Day 5 Hum Finals PDF

The Crusades (Lowest point in western world) Context of Christianity - 1054 CE – Orthodox and Catholic Churches split this is the official break. - Aka ‘The Great Schism’ - The eastern church of the byzanitne and catholic western europe, they split into 2 seperate religions, claiming that they are...

The Crusades (Lowest point in western world) Context of Christianity - 1054 CE – Orthodox and Catholic Churches split this is the official break. - Aka ‘The Great Schism’ - The eastern church of the byzanitne and catholic western europe, they split into 2 seperate religions, claiming that they are the one true church of jesus christ. - The Byzantine Empire - Gets the worse of the Crusades Accidentally begins the Crusades Threatened by Seljuk Turks (Islamic empire that comes closer into the empire) At one of its lowest points in history They are in a difficult position and squeezed in both sides But particularly scared of the east islams. Requests aid from Western Europe - Even though the Byzantine Empire is an Orthodox denomination, they ask help from the other Christian counterpart. - They ask for help even though they already split and that they are - They need help protecting Constantinople; its key for their own position. - They ask for aid. - Western europe is so many different empires, so the eastern empire requests the Pope for assistance. Specifically the pope, so that they can unite all these countries. The bishop of Rome. The Pope Pope Urban II - - Agrees to help the Byzantine Empire to assists protecting Constantinople. Reasons: - He may think that by coming to the aid and helping of the Byzantine empire, he can fix the Schism; hopes to reunite Christianity both eastern and western under the Pope/Bishop of Rome - Stop rival knights and lords; give a common enemy for them, the Seljuk Turks - They are afraid that the knights would attack since knights are loyal to the money, not to the person. There are gangs of knights. - The pope wants them to focus, on the islamic enemy. - Offer salvation to crusading knights so that all their killings, all their crimes, they go on crusades and help for the enemy of christianity, the islamic empire. He offers them salvation. - Crusades not started by king, but by the pope, and took a turn for a religious war. Army of 100,000 sent to Byzantine emperor, all are volunteers they tookup crusandine. Voluntary and they are helping the byzantine empire protect Constanipole. - Feels like an invasion force and its not a defensive army. There’s a goal difference between the Byzantine and Urban - Byzantine’s goal: defend - Urban’s goal: retake Jerusalem (like 300-400 years after it was taken from the Muslims) Invade Turkey and reconquer Jerusalem. Motivation for the Crusades Why are they attacking. - - - Worldly motivations: money, land, adventure, they wanted to go the holy land and become wealthy and rich. Vast majority: religious motivation to serve Lord Jesus christ and the pope. It costs a lot to go on crusade its very expensive - 2 years worth of wages. - People sell lands, mortgage lands, to go on crusades - This was because of the way it was promoted Crusading was the ultimate pilgrimage everyone wanted to be a part of it. - Significant time off of purgatory and absorb the holiness. - If you made it to the church of the holy jesus tomb. Plenary Indulgence All you sins, will be forgiven by the pope. - If crusaders made it all the way to Jerusalem, all your sins are forgiven They cannot go back home because they have no money to go to crusade. Various routes of crusades. 1095 – Western European begin first crusade this is the first batch of crusades, when pope urban moves to crusades. Starts from Colonge and all the way down to Jerusalem. - ‘Peasants Crusade’ (Purple line) they were the lower class 1097 – in Constantinople, they reached here and the emperor is freaked, and was weirded out by an invasion force. They started to fight in Nicea, 1098 – Crusaders recapture the city of Antioch (Syria) - First place where Christians first called themselves Christian 1099 – Crusaders recapture Jerusalem They are in a frenzy of crusade and started killing people. - Disastrous 4 years: disease, massacres, etc. - Power shifts to Western Europe: Naval Power - At Venice, its starting to overpower and expand and become a major power of the Mediterranean. - Its turning to a naval power in the mediterranean world, the major naval power used to be the byzantine. Crusader Kingdoms - Made up by a mix of people Western european kingdoms, that are in the ancient near east, They are strange. In the long run, the kingdoms would fail because they are unstable. The County of Edessa: Parts of Turkey Syria, and Iraq (Mix of many religions, Random religions and races & Cosmopolitan) - Lasts 40-45 years before it is re-conquered by the muslim empires, Because the people that completed their missions, packed up and went home They dont like the westerners Internal disagreements. Kingdom of Jerusalem - 1187 CE recaptured by islamic–empires because people left Richard the Lionheart The king of england. After - Spoke only French, no english - He lived in france more of his life. - Restarted another crusade to takeover the city of jerusalem. - Hes a failure, he goes down and does not conquer jerusalem,and made a deal with a muslim sultan, and then going back to france. Where he died where he was killed by a Kid, shopoting a crossbow - He didnt go back to england - He got captured on his way back to england, then england paid the ransom. 1300 CE – European and Christian control of the Middle East is over crusader kingdoms are gone, and all the western control in the middle east in over, biggest failure flop because the money, time, and resources was gone very quickly in the grand scheme of things. Crusades have illustrated themselves as failure Constantinople and the West - When crusaders are going into constantinople Crusaders, sooner and later, they came to venice since they were gaining in popularity and strength and they rode boats, instead of walking through europe. A crusade team, was accidentally dropped of in Constantinople, and they chose to sack the place and steal it. The city of Venice-Sacks Constantinople in 1204 CE Offensive moment. Where this was tense between east and west. For a short time, Venice controls them. They are pretending that they are coming down. Impacted the Western Europeans too, faced persecution and death “Crusades at home” - Jews - Massacre of Jews in Western Europe - They were attacked in their home - They were seen as the enemy of christ. - - - - They cannot afford, and they see attacking jews as pilgrimage and the goals of the crusade (Not supported by the pope) - Jews were put into their own Jewish neighborhoods that are walled and protected - Made it an easy target too Albegensians (Cathars) - Believed that God and Satan are equally matched gods who are always fighting (heresy) unlike christian where god will always prevail. - God is the good god - Satan is the evil god Waldensians - Want to setup their own religion. - Believed that Christians should live in poverty and become beggars (heresy) - Makes life for everyone worse What does the pope do? - They try to corre through the Mendicant Orders Dominicans – “Order of Preachers” - Preach to people like the Albegensians, Waldensians; teach people the proper doctrine and to prevent further development of these groups. Educate heretics. They preach their errors and started educating priests. Franciscans – “Friars Minor” - - He used to be rich and he threw everything to be poor St. Francis of Assisi - They are saying that they are intentionally poor, and appeal to the poor and uneducated to get more support from the people. - This is to, help crusading at home. - Allegedly very wealthy Practiced intentional poverty Franciscans got approval from the pope to be a legitimate monastic house - Unlike the Dominicans