Final Exam Study Guide PDF

**Homeostasis Feedback Loops:** 1. - - - 2. - 3. - - - - - - - 4. - 5. - 6. - - **The cellular level of organization:** 1. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2. - - 3. - - - - - - 4....

**Homeostasis Feedback Loops:** 1. - - - 2. - 3. - - - - - - - 4. - 5. - 6. - - **The cellular level of organization:** 1. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2. - - 3. - - - - - - 4. - - - 5. - - - - 6. - 7. - 8. - - - 9. - 10. - **Plasma Membrane:** 1. - 2. - - - - 3. - - - 4. - 5. - 6. - - - - - - - - - - 7. - - - - - 8. - - - - - - - - 9. **Tissues:** 1. - - - - 2. - - 3. - 4. - - - - - - - - 5. - 6. - **The integumentary system:** 1. - - - - - - 2. - 1. Structure: top/superficial layer; 15-30 cells thick. Composed of keratin. Dead and durable, water-resistant, continually shed and replaced Function: Protection against external environment 2. Structure: ONLY in thick skin, absent in thin skin like palms of hands or soles of feet Function: Extra protection against friction or abrasion 3. Structure: 3-5 layers of dense keratin-filled cells beginning to die and losing organelles. Function: Keratin production 4. Structure: 8-10 cell layers of keratin-filled, spiny-looking cells Function: Spiny adhesions hold cells together 5. Structure: 1-2 cell layers comprised of stem cells, melanocytes, and sensory/Merkel cells\ Function: Stem cells generate all other layers of the epidermis. Merkel cells sense light touch ACRONYM TO REMEMBER: Can Lucy Give Some Blood? - 1. Areolar Connective Tissue: contains blood vessels and sensory cells Dermal Papillae: forms epidermal ridges that lead to *fingerprints* 2. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: Protects against multidirectional stress Base of hair follicles and glands - - - - - 1. - - 2. - - - 3. - - - 4. - - - 5. - 6. - 7. - - - 8. - - 9. - - 10. - 11. - 1. - 2. - - - - 3. - 4. - - - **Nervous Tissue and Sensory Division** 1. - - - - - - - - 2. - 3. - 1. 2. 3. 4. - - - - - - 5. - 6. - - - - 7. - - 8. - - - - - - **Thermoreceptors** - Changes in Temp. (exterorecptor) **Chemoreceptors** - Changes in chemicals ie. Blood Gasses and pH (interorecptor) **MechanoReceptors** - Mechanical stress and changes in pressure, gravity, cell volume/shape, position, touch, itch and movement (interorecptor) ie. touch receptors, baroreceptors, osmoreceptors, proprioceptors **Nociceptors** - Sense tissue damage, physical trauma or thermal injury (exterorecptor) 9. - 10. - - 11. - - - - 12. - - - 13. - - **Membrane Potential & Neural Signaling** 1. 2. - - - - - - 3. - 4. - - - 5. - - 6. - 7. - 8. - - - - - - - 9. - - 10. - - - **Central Nervous System** 1. - 2. - - 3. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4. - - - - - - - - - 5. - - - - 6. - - - 7. - - 8. - 9. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10. - 11. - - - - - - - - - 12. - - - 13. - - - 14. - - - - - - 15. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Motor Pathways** 1. - 2. - - 3. - - - - 4. - - 5. - 6. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7. - - - - - - - - - - - **Autonomic Nervous System** 1. ANS targets smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands, regulating involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate 2. - - 3. 4. There are Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Ganglia ***Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)*** Cholinergic Receptors bind acetylcholine Adrenergic Receptors bind Norepinephrine and Epinephrine 5. 6. 7. 8. **Feature** **Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)** **Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)** --------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ **Functions** \"Fight or flight\" response \"Rest and digest\" activities **Preganglionic Origin** Thoracolumbar (T1-L2) Craniosacral (brainstem and S2-S4) **Preganglionic Fiber Length** Short Long **Ganglia Location** Near the spinal cord (sympathetic trunk or prevertebral ganglia) Near or within target organs **Postganglionic Fiber Length** Long Short 9. **Component** **Neurotransmitter** **Receptor Type** ----------------------------------- --------------------------------- -------------------------------- **Parasympathetic Ganglia** Acetylcholine (ACh) Nicotinic Receptors **Parasympathetic Target Organs** Acetylcholine (ACh) Muscarinic Receptors **Sympathetic Ganglia** Acetylcholine (ACh) Nicotinic Receptors **Sympathetic Target Organs** Norepinephrine (NE) (primarily) Adrenergic Receptors (α and β) 10. - - - 11. - - 12. - - - 13. - **Bones Part 1:** 1. - the bone. a.) **Support** b.) **Mineral Storage (Ca2+, PO4-)** c.) **Lipid Storage** d.) **Blood Cell Production (red blood cells)** e.) **Protection (protects the brain & blood vessels)** f.) **Leverage for muscles** 2. - - - - - - 3. - - - - - 4. - - - - - 5. "tree rings" blood vessels run through. **Osteons are microscopic units of compact bone.** - - - - - 6. - - 7. - - 8. - - - - 9. - 10. - **Bones Part 2:** 1. - - 2. - 3. - - 4. - - - - 5. - - - - - - - **Pad looking ;))**  6. - - - - - 7. - - **Endo:** long bones, short bones, irregular bone **Intra**: flat bone of skull, mandible, and clavicles - 8. - 9. - - - - 10. - - 11. - - - 12. - - **Joints and movements:** 1. - - - 2. **Fibrous Artilage** - - - - **Cartilaginous articular** - - 3. - - - - - **Accessory**: - - - 4. - - - - - 5. - - 6. - - - - **(BASICALLY THE MORE = MORE STABLE)** 7. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Muscles:** 1. - - - 2. - 3. - - - - - 4. - - - 5. - 6. - - - - - - - - 7. - 8. - - - - -  9. - - - - - 10. - - **Muscle tissue, part 2:** 1. - - - - - 2. - - - - - - - - - - -  3. - - - - - - 4. - - - - - - - 5. - 6. - - - - - - - - **Muscle mechanics:** 1. - - 2. - - 3. - 4. - - - 5. - - - 6. - 7. - - - 8. - 9. - 10. - - 11. - - - - 12. - 13. - - - 14. - - -