Ecological Validity in Smoking Studies

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary dependent measure used to assess performance in athletes?

Electromyography response

Self report measures of anxiety

Heart rate variability

Distance from the center of the bullet to center of target (correct)

Which response measure indicated a significant decrease after the treatment?

Self reported cognitive anxiety (correct)

Performance error stability

Heart rate consistency

Electrocardiography score

What aspect of performance error was observed in both control and treatment groups?

Improvement in performance over rounds (correct)

Significant variance in results

No change in performance from baseline

Stable performance across all rounds

What limitation is associated with evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment?

Expectancy effect and generalization of findings Signup and view all the answers

How did the treatment impact urinary noradrenaline/adrenaline levels?

There was a huge decrease with treatment Signup and view all the answers

How much did the intervention group improve in self-efficacy compared to the control group?

20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between additional kilometers of walking and obesity reduction?

Every additional km of walking is associated with almost a 5% reduction in obesity Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Copenhageners commute to work or study by bike?

50% Signup and view all the answers

What effect does additional hour of driving have on obesity levels?

Increases obesity by 6% Signup and view all the answers

How did the use of e-bikes affect blood sugar levels in the study by Peterman?

Blood sugar levels decreased Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding regarding the safety of cyclists over the years?

Accident rates have decreased alongside an increase in bike traffic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway from the cycling research overview presented by Cavacuiti?

Regular cyclists tend to be more aware and street smart Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of the approach discussed by Biddle regarding physical activity?

It is unsustainable for long-term application. Signup and view all the answers

According to the findings of Oliveira's study, why did HIIT result in a more negative feeling scale compared to continuous training?

HIIT leads to higher activation levels. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the conclusions drawn from Decker's study on HIIT and MICE in obese women?

MICE evoked stronger feelings of joy compared to HIIT. Signup and view all the answers

In Jones's study, what effect did music and video have on high-intensity exercise engagement?

They shifted the dissociative state to a higher intensity threshold. Signup and view all the answers

What overall impact did positive feedback have on participants in Tritter's study?

It reinforced feelings of exercise enjoyment. Signup and view all the answers

According to the findings of the Oliveira study, how did average intensity compare between HIIT and continuous training?

Both formats had the same average intensity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a finding related to the psychological measures in Jones's study on music and exercise?

Music and video significantly improved enjoyment at varying intensities. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of HIIT identified in the studies related to its public health applications?

It is not practical for less active individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What was highlighted in Batterham's conclusions regarding the traditional physical activity framework?

It fails to meet the needs of the general population. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using a bike over a car for trips longer than 8km?

Traffic and parking issues are less impactful. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about emotions and exercise is correct?

Pleasurable emotions enhance adherence to exercise. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding in the study conducted by Williams regarding exercise and emotions?

Correlations between emotional response and activity levels are positive and high at 6 and 12 months. Signup and view all the answers

In Ekkekakis' dual mode theory, what is primarily used to evaluate emotional responses during high-intensity exercise?

Interoceptive cues. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs after 11 minutes of exercise as described in the content?

Cognitive processing becomes less important. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of HIIT training?

It combines intervals of intense effort with recovery periods. Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome does HIIT training primarily favor according to the study by Weston?

Enhancement of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about costs associated with transport types is true?

Biking is generally a cheaper option compared to car usage. Signup and view all the answers

According to the findings, how does exercise intensity affect emotional responses based on fitness levels?

Pleasurable emotions are generally felt at moderate levels, but intensity changes can lead to displeasure. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of daily energy expenditure refers to non-exercise activity thermogenesis?

Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary intervention used in the study by Bond to reduce sedentary time?

3-minute breaks every 30 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit observed from taking breaks during prolonged sitting, according to HEALY's recommendations?

Decreased waist circumference Signup and view all the answers

Which method of measuring physical activity is considered the gold standard?

Doubly Labeled Water Signup and view all the answers

What finding was reported in the study by Cotton regarding self-efficacy and break behavior in the intervention group?

Increased break frequency was stable through six weeks Signup and view all the answers

What limitation was noted in the Graves study regarding sit-stand workstations?

Intervention duration was too short Signup and view all the answers

According to the reviews by Karakolis and Commissaris, what was the general finding regarding sit-stand workstations and cognitive function?

Breaks did not interfere with focus or cognitive function Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of using self-reported questionnaires to measure physical activity?

They can be subjective and lead to recall bias Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary finding in the Campbell study comparing SQUASH and doubly labeled water?

SQUASH underestimates physical activity energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ecologically Valid Studies

A judgment of how well a study can be applied to real life is ecologically valid
Studies on exercise and cigarette cravings examined the effects of multiple stressors on quitting attempts.
One study found that exercise significantly decreased cravings when concurrent stressors were present, but didn't affect the time it took to smoke the first cigarette post-treatment.

Amelia Tritter Study

Acute exercise's effects on cigarette cravings with nicotine lozenges were measured.
Participants' desire to smoke was assessed using single-item statements and a 7-point Likert scale.
Results showed a significant reduction in craving after both 2-3 treatments and 4-7 treatments.

Daniel Study

No relationship was found between a belief in the benefit of exercise and reduction in cravings.
Acute exercise effects on smoking withdrawal were examined, categorizing participants' messages regarding exercise benefits as positive, negative, or neutral.
Groups showed similar craving reduction during and after exercise. The effect of exercise may be a distraction from cravings and help with mood.

Why Exercise Reduces Cravings

Exercise mimics nicotine's effect in several ways by stimulating the central nervous system, increasing blood glucose levels, affecting dopamine production, and increasing opioid and beta endorphin output.
Cortisol regulation plays a role.

Robert Study

Plasma cortisol levels in smokers rose and declined only for those in the vigorous exercise group.
This increased cortisol was linked to a lower desire to smoke.

Marcus Study

Higher abstinence rates were observed in exercise groups even eight weeks, three months, and 12 months after cessation.

De Jesus + Harry Study

Measures of smoking behavior, such as topography (number of puffs, time between puffs, etc.) are used.
Exercise showed reduction in cigarette consumption in weeks 1-3.
Data showed steady decline in smoking-related behaviors from start to end of the exercise program, showing stable performance.

Milkman Study

Temtation bundling is a method of applying the should to the wanted actions to reduce unhealthy behavior (eg. binge watching netflix while having to exercise at the same time).

Patel Study

Framing incentives (gain, loss, or lottery) to increase physical activity (PA) among overweight and obese adults was studied using a phone application.
Positive changes in physical activity were seen in 13-week study, especially in the loss incentive group.

Brownell Study

Stair use patterns were studied. Increased incentives to use stairs, through the presence of signs, significantly increased the use of stairs.
Increased use was sustained for only 1 month after removing the incentive.

Estabrooks and Carron

Measured the relationship between group cohesion and exercise attendance and return rates in older adults.
Team building led to higher attendance and return rates compared to a control group (placebo).
Study of coping modeling intervention to improve self-efficacy in heart failure patients.
Intervention group increased their VO2 by 6.3% compared to the control group, which had a slightly lower decrease. A significant difference in confidence (7%) was also noted.

Weston study

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is found effective in improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in many studies on patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic conditions.
Many studies show HIIT is superior compared to conventional exercise regimes.

Oliveira study

HIIT produced higher feelings of activation compared to moderate exercise, but also more negative feelings.
However, study showed similar metabolic effect.

Decker Study

No significant differences were noted in low active obese women who performed HIIT and control (MICE) exercise.

Jones Study

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is often more enjoyable with the addition of music and video. Results show no significant difference in enjoyment between various intensities with different stimulation techniques.
Results suggest that adding music and video improves enjoyment of exercise at various intensity levels.

Berglas and Jones

A self-handicapping study in which participants were given either solvable or unsolvable tests with differing feedback.
Those with unsolvable tests, with feedback that success was unlikely, were more likely to self-handicap subsequently.

Rhodewalt

Study of self-handicapping in competitive athletes showed that those who perceive a potential threat to their self-esteem are more likely to self-handicap.

Prapavessis Study

Examining maladaptive achievement patterns associated with learned helplessness in athletes.
Questionnaires showed that helpless athletes may perceive a lack of control and have less persistence in the face of obstacles compared to non-helpless athletes.

Other Information

Physical activity guidelines were examined and novel ways to change exercise behavior were identified.
Additional information on how to deal with stress, obesity, and transportation are also included.

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Description

Explore the impact of exercise on cigarette cravings and withdrawal, emphasizing ecologically valid research methods. This quiz examines studies by Amelia Tritter and Daniel, highlighting findings on cravings reduction and the relationship between exercise beliefs and smoking cessation.