Feldman_10e_Ch03_VideoPPT.pptx

Development Across the Life Span Tenth Edition Chapter 3 Birth and the Newborn Infant Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (1 of 2) 3.1 Describe the normal process of labor. 3.2 Explain the events that occur in the first few hours of a newborn...

Development Across the Life Span Tenth Edition Chapter 3 Birth and the Newborn Infant Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (1 of 2) 3.1 Describe the normal process of labor. 3.2 Explain the events that occur in the first few hours of a newborn’s life. 3.3 Describe some of the current approaches to childbirth. 3.4 Describe some of the causes of, effects of, and treatments for preterm births. 3.5 Identify the risks that postmature babies face. 3.6 Describe the process of cesarean delivery and the reasons for its increase in use. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (2 of 2) 3.7 Describe rates of infant mortality and what factors affect these statistics. 3.8 Describe the causes and effects of postpartum depression. 3.9 Describe the physical capabilities of the newborn. 3.10 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn. 3.11 Describe the learning capabilities of the newborn. 3.12 Describe the social competencies of newborns. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth Labor: The Process of Birth Begins Birth: From Fetus to Neonate Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Labor: The Process of Birth Begins (1 of 4) LO 3.1 Describe the normal process of labor. A protein called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) triggers the process of birth. Oxytocin is released from mother’s pituitary gland. Braxton-Hicks contractions have been occurring since the fourth month. Contractions force the head of the fetus against the cervix. The force of the contractions becomes strong enough to propel the fetus slowly down the birth canal until it enters the world as a neonate. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Labor Labor can be exhausting and seems never-ending, but support, communication, and a willingness to try different techniques can all be helpful. Source: KidStock/Getty Images Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Labor: The Process of Birth Begins (2 of 4) Labor proceeds in three stages: – First stage (longest stage) ▪Uterine contractions initially occur every 8 to 10 minutes and last about 30 seconds. ▪Contractions increase to their greatest intensity, a period known as transition. ▪The mother’s cervix fully opens. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Labor: The Process of Birth Begins (3 of 4) Labor proceeds in three stages: (continued) – Second stage (typically lasts 90 minutes) ▪The baby’s head moves through the birth canal. ▪Episiotomy: an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass ▪This stage ends when the baby is born. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Labor: The Process of Birth Begins (4 of 4) Labor proceeds in three stages: (continued) – Third stage (shortest stage) ▪Occurs when the child’s umbilical cord and placenta are expelled. ▪The third stage of labor lasts only minutes. Typically, labor takes 16 to 24 hours for firstborn children, but there are wide variations; labor usually takes less time for subsequent children. Cultural perspectives color the way that people in a given society view the experience of childbirth. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 3-1: The Three Stages of Labor Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development in Your Life Dealing with Labor Be flexible. Communicate with your health care providers. Remember that labor is... laborious. Accept your partner’s support. Be realistic and honest about your reactions to pain. Focus on the big picture. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth: From Fetus to Neonate (1 of 5) LO 3.2 Explain the events that occur in the first few hours of a newborn’s life. The exact moment of birth occurs when the fetus passes through the vagina and emerges from the mother’s body. As soon as they are born, most babies cry to clear their lungs and begin breathing on their own. In North America, 99 percent of births are attended by skilled health personnel. – In the least developed countries, 66 percent of births have skilled health personnel in attendance. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth: From Fetus to Neonate (2 of 5) The Apgar Scale The Apgar scale is a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health. The APGAR directs attention to five qualities: – Appearance (color) – Pulse (heart rate) – Grimace (reflex irritability) – Activity (muscle tone) – Respiration (respiratory effort) Each quality is scored 0 to 2, for an overall score from 0 to 10; low scores indicate intervention is needed. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth: From Fetus to Neonate (3 of 5) The Apgar Scale (continued) The process of birth may cause difficulties including temporary deprivation of oxygen. The fetus may lack sufficient oxygen for various reasons, including: – The umbilical cord becoming wrapped around the neck of the fetus – The umbilical cord becoming pinched during a prolonged contraction Anoxia is a restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, that can produce brain damage. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 3-1: Apgar Scale Sign 0 Points 1 Point 2 Points A Appearance (skin color) Blue-gray, pale all over Normal, except for extremities Normal over entire body P Pulse Absent Below 100 bpm Above 100 bpm G Grimace (reflex irritability) No response Grimaces A Activity (muscle tone) Absent Arms and legs flex Sneezes, coughs, pulls away Active movement R Respiration Absent Slow, irregular Good, crying A score is given for each sign at 1 minute and 5 minutes after the birth. If there are problems with the baby, an additional score is given at 10 minutes. A score of 7 to 10 is considered normal, whereas 4 to 7 might require some resuscitative measures, and a baby with an Apgar score less than 4 requires immediate resuscitation. (Source: Apgar, 1953.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth: From Fetus to Neonate (4 of 5) Newborn Medical Screening The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics recommends that all newborns be screened for 34 disorders; the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) recommends 35 core and 26 secondary conditions. These range from hearing difficulties and sickle cell disease to extremely rare conditions such as isovaleric acidemia, a disorder involving metabolism. Screening permits early treatment of problems that might otherwise go undetected for years. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth: From Fetus to Neonate (5 of 5) Physical Appearance and Initial Encounters Vernix: “greasy cottage cheese” material that smooths the passage through the birth canal Lanugo: fine dark fuzz covering the body Puffy eyelids: accumulation of fluids during labor Blood and other fluids may be on parts of the body Bonding: the close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately after birth; argued by some to affect later parent–child relationship strength Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. From Research to Practice Does Babywearing Influence Maternal Responsiveness? Proximal caregiving: parents carry babies close to their bodies and share beds with them at night Distal caregiving: parents use strollers, cribs, playpens, and swings, limiting the time spent in close physical contact Babywearing is a hallmark of proximal caregiving and may increase maternal responsiveness. – It can heighten mothers’ perception of subtle cues. – It can strengthen the mother–infant bond. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet (1 of 6) LO 3.3 Describe some of the current approaches to childbirth. There are a variety of strategies and approaches for how to give birth. No conclusive research evidence shows that one procedure is significantly more effective than another. Culture plays a role in choices of birthing procedures. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet (2 of 6) Alternative Birthing Procedures Lamaze birthing uses breathing and relaxation techniques. The Bradley method is natural, “partner-coached” childbirth. Mindfulness-based birthing includes meditation. Hypnobirthing involves self-hypnosis. Water birthing takes place in a pool of warm water. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Video: Are Home Births Safe? Click on the screenshot to view this video. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet (3 of 6) Childbirth Attendants: Who Delivers? Obstetricians specialize in delivering babies and are typically the attendants of choice. Midwives are most often nurses; they help deliver some 80 percent of babies in other parts of the world, as opposed to 10 percent of babies in the United States. Doulas provide emotional, psychological, and educational support; they do not replace an obstetrician or midwife. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Midwives Some women choose to use a midwife to assist them in their pregnancy and delivery. Source: Angela Hampton Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet (4 of 6) Pain and Childbirth Interpretation of pain is subjective. – Amounts of pain perceived by women during childbirth vary. – As opposed to other kinds of pain, childbirth pain is a sign that the body is healthy and working normally. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Developmental Diversity and Your Life 1 How the Pain of Childbirth Differs Across Cultures The way that pain is perceived in different cultures makes a difference. Women in India report that labor is less painful than do women in the United States. In Belgium, women view pain as something to be avoided through the use of medication. Women living in the Netherlands see labor pain as normal and helpful to the birth process, and thus something to be embraced. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet (5 of 6) Use of Anesthesia and Pain-Reducing Drugs Epidural anesthesia produces numbness from the waist down. Potential effects: – It may depress oxygen flow and slow labor. – Newborns may be less physiologically responsive, show poorer motor control during the first days after birth, cry more, and have more difficulty initiating breastfeeding. Proper use doesn’t have significant long-term effects. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet (6 of 6) Postdelivery Hospital Stay: Deliver, Then Depart? The average hospital stay following normal births decreased from an average of around four days in 1970 to two days currently. Medical care providers believe that there are definite risks involved in discharging too early, both for mothers and for their newborns. The U.S. Congress has passed legislation mandating a minimum insurance coverage of 48 hours for childbirth. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 3-2: Average Stay in Hospital After Childbirth The length of stay after giving birth varies considerably by country. (Source: Campbell et al., 2016.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Length of Hospital Stay Mothers who spend more time in the hospital following the birth of a child do better than those who are discharged after a shorter period. Source: Diane Macdonald/Getty Images Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth Complications Preterm Infants: Too Soon, Too Small Postmature Babies: Later, Larger Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth Stillbirth and Infant Mortality: The Tragedy of Premature Death Postpartum Depression: Moving from the Heights of Joy to the Depths of Despair Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 3-3: International Infant Mortality Infant mortality rates in selected countries. Although the United States has greatly reduced its infant mortality rate in the past 25 years, it still ranks behind numerous other industrialized countries. What are some of the reasons for this? (Source: Central Intelligence Agency, 2017.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Preterm Infants: Too Soon, Too Small (1 of 4) LO 3.4 Describe some of the causes of, effects of, and treatments for preterm births. Around 1 out of 10 infants are born earlier than normal. Preterm infants, or premature infants, are born prior to 38 weeks after conception. Low birth-weight infants weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5½ pounds) at birth. Small-for-gestational-age infants are infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90 percent (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age; they are not always preterm. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Preterm Infants: Too Soon, Too Small (2 of 4) Research shows that responsive, stimulating, and organized care is more apt to result in positive outcomes. Low-birthweight infants may experience respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and be placed in incubators. The majority of preterm infants eventually develop normally. The tempo of their development often proceeds more slowly. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Preterm Infants: Too Soon, Too Small (3 of 4) Very-Low-Birthweight Infants: The Smallest of the Small Very-low-birthweight infants weigh less than 1,500 grams (around 3 pounds, 4 ounces) or are infants who, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks. Medical advances have pushed the age of viability to about 22 weeks. A baby born earlier than 25 weeks has less than a 50–50 chance of survival. The costs of caring for preterm infants are enormous. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 3-4: Survival and Gestational Age The chances of a fetus surviving greatly improve from 22 weeks to 25 weeks. Figures shown are infant mortality rates per 1,000 live births and illustrate improvements in survival from 1993 through 2015. (Source: Stoll et al., 2015.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Preterm Infants: Too Soon, Too Small (4 of 4) What Causes Preterm and Low-Birthweight Deliveries? About half of preterm and low-birthweight births are unexplained. There are several known causes: – Multiple births – Age of mother: younger than 15 or older than 40 – Too-closely spaced births – Older fathers – Factors affecting the health of the mother – Lower incomes and racial inequalities Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Postmature Babies: Later, Larger LO 3.5 Identify the risks that postmature babies face. Postmature infants are those who are unborn 2 weeks after the due date. The blood supply from the placenta may become insufficient. The blood supply to the brain may be decreased, leading to the potential of brain damage. Labor becomes riskier, as a larger fetus has to pass through the birth canal. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth (1 of 3) LO 3.6 Describe the process of cesarean delivery and the reasons for its increase in use. Cesarean delivery: a birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus; sometimes called a c-section Difficulties that lead to a cesarean delivery: – It occurs most frequently when fetal stress appears. – It is more prevalent in older mothers. – It may be used when the baby’s position in the birth canal is breech (feet first) or transverse (crosswise). Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth (2 of 3) Routine use of a fetal monitor, a device that measures the baby’s heartbeat during labor, has contributed to soaring rates of cesarean deliveries. – The rate is up 500 percent from the early 1970s. Criticisms of cesarean delivery: – There is no association between cesarean delivery and successful birth consequences. – It involves major surgery and a long recovery for the mother. – The risk of maternal infection is higher. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth (3 of 3) Criticisms of cesarean delivery (continued): – Easy birth may deter release of certain stress hormones, which help prepare the infant to deal with stress outside the womb. – Babies born via cesarean delivery are more prone to breathing problems at birth. – Mothers who deliver via cesarean report less satisfaction with the birthing experience. – Studies have shown that racial and socioeconomic differences have led to unnecessary cesareans. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 3-5: Cesarean Deliveries per 1,000 Live Births The rate at which cesarean deliveries are performed varies substantially from one country to another. Why do you think the United States has a high rate? (Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2020.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Stillbirth and Infant Mortality: The Tragedy of Premature Death LO 3.7 Describe rates of infant mortality and what factors affect these statistics. Stillbirth is the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in 1 delivery in 160 in the United States. Infant mortality is death within the first year of life. The overall rate of U.S. infant mortality is 5.7 deaths per 1,000 live births; it has been declining since the 1960s. Parents grieve in the same manner as if an older loved one dies; depression is common, and some parents experience post-traumatic stress disorder. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Developmental Diversity and Your Life 2 Overcoming Racial and Cultural Differences in Infant Mortality Despite a general decline in the U.S. infant mortality rate, Black babies are more than twice as likely to die before age 1 than White babies. Compared to many other countries, in the United States: – The rate of infant mortality is higher. – The rate of low-birthweight and preterm deliveries is higher. – A higher proportion of people live in poverty. – Parental leave is shorter and usually unpaid. – Prenatal care is often insufficient. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 3-6: Race and Infant Mortality Although infant mortality is dropping for all children in the United States, the death rate is still more than twice as high for Black non-Hispanic infants than for White non-Hispanics. These figures show the number of deaths in the first year of life for every 1,000 live births. (Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2020.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 3-7: Government-Mandated Paid Leave for New Parents Around the Globe (Source: Livingston & Thomas, 2019.) Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 3-3: Childbirth-Related Leave Policies in the United States and Selected Peer Nations Country Length of Leave Provided Payment Rate United States 12 weeks Unpaid Canada 54 weeks Varies; around 55 percent Denmark 32 weeks 100 percent Finland 26 weeks 70 percent of prior earnings Norway 36–46 weeks 100 percent Sweden 60 weeks France 156 weeks 12 months at 80 percent of prior earnings, 3 months flat rate, 3 months unpaid Flat rate Japan 1 year 60 percent of prior earnings United Kingdom 18 weeks Unpaid Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Postpartum Depression: Moving from the Heights of Joy to the Depths of Despair LO 3.8 Describe the causes and effects of postpartum depression. Postpartum depression: a period of deep depression following childbirth. – It affects about 10 percent of all new mothers. – Its main symptom is an enduring, deep feeling of sadness and unhappiness, which may last for months or even years. – It may be more likely in women who have been depressed or have depressed family members. – It may be triggered by changes in hormone production after giving birth. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Competent Newborn Physical Competence: Meeting the Demands of a New Environment Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World Early Learning Capabilities Social Competence: Responding to Others Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Competence: Meeting the Demands of a New Environment (1 of 2) LO 3.9 Describe the physical capabilities of the newborn. Neonates emerge practiced in many types of physical activities. Reflexes: unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli – Sucking reflex – Swallowing reflex – Rooting reflex – Coughing, sneezing, blinking Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Reflexes The sucking and swallowing reflexes allow newborns to begin to ingest food immediately after birth. Source: Elizabeth Crews/The Image Works Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Competence: Meeting the Demands of a New Environment (2 of 2) Sucking and swallowing reflexes help infants to consume their mother’s milk and are coupled with the newfound ability to digest nutrients. Meconium: initial form of a newborn’s feces, a greenishblack material that is a remnant of the neonate’s days as a fetus Almost half of all newborns develop neonatal jaundice. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World (1 of 2) LO 3.10 Describe the sensory capabilities of the newborn. Seeing – Visual acuity is not fully developed, but neonates can see to some extent. – They can see levels of contrast and brightness. – They possess some sense of size constancy. – They can distinguish and show preference for different colors. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Seeing Color Starting at birth, infants are able to distinguish colors and even show preferences for particular hues. Source: Nyul/Fotolia Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World (2 of 2) Hearing – A newborn’s auditory acuity is not completely developed. – Newborns react to and show familiarity with certain kinds of sounds. Other senses – The senses of touch, smell, and taste are not only present at birth but are reasonably sophisticated. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Early Learning Capabilities (1 of 3) LO 3.11 Describe the learning capabilities of the newborn. Classical Conditioning In classical conditioning, an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response. A key feature is stimulus substitution, in which a stimulus that doesn’t naturally bring about a particular response is paired with a stimulus that does evoke that response. Infants are capable of learning at quite a young age through this method. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Early Learning Capabilities (2 of 3) Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences. Like classical conditioning, it functions from the earliest days of life. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Early Learning Capabilities (3 of 3) Habituation Habituation, the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus, occurs in every sensory system. Orienting response: infants become quiet and attentive to new stimuli Measures of habituation include changes in sucking, changes in heart rate, respiration rate, and the length of time an infant looks at a particular stimulus. Habituation is linked to physical and cognitive maturation. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 3-5: Three Basic Processes of Learning Type Description Example Classical conditioning A situation in which an organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response. A hungry baby stops crying when their mother picks them up because they have learned to associate being picked up with subsequent feeding. Operant conditioning A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its positive or negative consequences. An infant who learns that smiling at their parents brings positive attention may smile more often. Habituation The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus. A baby who showed interest and surprise at first seeing a novel toy may show no interest after seeing the same toy several times. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Competence: Responding to Others LO 3.12 Describe the social competencies of newborns. Infants have the ability to imitate others, though it is unclear when true imitation begins. Infants can differentiate between such basic facial expressions as happiness, sadness, and surprise. States of arousal: different degrees of sleep and wakefulness, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation These social interactive capabilities of the newborn infant, and the responses such behavior brings about from parents, pave the way for future social interactions. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 3-6: Factors That Encourage Social Interaction Between Full-Term Newborns and Their Parents Newborn Parent Shows a preference for particular stimuli Begins to show a predictable cycle of arousal states Shows some consistency in time patterns Offers those stimuli more than others Shows awareness of parent’s actions Helps newborn grasp intent of actions Reacts and adapts to actions of parent Acts in predictable, consistent ways Shows evidence of a desire to communicate Works to comprehend the newborn’s communicative efforts Uses the observed cycle to achieve more regulated states Conforms to and shapes the newborn’s patterns Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Copyright © 2023, 2020, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.