Peripheral Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the craniosacral region of the spinal cord?

  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Enteric nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system (correct)
  • Somatic nervous system

What does the enteric nervous system primarily regulate?

  • Gastrointestinal tract (correct)
  • Respiratory system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Central nervous system

Which division of the motor nervous system features polysynaptic pathways?

  • Peripheral nervous system (correct)
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • Central nervous system

Which neurotransmitter is secreted by cholinergic fibers?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors do adrenergic fibers respond to?

<p>Alpha receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dual innervation?

<p>Innervation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on pupil diameter?

<p>Dilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information does the dorsal horn of the spinal cord process?

<p>Sensory information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the fight or flight response?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is the main effector for the somatic motor division?

<p>Skeletal muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes somatic reflexes compared to visceral reflexes?

<p>Somatic reflexes are voluntary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the thoracolumbar division?

<p>It is associated with the sympathetic nervous system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Facilitating waste elimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the adrenal glands secrete?

<p>Adrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signal pathways leave the thoracolumbar division?

<p>Spinal nerves, sympathetic nerves, and splanchnic nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between CNS and PNS neural tissue regarding regeneration?

<p>PNS neural tissue can regenerate, while CNS neural tissue cannot. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the absolute refractory period?

<p>A period in which a neuron cannot fire another action potential regardless of stimulus strength. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of diffusional force on Na+ and K+ movement across a cell membrane?

<p>Na+ moves into the cell, while K+ moves out of the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes electrical synapses from chemical synapses?

<p>Electrical synapses allow direct ionic current flow, whereas chemical synapses depend on neurotransmitter release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor determines the speed of nerve signal transmission along an axon?

<p>Size of the axon and presence of myelin sheath. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during multiple sclerosis?

<p>Deterioration of myelin sheaths in the CNS. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

<p>It increases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing an action potential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two mechanisms that stop a nerve signal?

<p>Neurotransmitter degradation and reuptake. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neuroglial cells?

<p>Nourish and protect neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system houses the autonomic nervous division?

<p>Visceral division of the PNS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Na/K pump in maintaining resting membrane potential?

<p>It pumps 3 Na out and 2 K into the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a ganglion?

<p>A cluster of cell bodies in the PNS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion channel is classified as passive?

<p>Leakage ion channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes bipolar neurons from other types of neurons?

<p>They have a single axon and one dendrite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

<p>The RMP typically sits around -70mV. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures in the peripheral nervous system are similar to oligodendrocytes in function?

<p>Schwann cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ascending signal pathway

The route a signal takes to travel up the brain.

Descending signal pathway

The route a signal takes traveling down the brain.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) function

Unconscious control over bodily functions.

Somatic motor division effector

Skeletal muscles.

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Parasympathetic function

Rest and digest, conserving energy, and handling waste/digestion.

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Sympathetic function

Fight or flight response; increased alertness, heart rate, etc.

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Dorsal horn function

Carries sensory information.

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Ventral horn function

Sends motor information.

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Craniosacral region

The part of the spinal cord associated with the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for 'rest and digest' functions.

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Enteric nervous system control

The enteric nervous system controls and regulates the functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, independent of the central nervous system.

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Polysynaptic pathway

A nerve pathway that involves multiple synapses between neurons, usually in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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Monosynaptic pathway

A nerve pathway with only one synapse, typically found in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers

Short, pre-ganglionic fibers that release acetylcholine (ACh) onto post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system.

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Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers

Long, pre-ganglionic fibers that release acetylcholine (ACh) onto post-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system.

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Cholinergic fibers

Nerve fibers that release acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter, found in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

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Adrenergic fibers

Nerve fibers that release norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) as their neurotransmitter, primarily found in the sympathetic nervous system.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. It includes all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The control center of the nervous system, composed of the brain and spinal cord.

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Cranial Nerves

Nerves that originate from the brain and control sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.

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Spinal Nerves

Nerves that originate from the spinal cord and control sensory and motor functions of the body.

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Somatic Nervous System

Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

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Neuron

A specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses throughout the body.

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Neuroglial Cells

Cells that provide support and protection for neurons, but do not transmit nerve impulses.

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PNS Regeneration

Damaged PNS neural tissue can regenerate, unlike CNS tissue. This process involves Schwann cells forming a regeneration tube, guiding the axon to regrow towards its target. However, the regenerated axon may not perfectly match the original one.

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Local Potentials

Graded potentials are short-distance signals that decrease in strength as they spread. Their amplitude varies depending on the strength of the stimulus.

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Action Potentials (APs)

All-or-none electrical signals that travel long distances along axons. They have a stereotypical shape, with depolarization and repolarization phases, and are independent of stimulus strength.

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Diffusional Force

The tendency of a substance to move from a region of high concentration to low concentration. It drives Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell during AP.

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Electrical Force

The attraction or repulsion of charged particles. It influences the movement of Na+ and K+ ions across the membrane during AP.

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Absolute Refractory Period

The period during an AP where another AP cannot be generated, no matter how strong the stimulus. This ensures unidirectional propagation.

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Synaptic Cleft

The tiny gap between a neuron's axon terminal and the target cell (another neuron, muscle, or gland). It's where communication between neurons occurs.

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Neurotransmitter Deactivation

Neurotransmitters must be removed from the synaptic cleft to stop the signal. This happens through diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and reuptake.

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Study Notes

Peripheral Nervous System

  • Know the anatomy of a transverse section of the spinal cord and its associated functions.
  • Understand the pathway of ascending and descending signals. Ascending signals travel up to the brain, descending signals travel down.
  • The autonomic nervous system is involved in unconscious control. Its divisions are sympathetic and parasympathetic.
  • The main effector organ for the somatic motor division is skeletal muscle.
  • Compare and contrast parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Parasympathetic ("rest and digest") reduces energy, aids digestion and waste elimination. Sympathetic ("fight or flight") increases heart rate, diverts blood flow away from gut and skin.
  • Dorsal horns of the spinal cord bring in sensory information.
  • Ventral horns of the spinal cord send out motor information.
  • Five general characteristics of a somatic reflex: Stimulus, Receptor, Afferent Pathway, Integration Center, Efferent Pathway. Somatic reflexes are voluntary, visceral reflexes are involuntary, slow and stereotyped.
  • Specific sympathetic and parasympathetic functions (as discussed in class) are important to know.
  • The parasympathetic nervous system is involved in waste and digestion elimination.
  • The thoracolumbar division is associated with the sympathetic nervous system. It's linked to the adrenal medulla within the adrenal glands.

Nervous System Pathways

  • Three pre-synaptic pathways leave the thoracolumbar division, innervating muscles and body wall (spinal nerve), head and thoracic cavity (sympathetic nerve), and organs of the digestive tract (splanchnic nerve).
  • Adrenal glands, located within the sympathetic nervous system, secrete hormones like adrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
  • The craniosacral region of the spinal cord is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.
  • The enteric nervous system, a division of the nervous system, controls the gastrointestinal tract independently of the sympathetic/parasympathetic systems.

Divisions of the Nervous System

  • The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves.
  • The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord.
  • The PNS has somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (visceral, unconscious) divisions for both sensory and motor functions. The autonomic division includes the sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic ("rest and digest") branches.

Nervous System Cells and Signaling

  • Neurons are excitable cells; neuroglia are not.
  • Four types of neuroglia in the CNS: oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, astrocytes. Two types of neuroglia in the PNS: Schwann cells and satellite cells.
  • Myelin sheaths are formed from macromolecules.
  • Different types of neurons (multipolar, bipolar, unipolar) have various structures and functions.
  • Ion channels (passive and active) are crucial for nerve function.
  • Understand the relationship between -70mV, -55mV, and 0mV in relation to action potentials and the role of the Na+/K+ pump.
  • Understand the creation of the resting membrane potential.
  • Know the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, how neurotransmitters work with them, and the process of nerve signal termination.
  • Distinguish between local/graded potentials and action potentials. Understand refractory periods (absolute and relative). Understand how nerve signals are propagated by continuous and salutatory conduction.

Autonomic Response

  • Autonomic system can be stimulated by drugs, like meth, causing issues with mouth/salivary function.
  • Four brain regions (cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, midbrain, and spinal cord) play a role in autonomic control.
  • Understand diverging, converging, reverberating, and parallel after-discharge circuits.
  • Understand different effects of antagonistic versus agonistic effects.

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Description

This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of the peripheral nervous system, including the spinal cord's structure and the pathways of ascending and descending signals. It also explores the roles of the autonomic nervous system, the somatic motor division, and the characteristics of somatic reflexes. Test your understanding of parasympathetic and sympathetic systems and their physiological impacts.

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