ONE: Chapter 2 (Anthropology) -​ Case studies -​ Experiments -​ Sample surveys -​ Interviews -​ Observation 4. Identify the two branches of anthropology and explain each using examples. a)​ Physical anthropology -​ Examines human beings as biological organisms called primates -​ Trying to learn about earliest life, evolution, similarities and differences between different species -​ Humans are closest to monkeys -​ Natural selection -​ Charles Darwin is the root of all theories (On the origin of species and the descendant of man books) -​ They try to find evidence of early humans through bones, fossils, or other human life remnants b)​ Cultural Anthropology -​ Studies culture and how it influences and shapes us 5. What is Margaret Meade’s opinion on the nature-nurture debate? She proved that nurture rather than nature was determining human behaviour including roles most people believe were biologically given 6. What is culture and what do they have in common? Culture is the result of nurture and is all the learned behaviours, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals of a particular society or population 7. a) What is cultural anthropology and what does its main goal? To combat ethnocentrism (judging cultures because they do not align with your personal values) we should respect all cultures for developing ways to survive and meeting the challenges of their environment and this is cultural relativism. b) Identify and explain the five branches of cultural anthropology. -​ Archeology is the cultural anthropology of the past and we learn so much from it (Ozzi the iceman) -​ Applied anthropology is when anthropologists use the data they gathered to solve practical problems (Sharing medicine across cultures) -​ Anthropological linguistics the study of language and how it has evolved over time or the origin of all languages (Why we say hey to a friend and good morning to teacher) -​ Ethnology study and comparison of cultures and their practices (Different marriage customs) -​ Ethnography in depth study of one culture and even living and experiencing their culture in order to fully understand (Margaret Mead is an ethnographer anthropologist) 8. How do cultures adapt? Explain using the six major culture types. Cultures adapt through their economy or how they obtain and distribute goods. For example originally we were all foraging cultures always hunting and chasing our food then we discovered we can grow food and became horticultural cultures but we didn't know how to replenish the soil until we became agricultural this is when towns and cities began to establish as we were not migrating all the time and could settle down now. At the same time there were also pastoral cultures who rely on their herd of animals. Then there was the industrial revolution and machines were created and society was significantly changed with factories and cities getting filled up and now we are in a communication based culture with the introduction of computers in most day to day activities and social media. 9. Case Studies: Otzi and !Kung Otzi- Showed us ancient european life as he was fully preserved in ice including his tools and garments Kung- It is not the Bushmens ways to boast and they refuse one who does because they believe that pride will lead to one day killing other people so they downplay his achievements cooling his heart and making him gentle UNIT TWO: Chapters 3, 4, 5 (Psychology) 10. Identify and explain the branches of psychology. Structuralism -​ William Wundt (1832-1920) -​ Observing inner working of mind through perception, sensation, and attention Functionalism -​ William James (1842-1910) -​ Mental characteristics are also developed and help us adapt to our surroundings like behaviours Psychoanalysis -​ Sigmund Freud (1865-1939) -​ Designed to uncover people's unconscious thoughts by encouraging them to talk about it -​ Dominated by drives and emotions Behaviourism -​ John Watson (1878- 1958) -​ Study how individuals react to the environment -​ All behavioural responses are the are the result of environmental stimuli -​ Dominated by environment Humanism -​ 1950s -​ Human beings can make choices and are not dominated by anything Cognitive psychology -​ 1800s -​ Mental processes behind things -​ Researching our brains and processes 11. What three types of work do psychologists do? What is each type’s purpose? 1.​ Research psychology- discovering knowledge 2.​ Applied psychology- applying the knowledge to particular environments 3.​ Clinical psychology- helping people define and deal with their psychological problems 12. Compare and contrast sensation, perception, and cognition. Sensation is using our five sense receptors and transmitting signals to the brain Perception is where we interpret, organize, select the sensory signals in our brain Cognition is how we acquire, store, and use knowledge 13. Identify and explain the different kinds of learning. Conditioned learning- we learn to respond to a particular stimulus in a particular way  -​ Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov 1849- 1936) involves learning to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another -​ Operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner) is the whole positive and negative reinforcement Observational learning- learning by observing other people 14. Compare and contrast the types of memory and the three levels of memory. Types- episodic memory (remembering events), Semantic memory (general world knowledge), Procedural memory (how to do things) Levels- Sensory memory -​ Receives info from the environment through your senses -​ Records info from these sense for only a few seconds Short-Term memory -​ Holds info for 15-20s (if you continue to work w. Info longer, if not its discarded or stored in long-term memory) -​ Can store 7 separate unorganized items (more if grouped) Long Term memory -​ Everything that you have ever learned or experienced, might be stored and available for retrieval from long-term memory if you could just find a way to access it. -​ Very hard to forget -​ Items in the long-term memory are richly interconnected. -​ When new information is added to the long-term memory,it is associated with existing information that bears a relationship with it. 15. Explain the difference between the three types of reasoning, using examples. Deductive reasoning is applying a general principle to a specific situation (always right) Inductive reasoning is applying a specific to a general rule (may not be right) Dialectical reasoning involves evaluating two opposing sides/points 16. How does Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs explain motivation? Maslow believed our needs have an order and all people are motivated to fulfill those needs in that order and we never stop striving to reach the next level 17. Which 3 factors shape who we are emotionally? Describe each. Heredity- inheriting some of our emotional capacities Learning- emotional makeup largely determined by learning experiences especially when young Maturity- Emotional feelings and reactions develop and change over a lifetime 18. Explain the difference between companionate love and passionate love. Passionate love is that crazy romance love we see in most movies its characterized by crushes and love at first sight and the turmoil of intense emotions Companionate love is calmer and more endearing and based on common interests and goals 19. Identify 5 causes of stress and explain the General Adaptation Syndrome. 1.​ Tragic incident- first finding out= alarm, coming to terms with it= resistance, the sadness and loss causing issues to the point you feel completely done= exhaustion 2.​ Job loss- originally finding out= alarm, arriving home= resistance, the unemployment and stress of money and needing to find a new one= exhaustion 3.​ Health issues- finding out= alarm, first treatment= resistance, the exhaustion/sadness/pain= exhaustion 4.​ Many overdue assignments- seeing all of them= alarm, trying to complete them= resistance, feeling burnt out and giving up= exhaustion 5.​ Injury in sports- getting the injury= alarm, not being able to play= resistance, feeling completely lost and depressed without your sport= exhaustion 20. Define mental illness and briefly explain each of the five categories. Mental illness is a disorderly functioning of the mind. Anxiety disorders- severe or prolonged anxiety Mood disorders- long lasting and severe mood changes Schizophrenic disorders- distortion of reality, social withdrawals, and disturbances of thought, perception, motor activity and emotions Personality disorders- inability to function in society and social situations/relationships Substance related disorders- harmful use of substances leading to significant impairment or distress 21. What are substance-related disorders, and why do people become dependent on Substances? Refers to the harmful use of substances leading to significant impairment or distress. People become dependant because some are biologically more likely than others to become addicted, it's a way of coping for some, some have bad influences encouraging it 22. Case studies: Helen Keller, Miss Elizabeth, Harlow Experiment and Roberta UNIT THREE: Chapters 6, 7, 8 (Sociology) 23. Explain the four approaches to sociology and identify the theorist of each. Structural functionalism- A structural functionalist looks at how all structures or institutions in society work together to meet the needs of society. (Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)) Conflict theory- examines those who have power (few in number; but they have the wealth, prestige, and voice to maintain their status) and those who don’t (much larger in number; but they are marginalized or without the wealth, prestige, and voice to make change) Society is in constant tension about this imbalance in power. Symbolic interactionism- concentrate their study on individuals within society and how individuals construct meaning to shape who they are and how they act. Feminist Sociology- women inequalities, changing gender/sexuality/family roles 24. What do sociologists say about the nature-nurture debate? Some say Human development relies heavily on nature. But there is also the importance of environment and socialization supporting Nurture. 25. Explain each agent of Socialization. The family- most significant, important to the child's development, socializes children in intentional and unintentional ways, learn basic values/attitudes/expectations, pick ideas up of themselves and others The peer group- They provide harsh truth, pressure, influence, conflicting opinions, new world of personality types, behaviours, and attitudes The school- socializes children in knowledge, skills, and attitudes to function as adults in society, offers opportunities for peer socialization Culture- socialization will vary between one culture and another, emotional atmosphere, parenting The media- shapes behaviour and attitude, young people are bombarded with images of how to think and behave 26. Compare and contrast the six different types of family. Nuclear family- 1-2 parents and unmarried children living together Extended family- more relatives, parents, unmarried children (grandparents living with you) Blended/reconstituted family- parents with children from diff. People Childless family- a couple Single parent family- one parent with one or more children Common law family- unmarried couple with or without children 27. How have the roles in the family evolved over time? Families were a lot larger before and many would live together and roles were very different before also 28. How does a social group differ from a crowd? A social group is two or more people who interact with one another and are aware of having something in common while a crowd have little or nothing to do with each other, they are simply a collection of people who have come together for a specific purpose 29. Compare and contrast the 3 leadership styles, using examples. Authoritarian Leaders- simply give orders (Hitler) Democratic leaders- attempt to win consensus on goals and on courses of action(Canada) Laissez-faire leaders- make little attempt to direct or organize group; they work on their own 30. Case Studies: William Foote White, Reunited Twins and Isolated (feral) Children UNIT FOUR: Chapter 9 & 10 (Sociology continued) 31. What is a formal organization, and what structures can it take? A large group of people organized in a certain way so that they can achieve a specific goal efficiently. Structures include centralized structure, decentralized structure, tall structure, and flat structure 32. Explain how the following terms are interconnected by grouping them into three main areas: There are roles, structures are important, There are small organizations and larger organizations, most have an authoritative person at the top