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# Polish History and Figures This document provides an overview of Polish history, highlighting key figures, events, and ideas. ## Key Concepts and Ideas * **Positivism:** Polish positivism after the January Uprising focused on organic work and grassroots efforts. * **Hipolit Cegielski:** A promi...

# Polish History and Figures This document provides an overview of Polish history, highlighting key figures, events, and ideas. ## Key Concepts and Ideas * **Positivism:** Polish positivism after the January Uprising focused on organic work and grassroots efforts. * **Hipolit Cegielski:** A prominent figure in Polish positivism, known for his actions based on these beliefs. * **Social Awareness and Education:** Positivist actions focused on education and raising social consciousness, particularly among lower classes, known as " praca u podstaw." * **Land Reform (Enfranchisement):** Enfranchisement involved giving land ownership to peasants, eliminating serfdom (pańszczyzna). * **Ignacy Łukasiewicz:** A Polish pharmacist and entrepreneur; he established the first oil refinery and invented the oil lamp. * **Proletariat:** The 19th-century working class, primarily in factory settings. * **19th-Century Political Movements in Poland:** The text mentions diverse political movements within Poland in the 19th century * **National Democracy:** Roman Dmowski was a key figure. * **Polish Socialist Party:** Józef Piłsudski was a key figure. * **Polish People's Party:** Wincenty Witos was a key figure. * **Other movements (popular, worker, national):** The document highlights the presence and influence of various movements during this era. ## Specific Historical Events and Details * **1890-1918:** This period is noted as relevant to the development of Modernism ("Młoda Polska"). * **Polish Nobel Laureates:** The document lists notable Polish Nobel Prize winners: Maria Skłodowska Curie, Władysław Reymont, and Henryk Sienkiewicz. * **Labor omnia vincit:** This Latin phrase, meaning "Work conquers all," appears on a monument to Hipolit Cegielski in Poznań. * **Emancipation of Peasants:** Land reforms and the abolishment of serfdom took place across Prussian, Austrian, and Russian-controlled Polish territories. * **Rise of the Bourgeoisie:** The 19th century saw growth of a wealthy middle class in Poland. * **Rise of Polish Intellectuals (Intelligence):** The 19th century saw a growth in Polish intellectuals, who came from diverse social strata. * **1866 Uprising, (Zabajkalskie Rising):** A 1866 uprising/rebellion involving Polish exiles in the Russian Empire, also known as the "Trans-Baikal Uprising." This document provides a summary of Polish historical events and figures.