Exam 1 Study Guide.pdf

1. What factors help and limit people’s ability to control or inhibit stereotyping? a. Alcohol intoxication leads to stereotype use (severely limits people's ability to inhibit stereotyping) 2. What are the characteristics of application stereotyping? What is involved in the proces...

1. What factors help and limit people’s ability to control or inhibit stereotyping? a. Alcohol intoxication leads to stereotype use (severely limits people's ability to inhibit stereotyping) 2. What are the characteristics of application stereotyping? What is involved in the process of stereotype activation? a. Application stereotyping: the extent to which one uses stereotypes to judge a member of a stereotyped group; this is what happens after the activation; you can inhibit the application of a stereotype b. A dormant stereotype becomes ready to use and capable of influencing a person's thoughts about and behavior toward a social group c. Activation stereotype: the extent to which a stereotype is accessible in one's mind, a dormant stereotype becomes ready to use and capable of influencing a person's thoughts about and behavior toward a social group; these stereotypes are most likely to be activated and applied to people we do not know very well 3. What motivates people to behave in ways consistent with the norms or rules of behavior in a particular setting? 4. What are the goals of self-enhancement? What are the goals of comprehension? a. Self-enhancement goals: need to see oneself in a positive light b. Comprehension goals: need to form accurate impressions of others and understand why events happen, stems from people's need to form clear impressions of what others are like and to understand why events happen i. 5. How does cognitive busyness disrupt stereotype activation? a. It can disrupt stereotype activation because it uses up working memory capacity 6. To what extent does automatic processing influence stereotyping? a. It is affected by the context effects, the perceiver's level of prejudice, and cognitive business i. Cognitive Busyness: Can disrupt stereotype activation because it uses up working memory capacity 7. How do people’s motivations and goals impact stereotype activation? a. There are 4 categories i. Comprehension goals: 1. need to form accurate impressions of others and understand why events happen 2. Stem from peoples need to form clear impressions of what others are like and understand why events happen ii. Self-enhancement goals: 1. Need to see oneself in a positive light iii. Social adjustment goals:  1. People automatically aler behavior to fit the situation and adhere to norms 2. Motives reflect people's desire to behave in ways that are consistent with the norms and rules of behavior in a particular setting iv. Motivation to control prejudice: 1. Desire to avoid acting prejudiced because of: a. Values b. Concern others will see them as prejudiced 8. What is the ego-defensive function of stereotypes and how does it impact an individual’s self-concept? a. Protects individuals self-concept against both internal and external threats: i. People sometimes derogate outgroups as a way to feel better about themselves ii. Occurs if people project their own negative feelings onto members of the other groups 9. What are the “D’s of difference” and how do they impact how individuals treat others or protect themselves? a. Distancing: i. Avoiding situations where we feel out of place ii. It can be physical, emotional, or intellectual b. Denial: i. Deny differences between ourselves and others c. Defensiveness: i. Desire to guard against the possibility that they will appear biased or unfair d. Devaluing: i. Differences are treated as deficiencies or unimportant e. Discovery: i. Appreciating differences between oneself and another and seeing how enriching they can be 10. What is the social adjustment function of stereotypes? Who are stereotypes most likely to be activated and applied to in society? Friends or strangers? a. Norms and expectations from social groups direct people how to think and feel about others i. People need to fit in: 1. So, do not express beliefs counter to those of their group 2. they typically go along to get along 11. What is the “man-first” principle? 12. What is the kernel of truth hypothesis? What is correspondence bias? 13. What is the ultimate attribution error and when do people tend to engage in this activity? 14. What is the cross-racial identification bias? What does research on categorization reveal about how people use information about others when making judgments about them? What are the consequences of categorization? Who are typically more likely to categorize people on the basis of race? a. Cross-racial identification bias: i. People of other races tend to “all look alike” to most people ii. Bias occurs when cognitive resources for processing information are limited b. Research on categorization shows that people are generally unaware that they use information about another's prototypicality in making judgments about them. 15. What is intersectionality and how does it relate to social categories? What are the basic social categories? a. People belong to many social groups at once b. To fully understand how people are viewed, intersectional identities must be considered c. Intersectionality effects peoples experiences d. Categories for which a wealth of information is available and easily observable: i. Gender ii. Race iii. Age e. Intersectionality: people are members of more than one category at a time f. These categories are what you use to consider intersectionality 16. What are schemas and what influence do they have on people? 17. What are convenience samples when a researcher is gathering data? 18. What is a variable? What is validity? a. Variable i. A characteristic on which people differ b. Validity i. Refers to a measure’s consistency: 1. Does it assess the characteristic it intended to assess 2. Does it assess all aspects of that characteristic 3. Does it assess only that characteristic 4. Based on a variety of research evidence ii. 19. What do physiological measures utilize for and what do they measure in people? 20. What do unobtrusive measures usually focus on in relation to people? 21. What are the limitations in relation to self-report measurements? How can discriminatory behavior be measured? 22. How can stereotypes be assessed? What would people have to do in order to be assessed? 23. What are examples of self-report measures? 24. Define hypothesis and what relationship it has with variables. a. Hypotheses: i. Derivations of heorecal posulates that can be tested in research: ii. Hypotheses state relationships between two variables in ways that can be tested in research b. Theories organize knowledge by proposing links among variables i. Variable 1. A characteristic on which people differ ii. Postulates 1. Links among variables proposed by theories 25. What is discriminant validity? What is convergent validity? What is the validity of a measure? a. Convergent evidence: the degree to which scores on a measure correlate with scores on measures of related characteristics and behaviors i. When scores on a measure correlate with scores on a similar measure, hen he researcher has convergent evidence b. Discriminant Evidence: extent to which a measure does not assess characteristics that it is not supposed to assessi8k 26. What are the targets of prejudice? a. Race and ehniciy b. Religion c. Gender and sexual orientation d. Age, ability, and appearance 27. What is the definition and proponents of cognitive theory? a. 1980’s to present b. Prejudice is viewed as universal and inevitable c. Stereotyping is a normal cognitive process that simplifies information stored in memory d. Simpler to think of all members in a group as similar 28. What are some examples of institutional discrimination? Where do institutional discrimination and organizational discrimination stem from? What is discrimination? a. Discrimination: i. Treating people differently from others based primarily on membership in a group ii. It can be verbal or behavioral iii. Behavior directed toward social groups who are the object of prejudice iv. Occurs on various levels in society: 1. From the individual to the cultural b. Organizational discrimination:  i. The practices, rules, and policies of formal organizations (corporations, government agencies) ii. Have discriminatory outcomes c. Institutional Discrimination: i. Norms, policies and practices associated with a social institution result in different outcomes for members of different groups ii. Beliefs about a group superiority that are sanctioned by governing bodies (separate but equal school desegregation, hospital evacuations during Hurricane Katrina, voter identification laws that adversely affect certain social groups such as the poor) 29. What is the definition of culture? What are the first pieces of information that people notice about others? a. Is a unique meaning and information system: i. Shared by a group ii. Transmitted across generations iii. Unique meaning and information system iv. Allows a group to meet its basic needs b. The first pieces of information people notice about others: i. Race ii. Gender iii. Age 30. What are explicit prejudices? What are implicit prejudices? a. Implicit prejudices: reactions toward groups or individuals that occur automatically outside conscious awareness b. Explicit prejudices: attitudes that people are aware of and can easily conrol Hypothetical situations (what prejudice does blank exhibit)