EXAM I_ Consolidated Key Terms.docx

EXAM I: Consolidated Key Terms Primary Source: correspondence diaries, newspaper reports from a time period, etc Secondary Source: textbooks, accounts by historians, second-hand information The Huns: Army of Attila the Hun; created the spread of ideas and led to the Silk Road The Byzantine Empir...

EXAM I: Consolidated Key Terms Primary Source: correspondence diaries, newspaper reports from a time period, etc Secondary Source: textbooks, accounts by historians, second-hand information The Huns: Army of Attila the Hun; created the spread of ideas and led to the Silk Road The Byzantine Empire: When the roman empire fell, it fell into the Byzantine Empire and the capital was Constantinople. Constantinople: An economic powerhouse that was big on trade because it connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea The Crusades: when Europeans went to recapture Jerusalem at the call of the pope Saladin: Islamic ruler that overtook Jerusalem. this is important because the Crusades never took Jerusalem and was the epicenter of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire: Ruled by Saladin Mongol Empire: Renowned for silk and spices and didn't want to trade with Europeans until the rise of Kubilai Khan Khubilai Khan: The Great Khan after his father passed and defeated his brother in battle Marco Polo: wrote the Book of the World's Marvels and acted as a tour guide The Silk Road: The tour path in Marco Polo's book that spread the Black Plague The Black Plague: Plague Doctors: Doctors with pointy masks with spices and herbs in the beak and a stick to poke people to see if they were dead. Blood Letting: The practice of cutting oneself, or putting leeches on one\'s body to remove "diseased blood". Antisemitism: Hatred or racism towards Jews Yersinia Pestis: The strain of bacteria that started the Black Plague. It was released due to environmental changes and was originally the plague of Justinian Pneumonic Plague: A branch of the Black plague that affected the lungs Septicemic Plague: The deadliest form of the plague. Flagellants: People who believed that the plague was due to God being angry with them, so they went around whipping themselves on the back Zheng He: a Chinese explorer, and also a eunuch The Fall of Constantinople (1453): cut off Europe's land access, which made them have to set sail for trade. People mostly went to Italy because it had money The Renaissance: The Vikings and Newfoundland: The Vikings were the first to land in America Christopher Columbus: Brought of bad people with him and took advantage of the Tainos Ferdinand and Isabella: The King and Queen of Spain Tainos: Indigenous people of Hispaniola Christo Ferens: "Christ Bearer" Christopher Columbus called himself this when he could not find any gold, but said he was spreading the word of God Mehmed the Conquerer: Ended the Byzantine Empire and Extended into Roman Territory Hispanola & San Salvador: Christopher Columbus first landed in San Salvador Conquistadors: Spanish warriors Encomienda: A plot of land that was controlled by encomenderos, including the people on it, after being granted by the King Encomenderos: Controllers of Encomiendas Columbian Exchange: Encomenderos sent their goods back to Spain and trade system started between Continents The Aztecs: Advanced people without European intervention , the leader was moctezuma Huitzilopochtli, The Aztec Warrior God: Was believed to be pleased by human sacrifice Tenochtitlan: The capital city of the Aztec Empire; Moctezuma: Leader of the Aztec; became the puppet of Cortes and was killed by his own people Hernan Cortes: The conqueror of the Aztec Empire, set off illegally with about 500 men, 11-16 ships, limited artillery Sapa Inca: Head Inca in the Inca Empire Francisco Pizzaro: Cousin of Cortes and conqueror of the Inca; his death marked when Spain took back control from the encomendéros of the New World Atahualpa: The Sapa Inca; fought brother for the position Machu Picchu: Capital mountain city of the Inca Empire; tactical postion Mestizos: Indigenous and European children Racial Hierarchy: the more European blood you had, the higher you were in the hierarchy The Atlantic System: the "Triangular Trade" Jan Hus: Led the Hussites, burned at the stake, his death started a war Jan van Essen: Protestant Martyr Hendrik Vos: Protestant Martyr St. Peter's Basilica: Very fancy catholic church, everyone wanted one like it Johann Tetzel: guilt tripped people into buying indulgences Martin Luther: Spoke out against indulgences Protestant: A new branch of Christianity The Jews and their Lies: A scathing piece written by this diva because the Jews would not join him in Protestantism; called for the destruction Charles V (Habsburg): The ruler of the Holy Roman Empire; over 300 states Indulgences: The idea that you could buy your way into heaven, pardon yourself of all sins and do the same for your loved ones Ninety-Five Theses: Published to expose the corruption of the Catholic Church, tates that the only way to Heaven is through Faith Alone (Sola Fide) King Henry VIII: Broke from the Catholic Church to divorce his wife Katherine of Aragon and marry Anne of Boelyn; wanted a son and believed Katherine to be at fault The Anglican Church: A protestant church started by King Henry so he could get a divorce John Calvin: Father of Calvinism; held the idea of predestination (reprobate and the elect) The St. Bartholomew\'s Day Massacre (1572): Wedding day massacre, two prominent families, one catholic and one protestant. After a protestant leader is assassinated, widespread bloodshed takes place The Defenestration of Prague (1618): when protestant officials who were being replaced threw Catholic replacements out of a window The Treaty of Westphalia (1648): the treaty that ended the 30 years war The Peace of Augsburg (1555): within the Holy Roman Empire, there is a recognition of a catholic and protestant faith; the princes of the individual territories decide the religion of their territory The Edict of Nantes (1598): protestants will be tolerated in France, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes to prevent political strife King Henry IV of France: Catholic ruler of France; wrote the Edict of Nantes The Battle of White Mountain: Catholics slaughtered the Protestants, which would have been the end of the 30-Years-War The Sacking of Magdeburg: Catholics did it to Protestants The Fronde': The French revolt of the nobility against Louis XIII, killing him The "Sun King": Louis XIV, a reference trying himself to Apollo Louis XIV: Son of Louis XIII; had a troublesome childhood, moving from place to place to escape the nobility that killed his father until he came of age to take the throne Divine Right: The belief that one was ordained by God to rule Mercantilism: Tariffs on foreign goods Jean Baptiste Colbert: Religious advisor of Louis XIV's mother Versailles: The large house and political tool that Louis XIV used to sway the nobility to fight for his attention Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes just because he could Magna Carta---1215: Stated that the crown had to consult parliament Elizabeth I: The virgin queen who came to power after the death of King Henry VIII; the tudor dynasty died with her because she was never married and had no children The Stuart Kings: Anti parliament kings Charles I: beheaded because he was catholic and wanted to turn away from Protestant stuff, The English Civil War: Cromwell's Oliver Cromwell: Led Parliament New Model Army: Cromwell Charles II: Brother of Charles I, becomes a deathbed catholic James II: replaced Charles II as a Catholic leader, it was decided he would be waited out since he was so old. However, as a son in his old age (believed to be illegitimate) The Glorious Revolution: When William III and Mary of Orange agreed to rule under Parliament and took the throne from James II, Mary's father William III and Mary of Orange: Scientific Revolution: a major shift of thought from religious ideas to more scientific ones Gutenberg Printing Press: changed how information got around Europe Geocentric Model: The idea that Earth was the center of the universe "Doubting Thomas": The story of the guy who put his in Jesus' wound which describes a person who needed to see something physically rather than having faith Copernicus: The first guy who made the Heliocentric model; man of faith who didnt have his work published until he died On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres: The book written by Copernicus to prove the Heliocentric model, but it didnt matter because no one understood it Johannes Kepler: The laws of planetary motion, the universe moves in an elliptical shape Heliocentric Model: The sun is at the center of the universe Rene Descartes Francis Bacon Galileo Issac Newton Principia, 1687