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Questions and Answers
What is a primary source?
Correspondence, diaries, newspaper reports from a time period.
What is a secondary source?
Textbooks, accounts by historians, and second-hand information.
Who led the Huns?
Attila the Hun.
What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
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What was the main purpose of the Crusades?
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Who was Saladin?
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What empire did Saladin rule?
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What were the Mongols known for?
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Who was Khubilai Khan?
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What did Marco Polo write?
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What is the Silk Road?
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What bacterium caused the Black Plague?
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What was bloodletting?
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What were the plague doctors known for?
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What is the Columbian Exchange?
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Who was Christopher Columbus?
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What was the role of Encomenderos?
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Who was Hernan Cortes?
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What was the significance of Machu Picchu?
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Who was the leader of the Aztecs?
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The Fall of Constantinople made it easier for Europe to access trade routes.
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What is the Racial Hierarchy?
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What sparked the Protestant Reformation?
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What did the Ninety-Five Theses address?
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King Henry VIII wanted a son and blamed Katherine for not providing one.
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Study Notes
Key Terms Overview
- Primary Source: Original materials such as correspondence, diaries, and contemporary newspaper reports.
- Secondary Source: Interpretation or analysis, including textbooks and historical accounts.
The Huns and the Byzantine Empire
- The Huns: Led by Attila the Hun, their conquests facilitated the exchange of ideas and trade along the Silk Road.
- The Byzantine Empire: Emerged after the fall of the Roman Empire, with Constantinople as its capital; a critical trade hub linking the Black Sea and Mediterranean.
The Crusades and Saladin
- The Crusades: Military campaigns by Europeans aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem, initiated by papal call.
- Saladin: Islamic leader who recaptured Jerusalem, marking a pivotal moment as it remained under Muslim control during the Crusades and became central to the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman and Mongol Empires
- The Ottoman Empire: Prominent under Saladin, it played a significant role in regional politics and trade.
- Mongol Empire: Famous for silk and spices; trade with Europeans intensified under Kublai Khan, who defeated his brother to become Great Khan.
Marco Polo and the Silk Road
- Marco Polo: Renowned explorer whose book, "The Book of the World's Marvels," chronicled his travels and the Silk Road routes.
- The Silk Road: Major trade route that also facilitated the spread of the Black Plague.
The Black Plague
- Yersinia Pestis: Bacteria responsible for the Black Plague; its spread linked to environmental changes and was initially seen during the Justinian Plague.
- Plague Doctors: Distinctive figure with beaked masks, used to protect them and diagnose patients.
- Blood Letting: Common medieval practice to treat ailments by removing "diseased blood."
- Antisemitism: Heightened during the plague, reflecting societal scapegoating.
- Pneumonic and Septicemic Plague: Variants of the Black Plague; the latter being the most lethal.
- Flagellants: Groups that self-punished, believing the plague was divine retribution.
Zheng He and the Fall of Constantinople
- Zheng He: Noted Chinese explorer and eunuch, known for his maritime expeditions.
- Fall of Constantinople (1453): Marked the end of Byzantine power, severing European land trade routes, pushing reliance on sea trade, particularly via Italy.
The Renaissance and Exploration
- The Vikings: First European explorers to reach the Americas, landing in Newfoundland.
- Christopher Columbus: Arrived in the Caribbean, notably affecting the Taino people.
- Ferdinand and Isabella: Monarchs of Spain who sponsored Columbus’s voyages, seeking territorial expansion.
- Tainos: Indigenous peoples of Hispaniola severely impacted by European arrival.
- Christo Ferens: Columbus’s self-designation reflecting his dual mission of exploration and evangelism.
Conquest of the Americas
- Mehmed the Conqueror: Notable for ending the Byzantine Empire and expanding Ottoman territories.
- Hispaniola & San Salvador: Locations of Columbus's first landfall.
- Conquistadors: Spanish military leaders who conquered indigenous empires.
- Encomienda: System granting land and native labor to colonizers as a reward from the crown.
- Mestizos: Offspring of indigenous and European ancestry, forming a new cultural identity.
- Racial Hierarchy: Social stratification based on the degree of European ancestry.
Religious Reformations
- Jan Hus: Pre-Reformation leader whose martyrdom sparked conflicts in Europe.
- Martin Luther: Critiqued the Church practices, triggering the Protestant Reformation, particularly against indulgences.
- Indulgences: Church’s practice allowing the remission of sins, prompting widespread criticism.
- Ninety-Five Theses: Document by Luther exposing Church corruption; emphasized faith as the sole means of salvation.
- King Henry VIII: Broke from Catholicism to annul his marriage; established the Anglican Church.
- St. Peter's Basilica: Iconic church in Rome, symbolizing the Catholic Church's grandeur.
The Colombian Exchange
- Columbian Exchange: Trade network established between the New World and Europe, facilitating the movement of goods, ideas, and people post-Columbus's voyages.
- Aztecs: Sophisticated civilization in Mesoamerica, led by Moctezuma until fall to Spanish power.
- Hernan Cortes: Conqueror of the Aztec Empire who used a small force and strategy to dismantle the empire.
- Atahualpa: Sapa Inca involved in a detrimental civil war before the Spanish conquest.
- Machu Picchu: Inca capital known for its strategic positioning and advanced construction.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key historical terms and concepts including primary and secondary sources, the Huns, and the Byzantine Empire. This quiz will cover important events and figures that shaped history. Review the definitions and implications of these terms to excel in your studies.
