Exam 4 Study Guide PDF

Exam 4: Study Guide Peripheral Nervous System 1. Know the anatomy of a transverse section of the spinal cord and the associated functions. Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral forms 2. What is the pathway of an ascending signal? Descending signal? Ascending signal is going up the brain and the de...

Exam 4: Study Guide Peripheral Nervous System 1. Know the anatomy of a transverse section of the spinal cord and the associated functions. Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral forms 2. What is the pathway of an ascending signal? Descending signal? Ascending signal is going up the brain and the descending signal is going down 3. Know what the autonomic nervous system includes. What is its function? What are its divisions? The function of autonomic nervous system is unconscious control, the divisions are sympathetic and parasympathetic. 4. What is the main effector organ for the somatic motor division? Skeletal muscle 5. Compare and Contrast parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems Parasympathetic: feed and breed, reduces energy expenditure, supervises waste an digest elimination Sympathetic: fight or flight response, increases heart rate, decreases blood flow (to the gut and skin) 6. The dorsal horns of the spinal cord bring in ________information Sensory 7. The ventral horn of the spinal cord puts out________information Motor 8. What are the 5 general characteristics of a somatic reflex? How do somatic reflexes contrast with visceral reflexes? Somatic Reflexes are Stimulus, Receptor, Afferent Pathway, Integration Center, Efferent Pathway. They contrast with Visceral because they are voluntary while Visceral are involuntary, slow and stereotyped 9. What are a few specific functions of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic sympathetic nervous given in class? Sympathetic: fight or flight, ANS Parasympathetic: is rest and digest, ANS 10. What does the parasympathetic nervous system supervise? The waste and digestion elimination 11. What is the thoracolumbar division? What part of the autonomic nervous system is this associated with? It is the sympathetic nervous system, it is associated with the adrenal medulla that is within the adrenal glands  12. What are the three pre-synaptic pathways that leave the thoracolumbar division? What are their target organs? Spinal nerve: innervates the muscles and body wall Sympathetic nerve: above the spinal nerve, goes through head and thoracic cavity Splanchnic nerve: it goes down to the spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, etc. 13. Where are the adrenal glands found? What do they secrete? The adrenal glands are found within the sympathetic nervous system and they secrete hormones known as adrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine). 14. What division of the autonomic nervous system is the craniosacral region of the spinal cord associated with? It is associated with parasympathetic nervous system 15. What does the enteric nervous system control? it doesn’t control SNS and PNS bc it’s, its own division it’s influenced by them but it regulates and controls our GI tract 16. Which division of the motor nervous system has polysynaptic pathways? Monosynaptic? Polysynaptic is PNS bc it needs more pathways to integrate info and Monosynaptic is CNS 17. Sympathetic pre ganglionic fibers are _______and post ganglionic fibers are ________, where as parasympathetic pre ganglionic fibers are _________and post ganglionic fibers are _________. Why is this? Sympathetic are short than long Parasympathetic are long than short 18. What do cholinergic fibers secrete? What do adrenergic fibers secrete? Cholinergic: acetylcholine, Adrenergic: Epinephrine and norepinephrine 19. Where are cholinergic fibers found? Where are adrenergic fibers found? Cholinergic: Found in both PNS and SNS, Adrenergic: Found in SNS 20. What are the two types of cholinergic receptors? What neurotransmitter do they respond to? Where are they found? Do they excite or inhibit? Nicotine receptor: Found in ANS ganglia, adrenal medulla, skeletal muscle, excite (by ACh) Muscarinic receptor: Found in gland, smooth and cardiac muscle, excite but others inhibit 21. List out all 4 types of adrenergic receptors. What neurotransmitter do they respond to? Do they excite or inhibit? List example of specific function of target tissue. A - alpha receptors: A1 = vasoconstriction, A2 = SMC construction B - alpha receptors: B1 = increase in heart rate, B2 = bronchodilation 22. Draw out sympathetic fibers and parasympathetic fibers and what neurotransmitter they release at each synapse (one between pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic, and one between the post-ganglionic and the target cell). Label the fibers, receptors, neurotransmitters. 23. Explain dual innervation and give an example of antagonist and agonistic effects. Do all organs have dual innervations? Dual innervation: innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers  Antagonistic effects: pupil dilation Agonistic effects: saliva formation (PNS: watery secretion & SNS: mucus) 24. What ANS system is stimulated by meth? What are 3 signs of meth mouth? Stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, Bruxism, Poor oral hygiene, and hyposalivation 25. What four parts of the brain are involved in autonomic nervous system control? The cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, midbrain, and spinal cord Nerve Physiology 1. List two sets of nerves in the peripheral nervous system Cranial and spinal nerves 2. What makes up the CNS? Brain and spinal cord 3. What are the two divisions of the PNS? What is the difference between the visceral and somatic division of each PNS division? Which division houses the autonomic nervous division? Sensory and motor, then its the autonomic (visceral): unconscious (smooth and cardiac), somatic: skeletal (voluntary). Visceral motor division 4. Are neurons excitable cells? Are neuroglial cells excitable cells? Action potentials it propagates, no they are not neuroglial cells because their main functions is to nourish and protect their cells 5. What are the 4 neuroglial cells in the CNS and their functions? Oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, astrocytes 6. What are the 2 neuroglial cells in the PNS and their functions? Schwann cells: mimic oligodendrocytes satellite cells: mimic astrocytes 7. What is a tract? What is a nerve? Bundles of arm-like processes 8. What is a nucleus? What is a ganglion? (Note: Nuclei and ganglia are the plural forms of these terms) Both are cluster of cell bodies but the nucleus is found in the CNS, and ganglion in the PNS 9. What two macromolecules make up myelin sheaths? 10. Where are myelinated axons found? What effects does myelin have on the axon? 11. Multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons: know the examples given in class. Multipolar neurons: most common, has many dendrites, small or no axon Bipolar neurons: the retina and olfactory Unipolar neurons: light, temperature, senses (sounds, smell, etc) 12. Which membrane ion channel is passive? What membrane ion channels are active? Ion channels that are passive: leakage , Ion channels that are active: ligand and voltage gated 13. How do -70mV, -55mV and 0mV relate to an action potential? The threshold is around -55mV, peak or number four on the graph is 0mV, The resting membrane potential (RMP) is -70mV 14. How does the Na/K pump maintain resting potential? 3 Na OUT, 2 K IN 15. What is creating RMP? The unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane (more positive outside and more negative inside) 16. Can CNS neural tissue regenerate? What about PNS neural tissue? If so, describe the process. From this knowledge, injury to what division may be more detrimental to a patient? No CNS neural tissue DOES NOT regenerate, but PNS neural tissue CAN regenerate. If someone has a surgery on their arm, their nerves might feel numb and this is because the most of the nerves regenerated but not everything does. 17. What are the characteristics of local/graded potentials? 18. What are the characteristics of action potentials? 19. What is diffusional force? How does this affect the direction of Na+ and K+ entering/exiting the cell? How does this affect the AP? 20. What is electrical force? How does this affect the direction of Na+ and K+ entering/exiting the cell? How does this affect the AP? 21. Know what is happening at every point on the AP graph. Know which areas of the neuron these steps correlate to. 22. What is absolute refractory period? What cannot occur there? 23. What is the significance of the relative refractory period? 24. What determines if a signal is propagated via continuous conduction vs salutatory conduction? Describe these processes. 25. What happens during multiple sclerosis? 26. What two things affect transduction speed down an axon? 27. What is the difference between an electrical synapse and chemical synapse? 28. What happens at the synaptic cleft? Where is it? 29. What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic in respect to the way neurotransmitters work? 30. What causes a nerve signal to stop? What are the three mechanisms that cause this? 31. How does Botox work? Why is Botox temporary? 32. What are the characteristics of an EPSP? What are two examples of neurotransmitters that could be classified as EPSP’s? 33. What are the characteristics of an IPSP? What are two examples of neurotransmitters that could be classified as IPSP’s? 34. How is an AP stimulated by temporal summation? Spatial summation? 35. Know an example for diverging circuit, converging circuit, reverberating circuit, and parallel after discharge