TEJ3M1 Final Exam Questions PDF

TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer Unit 1. 30 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about Computer Hardware and Components 1. What does CPU stand for? A) Central Processing Unit B) Control Programming Unit C) Central Programming Unit D) Computer Processing Unit...

TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer Unit 1. 30 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about Computer Hardware and Components 1. What does CPU stand for? A) Central Processing Unit B) Control Programming Unit C) Central Programming Unit D) Computer Processing Unit Answer: A 2. Which component is considered the "brain" of a computer? A) RAM B) CPU C) Hard Drive D) Power Supply Answer: B 3. What is the main function of RAM? A) Permanent data storage B) To execute instructions C) Temporary data storage D) Graphics processing Answer: C 4. Which type of storage is non-volatile? A) RAM B) Cache C) SSD D) Registers Answer: C 5. What does GPU stand for? A) General Processing Unit B) Graphics Processing Unit C) Global Processing Unit D) Graphical Programming Unit Answer: B 6. What is the purpose of a motherboard? A) To store data B) To connect all components of a computer Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 1  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer C) To supply power to the system D) To process graphics Answer: B 7. Which port is commonly used for connecting monitors? A) HDMI B) USB C) Ethernet D) Audio Jack Answer: A 8. What is the function of the Power Supply Unit (PSU)? A) To provide network connectivity B) To supply power to the computer C) To store data D) To cool the system Answer: B 9. Which memory is volatile? A) ROM B) RAM C) SSD D) Hard Drive Answer: B 10. What component stores the BIOS? A) RAM B) ROM C) Hard Disk D) Cache Answer: B 11. What type of memory temporarily stores frequently accessed data for quick retrieval? A) Cache B) RAM C) SSD D) Registers Answer: A Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 2  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer 12. What is the primary function of a GPU? A) Process images and graphics B) Store temporary data C) Connect peripherals D) Power the computer Answer: A 13. Which storage device has no moving parts? A) HDD B) Optical Drive C) SSD D) Floppy Disk Answer: C 14. What does SATA stand for? A) Serial Access Technology Adapter B) Serial Advanced Technology Attachment C) Sequential Advanced Technology Attachment D) Storage Advanced Technology Adapter Answer: B 15. Which device is an input device? A) Monitor B) Keyboard C) Printer D) Speaker Answer: B 16. What is the function of thermal paste? A) Improve clock speed B) Enhance heat transfer between the CPU and heatsink C) Store temporary data D) Protect the motherboard Answer: B 17. Which hardware component is responsible for audio output? A) Network Card B) GPU C) Sound Card D) CPU Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 3  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer Answer: C 18. What type of device is a DVD-ROM? A) Input Device B) Output Device C) Storage Device D) Processing Device Answer: C 19. What is the function of CMOS? A) Store the operating system B) Store BIOS settings and system clock C) Process user commands D) Provide power to peripherals Answer: B 20. Which device allows a computer to connect to a network? A) GPU B) NIC (Network Interface Card) C) SSD D) PSU Answer: B 21. What is the function of a heatsink? A) Increase system speed B) Transfer heat away from the CPU C) Provide network connectivity D) Store temporary data Answer: B 22. What unit is used to measure CPU speed? A) Bits per second (bps) B) Volts (V) C) Hertz (Hz) D) Pixels per inch (PPI) Answer: C 23. Which of these is a secondary storage device? A) RAM B) CPU Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 4  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer C) Hard Drive D) Cache Answer: C 24. What component is responsible for booting a computer? A) GPU B) BIOS C) PSU D) Hard Drive Answer: B 25. Which device is used to connect peripherals to a computer? A) HDMI Port B) USB Port C) SATA Port D) Ethernet Port Answer: B 26. What type of memory is used for long-term storage? A) RAM B) ROM C) SSD D) Cache Answer: C 27. What does the acronym I/O stand for? A) Input/Output B) Information/Operation C) Inside/Outside D) Integration/Optimization Answer: A 28. What is the main function of an optical drive? A) To process data B) To read/write optical discs C) To store data temporarily D) To cool the system Answer: B Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 5  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer 29. Which of the following is an output device? A) Mouse B) Printer C) Scanner D) Microphone Answer: B 30. What is the purpose of RAID in computer systems? A) Increase CPU speed B) Improve data redundancy and performance C) Optimize GPU output D) Store BIOS settings Answer: B Unit 2. 30 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about Software Systems with answers: 1. What is the primary function of system software? A) To create documents B) To manage hardware and software resources C) To play media files D) To browse the internet Answer: B 2. Which of the following is an example of system software? A) Microsoft Word B) Google Chrome C) Windows 10 D) Adobe Photoshop Answer: C 3. What does an operating system (OS) do? A) Manages hardware and software resources B) Provides internet access C) Creates databases D) Prints documents Answer: A 4. Which of the following is not an operating system? A) Linux B) Windows Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 6  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer C) Android D) MySQL Answer: D 5. What is the primary purpose of application software? A) To control hardware B) To provide specific user functionality C) To manage system resources D) To execute machine code Answer: B 6. Which of the following is an open-source operating system? A) macOS B) Windows C) Linux D) iOS Answer: C 7. What does GUI stand for? A) General User Interface B) Graphical User Interface C) Global User Interaction D) Graphical Utility Interaction Answer: B 8. What type of software is used to manage a database? A) System software B) Application software C) DBMS (Database Management System) D) Utility software Answer: C 9. What is firmware? A) Application software B) Hardware-specific software stored in ROM C) Operating system software D) Cloud-based software Answer: B Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 7  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer 10. Which of the following is an example of utility software? A) Microsoft Excel B) Disk Cleanup C) Adobe Photoshop D) Google Chrome Answer: B 11. What is the role of drivers in a computer system? A) To connect to the internet B) To manage user data C) To allow hardware to communicate with the operating system D) To improve application performance Answer: C 12. Which operating system is designed for mobile devices? A) Windows B) macOS C) Android D) Unix Answer: C 13. What type of software translates high-level code into machine code? A) Compiler B) Debugger C) Text editor D) Operating system Answer: A 14. What is the kernel in an operating system? A) The graphical user interface B) The core part of the OS that manages resources C) An application software module D) A programming tool Answer: B 15. Which of the following is an example of application software? A) Linux B) Microsoft Excel C) BIOS D) Unix Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 8  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer Answer: B 16. What does multitasking mean in an operating system? A) Running multiple operating systems simultaneously B) Running multiple processes at the same time C) Using multiple processors D) Switching between computers Answer: B 17. What type of software allows users to interact with the hardware directly? A) System software B) Application software C) Middleware D) Device drivers Answer: D 18. Which of the following is not a function of an operating system? A) File management B) Memory management C) Internet browsing D) Task scheduling Answer: C 19. What is the purpose of antivirus software? A) To increase computer speed B) To manage memory C) To protect the computer from malware D) To create files Answer: C 20. What is middleware? A) Software that sits between the OS and hardware B) Software that connects different applications C) A type of system software D) An operating system component Answer: B 21. What is the main function of an embedded operating system? A) To run on desktops B) To manage embedded devices Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 9  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer C) To provide cloud services D) To perform large-scale computations Answer: B 22. Which type of software is designed to meet the needs of a specific user or organization? A) Utility software B) Tailored software C) Custom software D) System software Answer: C 23. Which of the following software allows multiple users to work on the same system at the same time? A) Single-user OS B) Real-time OS C) Multi-user OS D) Embedded OS Answer: C 24. Which of the following is a real-time operating system? A) Windows B) Linux C) VxWorks D) macOS Answer: C 25. What is the function of virtual machine software? A) To physically partition hardware B) To emulate a different operating system environment C) To clean the disk D) To enhance internet connectivity Answer: B 26. Which programming tool is used for debugging? A) Text editor B) Compiler C) Debugger D) Browser Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 10  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer Answer: C 27. What type of software is Linux? A) Application software B) System software C) Utility software D) Database software Answer: B 28. What is the purpose of cloud-based software? A) To replace hardware B) To manage local files C) To provide on-demand access to applications and storage over the internet D) To protect against malware Answer: C 29. What does open-source software mean? A) Software that is free of charge B) Software with source code accessible to the public C) Software that cannot be modified D) Software only available for educational use Answer: B 30. What is the primary purpose of a task manager in an OS? A) To manage files B) To monitor and control running processes C) To schedule hardware updates D) To connect to the internet Answer: B Unit 3. 30 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with answers related to Electronics and Circuits: 1. What is the unit of electric current? A) Volt B) Ampere C) Ohm D) Watt Answer: B Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 11  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer 2. Which component is used to store electrical energy? A) Resistor B) Capacitor C) Diode D) Transistor Answer: B 3. What is Ohm’s Law? A) I=V×RI = V \times R B) V=I×RV = I \times R C) R=V÷IR = V \div I D) P=V×IP = V \times I Answer: B 4. Which component restricts the flow of current? A) Resistor B) Inductor C) Capacitor D) Diode Answer: A 5. What does an LED stand for? A) Light Emitting Device B) Low Energy Device C) Light Emitting Diode D) Linear Emitting Diode Answer: C 6. What is the unit of resistance? A) Watt B) Ohm C) Coulomb D) Ampere Answer: B 7. What is the purpose of a diode in a circuit? A) To amplify signals B) To allow current to flow in one direction C) To store energy D) To step up voltage Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 12  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer Answer: B 8. Which law states that the total voltage in a closed circuit is equal to the sum of voltage drops? A) Ohm’s Law B) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) C) Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) D) Faraday’s Law Answer: B 9. What is the function of a transistor? A) To generate AC signals B) To amplify or switch electronic signals C) To step up voltage D) To store electrical charge Answer: B 10. Which of the following is a passive component? A) Diode B) Transistor C) Resistor D) Op-Amp Answer: C 11. What does a capacitor do in an AC circuit? A) Allows AC and blocks DC B) Blocks both AC and DC C) Allows both AC and DC D) Blocks AC and allows DC Answer: A 12. What is the symbol for a battery in a circuit diagram? A) A zigzag line B) A straight line with a circle C) Two parallel lines, one longer than the other D) A triangle with a line Answer: C 13. What is the function of an inductor in a circuit? A) To resist current flow Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 13  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer B) To store energy in a magnetic field C) To convert AC to DC D) To amplify signals Answer: B 14. Which device is used to measure electric current? A) Voltmeter B) Ammeter C) Ohmmeter D) Multimeter Answer: B 15. What is the unit of capacitance? A) Farad B) Coulomb C) Henry D) Tesla Answer: A 16. What is the purpose of a fuse in a circuit? A) To amplify signals B) To protect the circuit from overcurrent C) To measure voltage D) To store energy Answer: B 17. Which of the following is a unipolar semiconductor device? A) Transistor B) Resistor C) Diode D) MOSFET Answer: D 18. What type of current flows in one direction only? A) Alternating Current (AC) B) Direct Current (DC) C) Pulsating Current D) Static Current Answer: B Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 14  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer 19. Which electronic component is used to rectify AC to DC? A) Resistor B) Diode C) Capacitor D) Transformer Answer: B 20. What is the primary function of a transformer? A) To amplify current B) To step up or step down voltage C) To store energy D) To convert AC to DC Answer: B 21. Which law states that the sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum of currents leaving the junction? A) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law B) Kirchhoff’s Current Law C) Ohm’s Law D) Faraday’s Law Answer: B 22. Which semiconductor material is most commonly used in electronic components? A) Silicon B) Germanium C) Copper D) Aluminium Answer: A 23. What is the typical forward voltage of a silicon diode? A) 0.1V B) 0.3V C) 0.7V D) 1.0V Answer: C 24. What is the main function of an operational amplifier (Op-Amp)? A) Voltage amplification B) Signal rectification C) Current limiting Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 15  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer D) Storing electrical charge Answer: A 25. What is the full form of PCB? A) Printed Circuit Board B) Parallel Circuit Board C) Passive Circuit Board D) Power Control Board Answer: A 26. What does the term “ground” mean in a circuit? A) A high voltage point B) A low-resistance path for current flow C) A reference point for voltage measurement D) A magnetic field generator Answer: C 27. Which component is used to increase or decrease signal frequency? A) Resistor B) Inductor C) Oscillator D) Transformer Answer: C 28. What is the unit of inductance? A) Ohm B) Henry C) Farad D) Tesla Answer: B 29. What is the purpose of a voltage regulator in a circuit? A) To step up voltage B) To step down voltage C) To maintain a constant output voltage D) To measure voltage Answer: C 30. What is the basic difference between analog and digital signals? A) Analog is continuous, digital is discrete Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 16  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer B) Analog is discrete, digital is continuous C) Analog uses binary, digital does not D) Digital cannot be amplified Answer: A Unit 4. 30 MCQs with answers on Troubleshooting and Maintenance: 1. What is the first step in the troubleshooting process? A) Replace the faulty component B) Identify the problem C) Test the system D) Escalate the issue Answer: B 2. Which tool is commonly used to test the voltage in a circuit? A) Soldering iron B) Multimeter C) Oscilloscope D) Screwdriver Answer: B 3. What does POST stand for in troubleshooting? A) Power On Self Test B) Power Output Signal Test C) Peripheral On System Test D) Program Operating System Test Answer: A 4. What is the purpose of a diagnostic software tool? A) To repair faulty hardware B) To identify system issues C) To install drivers D) To clean hardware components Answer: B 5. What should you do if a computer does not boot? A) Check power connections B) Replace the CPU immediately C) Reinstall the operating system D) Clean the motherboard Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 17  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer Answer: A 6. Which of the following is a preventive maintenance activity? A) Updating software regularly B) Replacing a faulty hard drive C) Troubleshooting network issues D) Repairing a broken screen Answer: A 7. What is the role of thermal paste in a computer? A) To protect the CPU from damage B) To improve heat transfer between the CPU and heatsink C) To reduce fan noise D) To clean the CPU Answer: B 8. What is a common cause of overheating in electronic devices? A) Dust accumulation in fans B) Low voltage supply C) Outdated software D) Incorrect BIOS settings Answer: A 9. Which tool is used to physically clean a computer? A) Compressed air canister B) Soldering iron C) Screwdriver set D) Diagnostic software Answer: A 10. What does BSOD stand for? A) Basic System On Demand B) Blue Screen of Death C) Binary System Operation Data D) Backup System On Device Answer: B 11. What should you check if a printer is not working? A) The monitor settings B) The ink cartridge and paper Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 18  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer C) The router connection D) The motherboard drivers Answer: B 12. Which device is used to protect a computer from power surges? A) Multimeter B) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) C) Circuit tester D) Hard drive Answer: B 13. What should you do if a hard drive makes clicking noises? A) Continue using it B) Back up data immediately C) Increase the computer's RAM D) Update the operating system Answer: B 14. What is the purpose of a system restore? A) To reset BIOS settings B) To roll back the system to a previous state C) To increase system performance D) To update drivers Answer: B 15. What is a common issue caused by outdated drivers? A) Hardware malfunction B) Increased CPU speed C) Improved graphics D) Reduced hard drive space Answer: A 16. Which of the following is a sign of malware infection? A) Slow system performance B) Bright screen colors C) Updated applications D) Automatic system updates Answer: A Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 19  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer 17. What is the main purpose of thermal sensors in hardware? A) To measure CPU performance B) To monitor system temperature C) To clean the system automatically D) To store energy Answer: B 18. What should you check if a network connection is slow? A) Monitor resolution B) Router configuration and cables C) Keyboard functionality D) Audio settings Answer: B 19. What is the best way to handle static electricity during hardware maintenance? A) Use an anti-static wrist strap B) Wear rubber gloves C) Use a wet cloth D) Avoid touching components Answer: A 20. What should you do if a computer randomly shuts down? A) Check the power supply and cooling system B) Replace the hard drive C) Reinstall the operating system D) Reset the BIOS settings Answer: A 21. What is a common cause of a computer running slowly? A) Insufficient RAM B) Too many open windows C) Outdated antivirus software D) Faulty monitor Answer: A 22. What is a loopback plug used for? A) To test network ports B) To connect a printer C) To amplify audio signals D) To clean USB ports Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 20  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer Answer: A 23. What is fragmentation in a hard drive? A) The arrangement of data in continuous blocks B) The scattering of data across different sectors C) Overheating of the drive D) Loss of data due to power failure Answer: B 24. What is the main purpose of a backup? A) To optimize system speed B) To restore data in case of failure C) To increase storage capacity D) To update system files Answer: B 25. What is the term for diagnosing a hardware issue by replacing parts? A) Logical troubleshooting B) Iterative testing C) Component swapping D) Preventive maintenance Answer: C 26. What does a PSU stand for in a computer system? A) Processor System Unit B) Power Supply Unit C) Peripheral System Unit D) Parallel System Unit Answer: B 27. What is the purpose of a CMOS battery in a computer? A) To store the operating system B) To power the BIOS settings memory C) To run system diagnostics D) To supply power to the hard drive Answer: B 28. What does SMART technology in hard drives stand for? A) System Monitoring and Advanced Recovery Tools B) Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 21  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer C) Secure Management and Automated Repair Tools D) System Maintenance and Recovery Testing Answer: B 29. What is the primary symptom of a faulty RAM module? A) Frequent system crashes B) No internet connection C) Printer malfunction D) Flickering screen Answer: A 30. What should you do if a system shows a “No Bootable Device” error? A) Reinstall the operating system B) Check the hard drive connection and boot order in BIOS C) Replace the CPU D) Update the graphics driver Answer: B 10 short questions with answers tailored to the TEJ3M (Computer Engineering Technology: Electronics and Robotics) course: Short Questions with Answers 1. What is the purpose of a resistor in an electronic circuit? Answer: A resistor is used to limit or control the flow of electrical current in a circuit. 2. What does CPU stand for, and what is its role in a computer? Answer: CPU stands for Central Processing Unit, and it acts as the brain of the computer, performing calculations and executing instructions. 3. What is the difference between RAM and ROM? Answer: RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary, volatile memory used for processing tasks, while ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile memory that stores permanent instructions, such as firmware. 4. What does Ohm's Law state? Answer: Ohm's Law states that V=I×RV = I \times R, where VV is voltage, II is current, and RR is resistance. Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 22  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer 5. What is the function of a breadboard in prototyping circuits? Answer: A breadboard is used to build and test circuits without soldering, allowing components to be easily connected and adjusted. 6. What is the purpose of a microcontroller in robotics? Answer: A microcontroller is a small computer on a chip that controls devices, processes inputs, and runs programs in robotics. 7. What is the binary representation of the decimal number 13? Answer: The binary representation of 13 is 11011101. 8. What is the difference between an input device and an output device? Answer: An input device sends data to a computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse), while an output device receives data from a computer (e.g., monitor, printer). 9. What is a diode, and how does it function? Answer: A diode is a component that allows current to flow in one direction only, blocking it in the opposite direction. 10. What does the term "network topology" mean? Answer: Network topology refers to the arrangement of devices and connections in a network, such as star, bus, or ring topologies. 10 essay-type questions with answers tailored to the TEJ3M (Computer Engineering Technology: Electronics and Robotics) course: 1. Explain the role of a microcontroller in embedded systems. Answer: A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern the operation of embedded systems. It typically includes a processor core, memory (RAM, ROM), and programmable input/output peripherals. In embedded systems, microcontrollers perform specific tasks such as controlling sensors, processing inputs, and managing communication with other devices. These devices are essential in applications like robotics, automotive control systems, and household appliances. The advantage of using microcontrollers is their ability to be programmed to perform dedicated functions while being compact, efficient, and cost-effective. For example, in a robotic system, a microcontroller could be used to read sensor data, make decisions based on the data, and Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 23  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer control motors or actuators accordingly. 2. Discuss the different types of electronic components used in robotics. Answer: In robotics, several electronic components are used to build systems that can perceive their environment, make decisions, and act upon those decisions. Some of the essential components include: ○ Sensors: Sensors like ultrasonic, infrared, and cameras are used for perceiving the environment. They help robots avoid obstacles, navigate, or even recognize objects. ○ Actuators: These include motors (DC motors, stepper motors) that are responsible for moving the robot's limbs, wheels, or other parts. ○ Microcontrollers: Microcontrollers are the heart of robotic systems, processing input data from sensors and controlling actuators. ○ Power Supply: Batteries or other power sources are required to provide the energy needed for the robot's operation. ○ Communication Modules: Communication components, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or Zigbee, enable robots to communicate with other devices or systems remotely. ○ Resistors, capacitors, and transistors are also commonly used for controlling voltages, filtering signals, and amplifying currents within robotic circuits. ○ 3. Describe the process of designing a basic electronic circuit on a breadboard. Answer: Designing a basic electronic circuit on a breadboard involves several steps: ○ Planning the Circuit: The first step is to understand the requirements and components needed, such as resistors, capacitors, transistors, and power supplies. ○ Arranging the Components: Place the components on the breadboard by inserting their leads into the appropriate holes. Make sure that the power rails are connected to the appropriate voltage and ground sources. ○ Connecting the Components: Use jumper wires to make the necessary connections between the components according to the schematic diagram. This includes linking power, ground, and signal paths correctly. ○ Testing the Circuit: Once the components are connected, it is essential to test the circuit. This is done by applying power and checking the behavior of the circuit using tools like a multimeter or oscilloscope. Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 24  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer ○ Troubleshooting: If the circuit doesn't function as expected, it’s important to troubleshoot by checking each connection and component, making sure there are no shorts or open circuits. ○ 4. Explain the significance of using a PID controller in robotics. Answer: A PID controller (Proportional, Integral, Derivative) is crucial in robotics for controlling systems that require precise adjustments to achieve a desired state. In robotics, PID controllers are used to regulate parameters such as speed, position, and temperature. The controller works by calculating an error value, which is the difference between the desired setpoint and the current value. Each of the three components of the PID controller plays a vital role: ○ Proportional (P): The proportional term determines the response to the current error. A larger error will result in a more significant corrective action. ○ Integral (I): The integral term accounts for accumulated past errors, helping to eliminate any residual steady-state error that may persist over time. ○ Derivative (D): The derivative term predicts future errors based on the rate of change of the error, thus helping to mitigate overshooting and improve stability. ○ 5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using wireless communication in robotics? Answer: Advantages: ○ Flexibility and Mobility: Wireless communication allows robots to operate without physical cables, enabling greater mobility and ease of deployment in complex environments. ○ Remote Control: Wireless communication allows remote control of robots, making it easier to operate robots in hazardous environments or from a safe distance. ○ Integration with Networks: Wireless communication allows robots to connect to other devices or systems, such as other robots, sensors, or cloud servers, for data sharing and coordination. Disadvantages: Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 25  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer ○ Signal Interference: Wireless communication can be susceptible to interference from other devices or environmental factors, leading to communication errors or reduced range. ○ Security Risks: Wireless communication can be vulnerable to hacking or unauthorized access, which could lead to malfunction or misuse of robots. ○ Power Consumption: Wireless modules, especially in real-time systems, can consume a significant amount of power, reducing the overall operational time of the robot. ○ 6. Discuss the different types of sensors used in robotics and their applications. Answer: Robotics relies heavily on sensors to perceive the environment and make decisions. Some common types of sensors and their applications include: ○ Ultrasonic Sensors: Used for obstacle detection and distance measurement. They are commonly found in mobile robots to avoid collisions. ○ Infrared (IR) Sensors: Often used for proximity sensing, line-following, and object detection in robots. ○ Camera (Vision) Sensors: Cameras and computer vision systems are used for more advanced tasks like object recognition, face recognition, and navigation based on visual inputs. ○ Accelerometers and Gyroscopes: Used to measure the robot’s orientation, acceleration, and angular velocity. These sensors help in stabilizing the robot or enabling it to balance. ○ Temperature and Humidity Sensors: Used in robots designed for monitoring environments, such as industrial robots or weather monitoring robots. ○ Force Sensors: Measure the force or pressure applied to a robot’s end effectors, which is important for delicate tasks like handling fragile objects. ○ 7. Explain the concept of "robot kinematics" and its importance in robot motion control. Answer: Robot kinematics refers to the study of motion without considering the forces that cause it. In robotics, kinematics is crucial for determining how the robot’s end effector (e.g., a gripper or arm) moves based on the movement of its joints or actuators. Kinematic models are used to calculate the position, velocity, and acceleration of different parts of the robot's body. The main types of kinematics in robotics are: Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 26  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer ○ Forward Kinematics: Determines the position and orientation of the robot’s end effector from the known joint parameters (angles, lengths). ○ Inverse Kinematics: Calculates the required joint parameters to achieve a desired position and orientation of the end effector. ○ 8. What are the differences between analog and digital signals in robotics? Answer: Analog Signals: ○ Analog signals are continuous in nature and can take any value within a given range. ○ They are often used to represent real-world data, such as temperature, sound, or pressure, where changes happen in a smooth, continuous manner. ○ In robotics, sensors like temperature sensors or microphones often generate analog signals. Digital Signals: ○ Digital signals represent discrete values, typically in binary form (0 or 1). ○ They are more reliable for processing and are less affected by noise compared to analog signals. ○ In robotics, digital signals are used for tasks like controlling motors or actuators, where a clear, on/off state is required. ○ 9. Discuss the importance of safety protocols in robotics. Answer: Safety is paramount in robotics, especially in environments where robots interact with humans or perform high-risk tasks. Several protocols ensure safe operation: ○ Emergency Stop Mechanisms: Robots are equipped with emergency stop buttons or sensors to halt operations in case of malfunction or danger. ○ Safety Zones: Robots are programmed with safety zones or limits to prevent them from moving into areas where they could harm humans or cause damage. ○ Collision Detection: Robots may use sensors such as proximity sensors, vision sensors, or force sensors to detect obstacles and avoid collisions. ○ Safety Standards Compliance: Robots must adhere to international safety standards, such as ISO 10218, to ensure they are safe for use in industrial environments. Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 27  TEJ3M1_Final Exam Question with Answer ○ 10. Describe how a robot can navigate in an unknown environment. Answer: Robots can navigate in an unknown environment through a combination of sensors, algorithms, and real-time decision-making. The key methods for navigation include: ○ Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM): SLAM algorithms enable robots to create a map of their environment while simultaneously determining their position within that map. This is done using sensors such as lidar, cameras, and ultrasonic sensors. ○ Obstacle Avoidance: Robots use sensors like ultrasonic and IR sensors to detect obstacles in their path and adjust their movement to avoid collisions. ○ Path Planning: Using algorithms such as A* or Dijkstra’s algorithm, robots can plan a path to a destination while avoiding obstacles. ○ Odometry: Robots track their own movement using wheel encoders and inertial measurement units (IMUs) to estimate their position over time. Copyright@2025_Mr Hussain Page # 28