Geography Grade 9 Exam Study Guide (CGC1D1) 2024 PDF

EXAM STUDY GUIDE – CGC1D1 – GEOGRAPHY GRADE 9 - (Exam: 90 minutes) UNIT 3 – Physical Geography – the Geography of the Natural World Key Terms/Concepts to Describe/Identify – Multiple Choice, Matching, Fill in the Blanks From Geo-Physical Systems: ​ identify/define/distinguish between:...

EXAM STUDY GUIDE – CGC1D1 – GEOGRAPHY GRADE 9 - (Exam: 90 minutes) UNIT 3 – Physical Geography – the Geography of the Natural World Key Terms/Concepts to Describe/Identify – Multiple Choice, Matching, Fill in the Blanks From Geo-Physical Systems: ​ identify/define/distinguish between: ○​ A natural vs human system ○​ Biotic vs abiotic parts & synergy in a system ○​ Atmosphere/Hydrosphere/Lithosphere/Biosphere - key components/cycles in each From Continental Drift Theory - by Alfred Wegner (early 1900s - 1920s) ​ Hypothesis vs Theory vs Scientific Method ​ Distinguish b/w Observations and Interpretations in Science ​ Wegner’s 4 Observations & Interpretations ​ Pangaea, Continental Drift From Plate Tectonics Theory - by Tuzo Wilson (1960s →) ​ Earth’s 4 Compositional layers (what makes the layer up materially and what state of matter? - Inner vs Outer Core vs Mantle, vs Lithosphere/Crust) vs 3 Mechanical layers (what activity/process is activated/present in the layer? - EMF, Heat/Convection Currents, folding/faulting…) ​ Tectonic Plates (Pacific Plate, North American Plate, African Plate…) vs Tectonic Boundaries/Zones (Pacific Ring of Fire, Mariana Trench, Mid Atlantic Ridge, Great Rift Valley…) ​ Divergent vs Convergent vs Subduction vs Transform plate tectonic boundaries/zones ​ Examples of each boundary (above) - Mid-Atlantic Ridge/Rift zone, Himalayan Region, West Coast North America, San Andreas Fault) ​ The ‘Forces of Plate Tectonics’ in play – gravitational pressure, radioactive decay, convection (currents/cells and the density/temperature relationship that controls it), friction - F1 + F2 + F3 = Wegner’s ‘mysterious’ force. ​ Tsunamis vs earthquakes vs tectonic uplift, vs volcanism, vs faulting vs folding ​ Volcanos (from magma intrusion) vs mountains/plateaus (from tectonic uplift, faulting/ folding) vs rift valleys/ridges (due to divergence zones) vs oceanic trenches (due to subduction zones) From Geologic Time: the 4 Geologic Eras ​ Precambrian vs Paleozoic to Mesozoic vs Cenozoic (in this order from past to present) ​ Relative ages and timeframes of the 4 major geologic eras ​ Geologic Eras mark → Major Geologic changes for Canada – see my notes ​ Geologic Eras mark → Major Geologic/Biologic changes for the World – see my notes From Rocks, Rock Morphology: the Rock Cycle: ​ Rock Cycle – identify states vs processes in a cycle in general ​ Magma vs lava, igneous intrusive vs extrusive, sediment vs sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock ​ lithification/cooling vs erosion/weathering/transportation vs deposition/compaction vs metamorphism vs liquification/melting ​ Identify which specific rock belongs to which specific category/family: ○​ 1. Igneous Intrusive: granite, quartz ○​ 2. Igneous Extrusive: obsidian, pumice ○​ 3. Sediment: silt, sand, gravel ○​ 4. Sedimentary Rock: shale (from silt), sandstone (from sand), limestone (from lime, or ground up seashells, coral, etc) ○​ 5. Metamorphic: gneiss (from granite), slate (from shale), marble (from limestone)  Key Terms/Concepts to Describe/Identify – Multiple Choice, Matching, Fill in the Blanks From Climate: the Six Climate Factors ​ Water Cycle – states and processes ​ Weather vs Climate - distinctions based on timeframe and geographical extent/range ​ 6 Factors that account for Climate/Weather - L.O.W.E.R.N. – as they affect Temperature/Precipitation patterns on the planet ​ air mass, prevailing winds, westerlies, condensation, sublimation, precipitation, evaporation, relief rainfall, rain-shadow, windward, leeward, heat capacity, convection (& the temperature/density relationship that controls convective flow in air masses or water bodies) ​ Maritime vs Continental climates – what are the key differences and where/why in Canada ​ Climate graphs – avg. annual temp., temp. range, total annual precip., maximum seasonal precip., growing season ____________________________________________________________________________________ Concepts/Skills to Understand/Explain/Communicate From Geo-Physical Systems: ​ Explain/ Express how the ‘4 spheres’ are connected to each other, or how they interact with each other using through specific examples/systems (eg. Niagara Escarpment, Water Cycle, etc.) From Continental Drift Theory - by Alfred Wegner (early 1900s) ​ Explain each of Wegner’s 4 key observations → interpretations that supported his hypothesis ​ Explain why Wegner’s hypothesis theory failed From Plate Tectonics Theory - by Tuzo Wilson (1960s →) ​ Explain how ‘plate tectonics’ works…by connecting the processes that exist in this system from core to crust ​ How does Plate Tectonics explain what we see/observe/witness at the lithosphere? (tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mountains) ​ Explain how Plate Tectonics as a theory succeeded when Continental Drift theory did not. ​ What is the difference between a good/bad theory and a BETTER theory? From Geologic Time: the 4 Geologic Eras ​ Why do we ‘measure’ the Earth’s history in terms of geologic eras? From Rocks, Rock Morphology: the Rock Cycle: ​ Explain how the Rock Cycle works (from ‘beginning to end’) using the key terms (the states & processes that describe how its all connected) ​ How is the rock cycle a ‘cycle’ ​ How/where can we ‘visualize’ the rock cycle in action, in the world (using specific examples/locations) From Climate: the Six Climate Factors ​ Explain the Water Cycle as a system of interconnected processes and related to the states of water ​ How does the water cycle ‘interact’ with the rock cycle? Provide examples to support ​ Interpret why a particular location/region of Canada (from its Climate Graph and data) has a particular kind of climate or climate graph (based on an understanding of the L.O.W.E.R.N Climate Factors)