Exercise and Sports Psychology PDF

Ecologically valid - A judgment of how well a study can be applied to real life Study - angela fong Effects of exercise on cigarette cravings following Concurrent stressors - Had multiple stressors then check how long it took till they lit a cigarette after the quit attempt ** take...

Ecologically valid - A judgment of how well a study can be applied to real life Study - angela fong Effects of exercise on cigarette cravings following Concurrent stressors - Had multiple stressors then check how long it took till they lit a cigarette after the quit attempt ** take home message - first study to examine effects of exercise after concurrent stressors - Reflects a more ecologically valid scenario when a smoker attempts to quit - Exercise significantly decreased cravings following concurrent stressors - Exercise had no effect on ad lib (time till first cigarette post treatment) Study - amelia tritter Effects of acute exercise on cigarette cravings using nicotine lozenge - Measured desire to smoke with single item statements and 7 pt likert scale Results - 4 - 7 post treatment - 2-3 treatment - 1 baseline - Nice reduction in both from baseline to 3 - Exercise plus lozenge gives real added benefits to craving reduction Psychological mechanisms - Expectancy effect - No relationship between belief of benefit and reduction of cravings Study - daniel Acute exercise on smoking withdrawal symptoms - Eliminated expectancy effect - 3 groups - positive, negative, and middle ground messaging regarding exercise benefits - All groups showed similar reduction during and following exercise Psychological mechanisms - Exercise is just a distraction - If it's purely distraction, why do results maintain even after exercise stops - Alleviates mood - Exercise can enhance mood which can have an effect on dealing with cravings Why does exercise reduce withdrawal and cravings - Mimics effect of nicotine (stimulates CNS, increased blood gluc, dopamine, opioid flow beta endorphins) - Cortisol regulation Cortisol regulation  - Smokers have higher cortisol levels - Drops first 2 weeks of abstinence (has been linked to increase tobacco cravings and symptoms) - Could be because of increase in nicotine receptor sensitivity - Exercise may help buffer the desire to smoke and symptoms by raising cortisol back to normal Data by robert - Plasma cortisol - only in vigorous group does cortisol spike and drop - Cravings - vigorous group has best results in desire to smoke Long term abstinence: Study - marcus - Abstinence verified with saliva cotinine tests - Exercise = higher abstinence rate 8 weeks, 3 months, 12 months - Weight managed during study but isnt maintained - Notice that often with cessation, results are best at end of program but rarely maintained Study - de jesus + harry p Smoking behavior and sensations during prequit period of an exercise aid smoking cessation intervention - Smoking topography device- measures behavioral characteristics of a person smoking (number of puffs, flow rate, time between puffs) Data Week 1-3 just exercise - Natural dec in cigarette consumption - Time dimension very steady Week 4 quit attempt - Smoking sensation dec - No evidence for compensation (cig dec and topog is steady - Topography - average flow is only one slightly increasing otherwise relatively steady - Week 4 All 4 psychological data decreases - Therefore, when there is a natural reduction through just exercise, when quit attempt happens, there is a reduction in cravings - First study to establish exercise prequit period EXERCISE PSYCH - How to get people more engaged in exercise - Understanding/ measuring exercise and sedentary behavior - Whenever movement is looked at at population level (often self report) data isn't usually great - 2/10 adults and 1/10 children meet physical activity guidelines Novel ways to change exercise behavior Study - milkman Holding hunger games hostage at the gym (temptation bundling) - Should go to gym - how to create a want to make the should take place Data - Want and should are working in favor in the full treatment group throughout whole duration - Break of thanksgiving and everything falls off - As soon as you break program there's less enthusiasm - Maybe bundle needs to be changed up ( shelf life) **Temptation bundling - knowing people have wants but people have shoulds (WANTING to binge watch netflix but KNOWING you have to exercise so do both at same time) Study - Patel Framing financial incentives to increase PA among overweight and obese adults - 3 methods to increase PA in overweight adults - randomized grouping - Gain incentive, loss incentive, lottery incentive, control - Intervention through phone app Primary outcome - Target - mean proportion of days 7k step goal was achieve in 13 week program - Loss incentive performed better but all groups declined through process Study - brownell Evaluations of people taking stairs or elevator - Switch on and off approach to see real benefit - When sign is up, stair use is much higher but still really low Brownell part 2 Interested in maintenance effects of repeated expose results - Intervention significantly increased stair use - Signs effective for max 1 month post removal but no longer than 3 months Importance of moderate PA - Few people do vigorous activity so interventions like walking/ stairs ar more beneficial - Making micro movements more fun is super helpful Fun theory - Piano stairs - Increased stair use by 60% Study - estabrooks and carron Group cohesion in older adult exercisers - prediction and intervention effects - Exercise attendance and return rate after 10 weeks - Attendance and return rate for team building was much higher than placebo and control Study - maddison, prapavessis, armstrong Coping modeling intervention in heart failure and self efficacy Inclusion criteria - New York heart association - Looking for people with class 2-3 heart disease/ failure (slight or marked limitation of physical activity) Measures - Peak VO2 - Self efficacy to be able to do VO2 Intervention - Used past people who did test well to create modeling interview video for how to manage test successfully Procedure - Did test, then intervention group watched video then a week later both groups came and did it again Finding Vo2 results - **Intervention group has almost 23 ml/kg/min compared to 20 for control - Over 2 points difference!!! - Intervention improved by 6.3% control dropped -1.26* (from time 1-2) - Over 7% difference - POSSIBLE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Self efficacy - Intervention group just below 70% compared to around 50% for control - 20% difference in confidence! - Intervention improved 28.6% control improved by 1.5% (from time 1-2) - Likely drove vo2 results Modeling -> increases self efficacy -> increases peak vo2 - To improve vo2 results, need to increase self efficacy Built environment and active transport - Majority people are single occupant drivers which dramatically increases traffic - Average distance is quite far away making it hard to even consider other transportation options - Average time to commute with public transport is around double that car commuting which makes it hard for people to want to invest in it - Additional km of walking is associated with almost 5% reduction in obesity  - Additional hr of driving is associated with 6% increase in obesity - People commuting in cars often have increased cortisol and stress levels and lower mental health Active transport - copenhagen - Purposely make it very challenging to have and use a car in the city - 50% copenhageners commute to work/ study by bike - 35% of people who work in copenhagen, including people outside of copenhagen, commute by bike - 25% families with 2 kids use cargo bikes to go to school/ shopping - Copenhageners bike around 1.2 million km a year (moon and back twice) - 600k km by metro - More bikes than citizens - 63% all members in danish parliament commute by bike daily - Tips to cycle through the winter Study - peterman ebikes as physically active transportation mode - Told to commute at least 3x week for a month - Check blood sugar, cardio Pre vs post intervention - Little improvement in VO2 max and max power output - aerobic benefits even in short person of time - Blood sugar decreases - Take home: ebikes are effective for transportation and improve health Overview of cycling research - cavacuiti - Collisions are high - Cyclists will always be on the losing end in accidents - Bike accidents are top contributor compared to other sports - Men are more prone to bike accidents than women - Death rates have decreased from 2.5-1.3 from 2006-2017 - Bike lanes contribute to safety - People riding bikes regularly are more street smart (more so than even walkers) Bike box - marked spaces at intersections dedicated to cyclists - Increase visibility and accessibility - Bike stealing happens a lot - Community bikes - Higher tech locks (skunk lock) - Condos have bike storage Improved safety - Increase in bike traffic over years - Cyclists per day are increasing - Accidents decreasing - As cyclists increase, accidents decrease! Car VS bike Time - basically same bc traffic and parking issues that dont happen on bike - Trips >8km = faster on bike Cost - active transport = so much cheaper Emissions = active transport = way less IMPACT OF EMOTIONS Valence - basic arousal coupled with level of pleasure Distinct Affective states - emotions and moods Affect - term that encompasses both basic and distinct states - How someone feels plays a role in how they behave Intensity of PA -> affective response -> adherence - Getting a reliable dose is the main issue in the first link Study - williams Acute affective response to moderate exercise Feeling scale -5 -> 0 -> 5 - At 6 and 12 months correlations are both positive and high - persons emotion towards exercise shows how active they are going to be 6-12 months later Study - ekkekakis Dual mode theory of affect response to exercise - Interoceptive cues - relate to autonomic NS - used in high intensity exercise - **All our emotions are embedded in amygdala - Load road - physiological processes take over - High road - we can cognitively process Vo2/ VCo2 - 1-1 ratio of o2-co2 0-11 min - Gonna be using cognitive processes to evaluate - Post 11 min, they go in diff directions - Means intensity has changed and uses interoceptive cues to evaluate - Emotional response is usually pleasurable in moderate exercise - As exercise intensity increases, interpretation is dependent on fitness level - Once you exceed RCP, pretty much everyone feels displeasure - Feeling scale will be lower above ventilatory threshold and higher felt arousal HIIT training  - Intervals of all out effort for few seconds to minutes then periods of passive/ active recovery - E.g. 3 sessions of sprint HIIT = 90 min a week and as effective as 5 endurance training sessions = 300 min per week - Increases insulin sensitivity and VO2 max Study - weston HIIT for patients with lifestyle induced cardiometabolic diseases Compares HIIT with moderate training Results - Almost all studies favor HIIT for improving CRF HIIT in or out? Out - Biddle - Too hard - High displeasure - Poor uptake and maintenance - Only rly helps active people In - batterham - Practical and scalable - Overstated displeasure - Traditional PA framework has been failure - Produces rapid physiological adaptations that can benefit public health Study - oliveira Continuous HIIT: which produces higher pleasure Compare CT vs HIIT Results - HIIT was much higher on activation, much more negative on feeling scale Conclusion - Despite same average intensity for CT and HIIT, higher dependence on anaerobic metabolism for HIIT resulted in negative feeling scale - Contradicts batterman Study - decker Psychology of sport and exercise on obese USA women - Low active obese women complete HIIT and MICE in counterbalance order Results - No difference in kcal - Feeling state standard decline till cool down - Hiit goes up and down - Stronger joy in MICE but little difference Conclusion  - The lower pleasure and enjoyment of HIIT compared to MICE shows the importance of considering not only physiological adaptations but also the appeal of HIIT for low active obese women Manipulation HIIT Study - jones Can high intensity exercise be more pleasant using music and video - Theory: we can often be moving while dissociated but there's a point where the exercise becomes so intense our attention shifts to be associative - How long can we hold back in the dissociative state so we last longer **Theoretical results - No music: As max HR increases, shift from dissociative to associative at 69% intensity - Music: as HR increases, shift from dissociative to associative is 78% - Therefore music can extend dissociative state and can then workout longer and more intensely - Measured psychological measures cycling 10% below and 5% above ventilatory threshold - Feeling scale -5 to +5 - State attention - bipolar scale marking predominant focus - Anything above 50 is dissociative, anything below 50 is associative Results Feeling states - Music and video have best feeling score - No significant interaction of condition and intensity Enjoyment Paces - Music + video and music outperform video and control for both below and above VT - In all cases, there is more enjoyment below VT Study - tritter Give positive, negative, no feedback on efforts and see how it impacts self efficacy and affect response interval training Method/ measures (measured between each interval) - SIT self efficacy - Affect - positive wellbeing, psychological distress/fatigue - Enjoyment - PACES - SIT satisfaction Results - All are still effected but less so for high efficacious group Conclusions - Significantly minimizes delines in self efficacy - Minimizes delines in positive affect and psychological distress - reinforces feelings of exercise enjoyment and satisfaction - Reduces likelihood of early termination - Potential to increase future engagement? Sedentary behavior  - An energy expenditure less or equal to 1.5 METs while sitting or lying Study - Morris - First evidence of inactivity being bad for u - Studied driver and ticketer in double decker bus and their health (ticketer healthier bc moving more) - Studied people who engaged in heavy, light, middle activity - Light activity dramatically increases and is significantly higher than heavy and intermediate metaanalysis -lancet Does PA lower association of sitting with mortality - High activity = lower hazard ratio from sitting - Each quadrant with less and less METs/week makes hazard ratio increase Same graph but for tv viewing - Same gradual increase - For all quadrants over 5 hours is much higher than rest - Don't get benefits of being active unless you are very active Health consequences - Decreases bone mineral debit - Vascular health issues - Obesuty - Some cancers - Almost double increased risk for diabetes anad cardiovas motality and 1.5x for all cause mortality Study - Hamburg Acute effects among young adults - bed rest for 5 days - Increase in fasting insulin, insulin resistance, triglycerides increases dramatically - Therefore dont want to spend a lot of time in bedrest Study - kraus STRRIDE - When youre doing nothing, body comp changes for worse Study Metabolic response to reduced daily steps in healthy non exercising men - 1-2 weeks of just changing step count can dramatically alter metabolic profile Less sitting is associated with longer telomere lengths = dna Need to profile all parts of a person's day (sleep, sedentary, light activity, PA) Guidelines for sedentary behavior  - Limit to 8 or less hours - 3 or less recreational screen time - Break up long periods of sitting - 7-9 hr sleep - Replace sedentary with additional PA and trade light activity to moderate Colley - 15% adults gets 150 min moderate- vigorous PA/week 2007 - Increased to 16% Need to realize that most people do not like/ want to exercise Why? - Not enjoyable - Don't see immediate benefits - Often think it needs to be done at a gym - Don't make the time - May lead to compensatory behavior (workout for an hour and think you can lay down for rest of day) Why is might be easier to get people to just sit less - Not unpleasant - Can't do done at anytime/ anywhere - Don't need to carve out time like you do with exercise - Leads to more incidental PA Daily energy expenditure - BMR - Thermic effect of food - NEAT (non exercise activity thermogenesis) (walking to class ) - Exercise - You can get away with not doing exercise if your NEAT profile is really good How to reduce risk - HEALY - Every hour of sitting break up with 2-4 min walking - Lowers waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, triglycerides - Promotes good cholesterol  - Q4 has best profile Study - bond Use apple watch to get overweight people to reduce sedentary time Intervention - 3 min break every 30 min - 6% reduction in sitting Conclusion - future work should determine if reductions can be maintained long term Study - graves Evaluation of sit-stand workstations - sit-stand workstation into a office that does not have them and see if there's any benefits Results - Reduces sitting, increases standing - no change in musculoskeletal discomfort (good bc it means taking breaks didn't make anything worse) - Not all biomarkers universally improved (likely bc intervention wasn't long enough) review - commissaris - Evidence suggests breaks DON'T interfere with focus and cognitive function Review - karakolis - No evidence toward discomfort being caused by sit-stand workstations Study - cotton Increasing non sedentary behavior using text messages Intervention check in at 2,4,6 weeks - Mix of challenges, facts and reminders sent 2x day methods/ measures - Self efficacy and break behaviour - Sedentary and light intensity PA questionnaire - PA recall Results - Self efficacy - intervention group scores higher each checkpoint - Break frequency - both groups decrease in tie between breaks (good) up to week 4 - At week 6, control group rebounds back to longer sitting periods but intervention group continues to stay low - Break length confidence - results are not stable but favors intervention - Both groups improve till 4 week but intervention maintains to 6 weeks - Sit less confidence - 2-4 and 4-6 big jump in confidence - Light PA - much more pronounced in intervention - Moderate intensity PA - wasn't supposed to change but ended up increasing in intervention group Overall, intervention improved in all behaviours Strengths  - Novel bc no other study using text messages for reducing sitting - Easily adoptable bc everyone has phones - Can be easily used with other populations - Randomized, equal contact - Can see if messages were received - Tailored Limitations - Small group - Short term Benefits of PA - Depression - CV disease - Metabolic syndome - Type 2 diabetes - Inc fitness Why measure PA - Prereq for internal validity of health research - Document frequency and distribution of PA in a population - Dose response - Frequency, duration, intensity (can't rely on behavioral observation, need to test physiological assessments) - Identify factors that influence PA Measuring PA - Dimensions (frequency, intensity, duration) - Mode - Contect (why, where) - Subjective and objective tools ^As accuracy decreases, feasibility improves Self reported measures - Questionnaires - Diaries - Interview - PAQ-C PA questionnaire - children *Pros - Easy to do - Cheap - record activity type and location *Cons - *recall bias and social desirability - Not all can be used to calculate energy expenditure (EE) - So many used ^ exam question: which is not a pro/ con of questionnaires Accelerometry - Assesses frontal, sagittal, transverse movement - Sensor picks up movement and turns it into a current that is converted into activity count that can be further converted int AEE/METS Pros - Evaluates DOSE (freq, inten, dur) - Not burdensome Cons - Can't account for increased energy cost associated with static/ resistance exercise - Inaccurate estimates for limb movements (rowing/ cycling) - Cost HR band/ monitor - Min by min heart rate data - PA intensity determined by % max HR - MaxHR = 220 - age Pros - Physiological measure - Min by min data - Non burdensome - Low cost Cons - Factors unrelated to PA (stress, nervous) - Remains elevates after movement stops - Using HR can be difficult to predict EE (need to consider fitness and weight) Combined sensing (HR + accelerometry) - Biomechanical limitations accociated with both are not correlated - Increases in HR associated with increases of accel verify inc are due to activy - Min by min of both data - Can calculate PAEE from activity counts in combo with HR data Pros - Non invasive - Combines both in one - More precise Cons - New and therefore validity is little - Cost Doubly labeled water (gold standard) - Drink containing 2 stable isotopes (deuterium and oxygen 18)  - When these are in your system, you can measure rate of total energy expenditure based on elimination rate - Difference in elimination is used to estimate CO2 thats then used to calc TEE (TEE- RMR = PAEE Pros - Noninvasive - Gold standard Cons - Cost and availability - Only provides info for total EE (need resting EE to get full pic) Study - campbell SQUASH - How does a questionnaire compare to doubly labeled water 9 days, urine tested day Results SQUASH - 1093 DWL - 1219 - SQUASH underestimates PAEE by 126Kcal (10%) - Therefore is a valid tool to measure PAEE Bland altman plot Y axis - DLW - SQUASH X axis - average PAEE - If the results are perf agreement, lines would hover around 0 (line of best fit) - Vary up and down (random) - 2 outliers not good bc weakens data Recommendations - Should replicate findings in larger, more diverse samples Implications - Results are only as good as the instruments used to measure PAEE - Self reported instruments should be short and simple to be used in large populations - Combining measures - GPS - show where we are in our environment (gym, home, park) - GIS - what does where we are look like (type of terrain) - Combing these with the other ones is best and never been available to us until recently CASE study - prapavessis Self regulation training, state anxiety, sport performance case study on riffle shooter - Assess impact of specific interventions on modifying emotions and improving sport performance Advantages - Emphasis on helping individual - In Depth analysis of how variables affect each other - Potentially more informative and less expensive - View anxiety as interdisciplinary Disadvantage - Can't say you can take results and apply it to other individuals successfully Competitive anxiety-sport performance findings - Equivocal: anxiety could make performance worse or better - Possible reason - Operational definitions of anxiety and performance - Individual differences: intrA subject (within an individual) or intER group variation Mace: how to screen a person to see if the intervention is good for them 1. Athletes must demonstrate detrimental anxiety to performance 2. The effectiveness of intervention is enhanced the more specific it is 3. Training and testing conditions should stimulate real conditions Dependent measures - Performance - Calculated by measuring exact distance from center of bullet to center of target per shot average - State anxiety - anxiety can't be looked at with just 1 variable. It manifests in many ways - Self report (CSAI-2) - Electromyography response (EMG) - Electrocardiography response (ECG) - Biochemical response (urine concentration of adrenaline and catecholamine) - Behaviour response (accelerometry) Treatment procedure - Preliminary session to minimize stress - Baseline to measure anxiety - 6 week self regulation program of 12 sessions Findings Self reported cognitive anxiety - Baseline and treatment goes down from round 1-3 - Anxiety profile is always better in treatment respective of the round Self reposted somatic anxiety - Same findings but round 2,3 are same Self reported state confidence - Increases with both but higher in treatment Urinary noradrenaline/ adrenaline - Huge decrease with treatment Accelerometry - Much less wavering and more stability from rounds 1-3 in baseline and treatment but more significant in treatment Heart rate (ECG)  - Inconsistent - HR higher in treatment in rounds 1 and 3 and lower in round 2 - Is decreasing from rounds 1-3 but inconsistent when compared to if its better or worse than baseline Forearm EMG - Individual is consistently applying correct force in all rounds in treatment but in baseline is less stable force Performance error - From rounds 1-3 performance is getting better (in both control and treatment but more significantly in treatment) Manipulation check - Environment - Temp, wind, importance - Personal - Diet, sleep, training Limitations - Expectancy effect - Generalization of findings Social validity of treatment effect - Is the participant of the intervention satisfied with results? Will they continue to use them in future? Conclusions - A multimethod self regulation intervention program reduced state anxiety (for most variables) and improved performance for an elite rifle shooter Home advantage - playing at home court gives u an advantage bc you're familiar with it Social facilitation - mechanism behind home advantage - More motivated to do really well when there's a crowd watching Audience - Non interactive - passive onlookers - Interactive - verbal and emotional contact with athletes Coactors - 2+ individuals performing side by side but independently Alpine skiing is the only sport that defies the fact that the home advantage exists Home advantage defined - Home winning % - away winning % Study - carron  - Everything is around 1% so it's not just 1 thing but accumulation of all that adds up Travel - more time zones crosses and less time between games explained the 1% HA Crowd - crowd DENSITY (not size) contributed to 1% HA Learning - Compared HA of NHL teams with smallest/ largest playing surfaces vs rest of league - Found HA around 1% difference Learning / crowd - Compared win/loss in domed vs open air - Domed won 10.5% at home than away - Open air won 7.2% home than away Competitors state - Examined impact of location on precomp psych state - Found sig diff home vs away (home more confidence, away more anxiety fatigue tension etc) Coaches psych states - No sig diff home vs away but more confidence at home Coaches strategies - more defensive approach bc more confident Team behaviour - More defensive on road vs home Study - lehman HA in fouls and player status (OFFICIALS) - Less fouls called on stars at home - Non stars - no diff home vs away Study - nevill Officiating bias - Officials made more subjective decisions in favor of home side Study - nevill 2 - Found crowd noise influenced fewer fouls against home players and more for away players compared to only visuals Study - Wolfson and neave Testosterone levels home vs away - Similar levels training and away but 40-67% higher for home matches Study -Dennis and carron - Examined impact of loco on team penalties by officials - Found no evidence of bias in playoffs, when 7th game is a home game, home DISADVANTAGE bc of pressure in playing final game at home - ONLY scenario where HA doesnt exist Self presentation in sport  - Process of individuals attempt to control the impressions others form on them Public vs private self - Self presentation is More about being in the presence of others Goals/ interrelated yet distinct ways - Maximises ones reward-cost ratio (social and material outcomes) - Self esteem enhancement (receiving compliments is better than criticism - Identity development ( the more you present urself in a way the more you are creating an identity for yourself) Social physique anxiety - Anxiety of how others view your body Study - scherwin Social physique anxiety in bodybuilders and self reported anabolic steroid users vs non bodybuilders, exerisers, nonexercisers - Accuracy may be off bc not everyone wants to admit their steroid use Results for steroid users - Inc upper body strength - Dec SPA and fear of negative evaluation Study - haase prapavessis SPA and type of sport (self presentational vs not) - Slight increase in non athletes compared to others, but NOT SIGNIFICANT Future work - Longitudinal approach ( are results stable or fluctuate) Self handicap - Excuse making behaviour to get out of something you don't want to do - Capitalizes on augmentation and discounting Behaviour - Altering quality or quantity of practice - Creating physical problems - Focusing on real/ imagined character flaws (low self esteem) - Social anxiety Leary and kowalski - 2 component model - Impression motivation - desire to create impression - Impression construction - tactics used to create impression Paper - leary *Things self presentation can affect in sport - Motivation to engagement - Sport choice - Choose a sport you like less bc youre better at it - Performance quality - Reduce choking behaviour - Emotional relation from engaging in sport **Study - berglas and jones 2 intelligence tests and were told they got 70-80% correct Contingent success feedback - answered solvable questions Non contingent success feedback - answered unsolvable questions - Both received 1 of 2 placebos before taking second test - One was to “enhance” (activil) intellectual performance other was to “inhibit” (pandocrin) - non-contingent success group self handicapped (injected pantocrin) more Rhodewalk tendency scale test - Self handicapping scale - Higher score = higher change of self handicapping *Paper - rhodewhalt Self handicapping in competitive athletes - Examining self handicapping before a potentially self esteem loss event - Important vs unimportant meets Results study 1 Coaches rating for practice efforts - Both practice efforts increase but more so for LSH group (HS group tries less) Results Study 2 Overall average practice hours unimportant - important event - Overall hours go up slightly in LSH but slight down for HSH Practice hours per week - Both increases hours but LSH is much higher LEARNED HELPLESSNESS Adaptive vs maladaptive achievement patterns Cognitive - Adaptive - maintain/ develop effective strategies under adverse situations - Maladaptive - dont use/ create effective strategies for stressful situations Motivational - Adaptive - challenge seeking - Maladaptive - challenge avoidance Emotional - Adaptive - pride and satisfaction for effort exerted regardless of result - Maladaptive - pride and satisfaction only in success *** Entity theory - ability is fixed - performance goals Incremental theory - ability is malleable - learning goals attributions Internal attribution - cause of an event something to do with person vs world E.g. failed test bc ur stupid not bc it was hard External attribution - cause is bc of outside world not yourself E.g. failed bc test not bc u Stable attribution - doesn’t change across situations E.g. failing test bc ur stupid but in every failure you blame on being stupid Global - factors affecting outcome applies to many situations Study - prapavessis Learned helplessness in sport - Examine maladaptive achievement patterns associated with learned helplessness - Questionnaire needed at least 1 question from each domain to be endorsed - Coaches were blinded and asked to rate players persistence in competition - Results that helpless group was rated to be less persistent in matches Results - For personal, mental and match, locus, stability, gobality is higher for helplessness EXCEPT locus for mental component Locus - internality - is this because of me or my opponent ? Stability - is the problem likely to occur in other matches against this opponent? Globality - is this problem only present with this particular opponent or with most opponents? Implications - how do you change maladaptive achievement patterns of learned helplessness