Drugs and Addiction Textbook PDF

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 3 Drug-Specific Information Drugs on the Street Where You Live Copyright ©2021 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  L...

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 3 Drug-Specific Information Drugs on the Street Where You Live Copyright ©2021 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Learning Objectives 1 Explain the dangers of energy drinks when they are consumed with alcohol. Define the following terms—physical dependence, withdrawal, psychological dependence, tolerance, cross-tolerance, synergism, and antagonism. Define and describe addiction, routes of administration, set and setting, drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. Define addiction using the three Cs of addiction. Identify and list the drugs for each of the five classifications of drugs. List and describe the hazards in using alcohol and other sedative- hypnotics. Identify and describe the major effects of central nervous system stimulants. Identify and describe the major effects of hallucinogens. © McGraw Hill 2  Learning Objectives 2 Identify and describe the major effects of all cannabis sativa products. Identify and describe the major effects of inhalants and phencyclidine. Explain the relationship of drugs and athletic performance in sports. © McGraw Hill 3  Drugs in Our Society In the 60s and 70s, drugs became a major part of the hippie movement. In the 80s, cocaine and crack were popular. Rise of synthetically produced drugs. Celebrity deaths raised awareness of the drugs. In the 90s, ice, a purified form of the drug methamphetamine hydrochloride, was widely used. © McGraw Hill 4  OxyContin Abuse Semisynthetic opioid analgesic prescribed for chronic pain. Effective and beneficial for chronic pain sufferers. Long-acting medication that is time-released over 12 hours. Abusers seek a quick and powerful rush. Injected, snorted, or mixed in water. © McGraw Hill 5  Definitions of Terms 1 Physical dependence: Altered state that develops when a person cannot stop taking a certain drug without suffering from withdrawal. Withdrawal symptoms: Physical symptoms resulting from stopping the use of a drug. Psychologically dependent: User with a profound emotional or mental need for the repetitive use of drug(s). Tolerance: Users require larger doses to achieve the same high produced previously by a smaller dose of the same drug. Cross-tolerance: Diminished or reduced response to the effect of a psychoactive drug. © McGraw Hill 6  Definitions of Terms 2 Synergism. Combined effect of two or more drugs is greater than the effect of each agent added together. Antagonism: Occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of the drugs’ effects acting separately. Routes of administration: Method by which the alcohol/drug is ingested. May be oral, through the skin, by injection, by smoking, or through other orifices. © McGraw Hill 7  Set and Setting Set: User’s state of mind at the time of use. Setting: Physical environment surrounding alcohol or drug use. © McGraw Hill 8  Defining Addiction Compulsion and obsession. Loss of control or inability to stop. Continued use despite known adverse consequences. 3Cs: Compulsion, control, and continued use despite negative consequences. © McGraw Hill 9  Routes of Administration Oral. Injection. Rectal. Intravenous. Inhalation. Intramuscular. Mucous membranes. Subcutaneous. Skin. © McGraw Hill 10  Classification of Drugs Nonpsychoactive drugs: Substances that in normal doses do not directly affect the brain. Such as vitamins, antibiotics, and topical skin preparations. Psychoactive drugs affect brain functions, mood, and behavior. Subdivided primarily on the basis of physiological and psychological effects. © McGraw Hill 11  Psychoactive Drug Classification Drugs Examples Narcotic analgesics Painkillers and designer drugs Central nervous system Sedative hypnotics, alcohol, tranquilizers, depressants and barbiturates Central nervous system Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and stimulants caffeine Hallucinogens LSD and mescaline Cannabis sativa Marijuana and hashish Inhalants Volatile solvents © McGraw Hill 12  Table 3.4: Narcotic Analgesics Classification Natural Opioids Synthetic Semisynthetic Antagonistic Morphine Demerol Dilaudid Narcan Codeine Meperidine Percodan Naloxone Opium NA Talwin NA © McGraw Hill 13  Narcotic Analgesics Users may inject narcotics intravenously, subcutaneously, or deep within the muscle. Hazard: Overdose and risk of disease from sharing dirty needles. Tolerance: Develops rapidly depending on the route of administration. Withdrawal symptoms: Appetite suppression, nausea and vomiting, dilated pupils, gooseflesh, restlessness, chills, and irritability. © McGraw Hill 14  Major Effects of Narcotic Analgesics Pain relief. Euphoria. Cough suppressant. Respiratory depression. Sedation or drowsiness. Constriction of the pupils. Nausea and vomiting. Itching and decrease in gastrointestinal activity. © McGraw Hill 15  Central Nervous System Depressants: Alcohol 1 Toxic drug with irritating and sedative properties. Effects. Amnesia, permanent loss of memory, and mental confusion. Pain and loss of sensation in legs and dimmed vision. Gastritis, esophagitis, peptic ulcer, and pancreatitis. Dilated peripheral blood vessels and emphysema. Energy drinks (E D) are potentially fatal when mixed with alcohol. Popular with college students and young adults. © McGraw Hill 16  Central Nervous System Depressants: Alcohol 2 Tolerance develops with frequent use. Withdrawal symptoms: Psychomotor agitation in stage 1 and hallucinations in stage 2. Related illnesses: Premature deaths, vitamin deficiencies, and sexual impotence. Fetal alcohol syndrome: Alcohol use and abuse by pregnant women. Antabuse: Used as a deterrent to drinking alcohol. © McGraw Hill 17  Central Nervous System Depressants: Barbiturates Induce sleep and reduce pre-menstrual tension and motion sickness. At higher doses, reduce the individual’s ability to react quickly and perform precise tasks. Withdrawal symptoms: Physical weakness, dizziness, anxiety, and hallucinations. Methaqualone: One of several nonbarbiturates that have barbiturate- like effects. © McGraw Hill 18  Tranquilizers Used for treatment of tension, insomnia, behavioral excitement, and anxiety. Taken orally as tablets, capsules, or liquids. Effects: Drowsiness, disorientation and confusion, lethargy, and rage reactions. Withdrawal symptoms: Tremors, rapid pulse, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. © McGraw Hill 19  Table 3.9: Classification of Minor Tranquilizers (Antianxiety Agents) Benzodiazepines Meprobamate Sedating Antihistamines Valium (diazepam) Equanil Atarax, Vistaril (hydroyzine) Librium Miltown Benadryl (diphenhydramine) (chlordiazepoxide) Serax (oxazepam) NA Sleep-Eze, Sominex, Nytol Tranxene NA NA (chlorazepate) Ativan (lorazepam) NA NA Xanax (alprazolam) NA NA Halcion (triazolam) NA NA © McGraw Hill 20  Table 3.10: Classification of Major Tranquilizers (Antipsychotic Agents) Phenothiazines Butyrophenones Thioxanthenes Other Thorazine Haldol Navane Serpasil (chlorpromazine) (haloperidol) (thiothixene) (reserpine) Moban Mellaril NA Taractan (molindone (thioridazine (chlorprothixene) hydrochloride) Stelazine NA NA NA (trifluoperazine) Compazine (prochlorperazine) NA NA Loxitane Trailafon (perphenazine) NA NA NA Prolixin (fluphenazine) NA NA NA © McGraw Hill 21  Central Nervous System Stimulants: Amphetamines Prescribed for obesity, depression, and narcolepsy. Taken orally or injected intravenously. Effects: Relieves sleepiness, decreases fatigue and boredom, agitation, confusion, and anxiety. Withdrawal symptoms: Fatigue, brain wave abnormalities, prolonged sleep, dehydration, and weight loss. Ephedrine is a substitute. © McGraw Hill 22  Table 3.11: Classification of Stimulants Cocaine Amphetamines (Benzoylmethylecognine) Other Stimulants Benzedrine Ritalin (methylphenidate) (amphetamine) NA Preludin (phenmetrazine) Dexedrine Tenuate (diethylpropion) (dextroamphetamine) NA I N H (isoniazid) Methedrine, Desoxyn Coffee, colas, tea (caffeine) (methamphetamine) NA Tobacco (nicotine) © McGraw Hill 23  Central Nervous System Stimulants: Cocaine Can be inhaled, injected, or smoked. Freebase cocaine is a smokable form of cocaine. Effects: Excitation, euphoria, depression, and anxiety. Kindling effect: Brain is sensitized to the effect of cocaine so that one additional dose may trigger firing, leading to sudden death. © McGraw Hill 24  Table 3.12: Cocaine Clinical Syndromes Cocaine Euphoria Cocaine Dysphoria Cocaine Schizophreniform Psychosis Euphoria Sadness Anhedonia (inability of feel pleasure from what from what would have normally given pleasure) Affective lability Melancholia NA Increased Apathy Disorientation intellectual function Hyperalertness Inability to concentrate Hallucinations Hyperactivity Painful delusions Concern with minutia Anorexia Anorexia Stereotyped Behavior Insomnia Insomnia Paranoid delusions (parasitosis) Hypersexuality NA Insomnia Proneness to NA Proneness to violence violence © McGraw Hill 25  Central Nervous System Stimulants: Tobacco Tobacco is the most widely abused drug. The numbers of tobacco-related deaths are far higher than those related to alcohol or other drugs. Diseases related to smoking tobacco. Heart disease. Peripheral vascular disease. Cerebrovascular disease. Cancer. Chronic obstructive lung disease and colds. © McGraw Hill 26  Hallucinogens Capable of: Altering time and space perception. Changing feelings of self-awareness, emotion, and one’s sense of body image. LSD, mescaline, psilocin, and so on. Ingested orally, smoked, snorted, or injected. Effects: Mood and perceptual alterations, mild anxiety, paranoia, or severe panic. © McGraw Hill 27  Hallucinogens: Cannabis Any product of the plant Cannabis sativa. Marijuana: Unprocessed, dried leaves, flowers, seeds, and stems of the plant. Uses: Spasm relief, asthma relief, anxiety reduction, and relief of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Smoked in hand-rolled cigarettes, or joints. Hashish: Potent product processed from the resin of the herb. © McGraw Hill 28  Major Effects of Cannabis Intensification of thoughts and feelings. Feelings of exhilaration and relaxation. Minor increase in heart rate. Drowsiness, dry mouth and throat, and bloodshot eyes. Impaired short-term memory. Altered states of time and space. Dilated pupils. © McGraw Hill 29  Effects of Chronic Use of Cannabis Strong psychological and physical dependence. Irritability, decreased appetite, restlessness, sleep disturbances, sweating, nausea, or diarrhea. Anxiety and panic reactions. Damage to the respiratory system. Suppression of body’s immune response. Decrease in sperm motility and serum testosterone. Interference with the menstrual cycle. Lethargy, apathy, and a general lack of involvement and motivation in growth and developmental activities. Impaired short-term memory and overall coordination and motor functioning. © McGraw Hill 30  Hallucinogens: Inhalants Use of solvents, aerosols, and other gases that people inhale to get high. Effects: Reduction of inhibitions, elevated mood, confusion, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. Withdrawal symptoms: Hallucinations, headaches, chills, delirium tremens, and stomach cramps. © McGraw Hill 31  Table 3.15: Classification of Inhalants A wide variety of names apply to inhaled substances. Many liquids also contain alcohol and petroleum distillates. Name Substance Naphtha Fluorocarbon propellants Benzene Nitrous oxide Acetone Amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite Anesthetic gases (for example, ether Toluene and chloroform) Carbon tetrachloride Gasoline © McGraw Hill 32  Signs and Symptoms of Inhalant Use Slurred speech. Odor of the substance being used. Mental disorientation or confusion. Headaches, dizziness, and weakness. Muscle spasms in the neck, chest, or lower extremities. Euphoria, exaggerated feeling of well-being. Loss of balance and ataxia (uncoordinated walk). Nystagmus (eye movement from side to side). © McGraw Hill 33  Phencyclidine (PCP) Cannot be classified properly as a hallucinogen, a stimulant, or a depressant. Smoked, ingested, or occasionally injected. Effects: Auditory, visual, time, and other sensory disturbances, loss of feeling, and inability to feel pain. Withdrawal symptoms: Depression that can lead to relapse and suicide. © McGraw Hill 34  Athletes and Drugs: Steroids Ergogenic drug used by athletes to enhance performance. Androgenic: Develop and maintain male sex characteristics. Anabolic: Synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Effects: Increase in strength and ability to perform high-intensity training sessions, heart disease, and high blood pressure. © McGraw Hill 35  Athletes and Drugs: Amphetamines Produce an appetite-suppression effect. Increase alertness of the fatigued person. Allow athletes to continue to compete despite injury, causing more tissue damage to the injured areas. Cause death due to cerebral vascular accidents, acute heart failure with arrhythmias, and hyperthermia. © McGraw Hill 36  Athletes and Drugs: Chewing Tobacco Use is high among athletes. Mistaken as a safe alternative to smoking. Nicotine products are used for their perceived stimulating effect. Do not heighten energy or strength. Cause elevation in heart rate and blood pressure. © McGraw Hill 37  End of Main Content Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com Copyright ©2021 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.