Experimental Psychology 2024 2nd Semester PDF

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024 2nd Semester  Experimental psychology is a methodological approach, rather than a subject, and encompasses varied fields within psychology.  Experimental psychology is an area of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the mind and...

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024 2nd Semester  Experimental psychology is a methodological approach, rather than a subject, and encompasses varied fields within psychology.  Experimental psychology is an area of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the mind and behavior.  Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including colleges, universities, research centers, government and private businesses Experimental psychologists have traditionally conducted research, published articles, and taught classes on neuroscience, developmental psychology, sensation, perception, attention, consciousness, learning, memory, thinking, and language. Other experimental psychologists work with businesses The History of Experimental Psychology  1874 - Wilhelm Wundt published the first experimental psychology textbook, Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie (Principles of Physiological Psychology).  1875 - William James opened a psychology lab in the United States.  1879 - The first experimental psychology lab was founded in Leipzig, Germany.  1883 - G. Stanley Hall opened the first experimental psychology lab in the United States at John Hopkins University.  1885 - Herman Ebbinghaus published his famous Über das Gedächtnis ("On Memory"), which was later translated to English as Memory. A Contribution to Experimental Psychology..  1887 - George Truball Ladd published his textbook Elements of Physiological Psychology,  1887 - James McKeen Cattell established the world's third experimental psychology lab at University of Pennsylvania.  1890 - William James published his classic textbook, The Principles of Psychology  1891 - Mary Whiton Calkins established an experimental psychology lab at Wellesley College,  1893 - G. Stanley Hall established the American Psychological Association  1920 - John B. Watson and Rosalie Raynor conducted their now famous Little Albert Experiment  1929 - Edwin Boring's book A History of Experimental Psychology was published  1955 - Lee Chronbach published Construct Validity in Psychological Tests, which popularized the use of the construct validity in psychological research.  1958 - Harry Harlow published The Nature of Love,  1961 - Albert Bandura conducted his now-famous Bobo doll experiment  Wilhelm Wundt Experimental psychology emerged as a modern academic discipline Other early experimental psychologists, including Hermann Ebbinghausand Edward Titchener, included introspection among their experimental methods.  Charles Bell He was a British physiologist, whose main contribution was research involving nerves. He wrote a pamphlet summarizing his research on rabbits His research concluded that sensory nerves enter at the posterior (dorsal) roots of the spinal cord and motor nerves emerge from the anterior (ventral) roots of the spinal cord.  Ernst Heinrich Weber Weber was a German physician who is credited with being one of the founders of experimental psychology. He studied the just noticeable difference and created Weber’s Law. Weber’s law is considered the first quantitative law in the history of psychology  Gustav Fechner Fechner wrote what is considered to be the first work of experimental psychology in 1860 called Elemente der Psychophysik.  He also established several methods to explore the mind-body relationship.  These methods were the method of limits, the method of constant stimuli, and the method of adjustment. Through his work, he created psychophysics  Oswald Külpe Oswald Külpe is the main founder of the Würzburg School in Germany. In 1883 he wrote Grundriss der Psychologie, which had strictly scientific facts and no mention of thought. The lack of thought in his book is odd because the Würzburg School put a lot of emphasis on mental set and imageless thought.  Würzburg School The Würzburg School is a cornerstone of experimental psychology history. It was founded by a group of psychologists led by Oswald Külpe. They provided alternative ideas to what Edward Titchener and Wilhelm Wundt had proposed at the time.. Mental set is a type of problem-solving strategy that can be triggered by instructions or by experience, except the person is unaware of it  George Trumbull Ladd Experimental psychology was introduced into the United States by George Trumbull Ladd, who founded Yale University's psychological laboratory in 1879. 1887, ELEMENTS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 20th century  In the middle of the 20th century, behaviorism became a dominant paradigm within psychology, especially in the United States. This led to some neglect of mental phenomena within experimental psychology. Methods Used in Experimental Psychology  Experimental psychologists use a variety of different research methods and tools to investigate human behavior.  The basics of conducting a psychology experiment involve randomly assigning participants to groups, operationally defining variables, developing a hypothesis, manipulating the independent variables and measuring the depending variables. The need for scientific method  Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. Four essential elements:  Characterizations  Hypotheses-  Predictions  Experiments- Guideline for proceeding:  Define a question  Gather information and resources  Form an explanatory hypothesis  Test the hypothesis  Analyze the data  Interpret the data and draw conclusions  Publish results  Retest Scientific method example: Failure to toast 1. Make an observation. 2. Ask a question. 3. Propose a hypothesis.  4. Make predictions. 5. Test the predictions.  The last step of the scientific method is to reflect on our results  Self-plagiarism (also known as "recycling fraud") is the reuse of significant, identical, or nearly identical portions of one's own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or without citing the original work Characteristics of Modern Science  Observability As opposed to medieval science, which hailed theology and metaphysics as the pinnacle of scientific knowledge, modern science only references natural objects which can be perceived by the five senses or can be perceived with the aid of instruments.  Scientific Method The scientific method is another important component of modern science, as it describes the objective basis for testing and communicating results from scientific investigations  Mathematics A strong emphasis on mathematics over philosophy, symbols and attitudes is another hallmark characteristic of modern science that goes hand- in-hand with observability and the scientific method.  The American Psychological Association (APA) is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States.  Plagiarism is defined in dictionaries as the "wrongful appropriation," "close imitation," or "purloining and publication" of another author’s "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work.