NUR 3138 Study Guide (Exam 1) PDF

NUR 3138 Study Guide (Exam 1) - **Health Promotion**: Know the definitions and the activities that represent each level Primary - Promoting health and preventing development of disease/injury - Ex: immunization clinics, family-planning, poison-control info, accident...

NUR 3138 Study Guide (Exam 1) - **Health Promotion**: Know the definitions and the activities that represent each level Primary - Promoting health and preventing development of disease/injury - Ex: immunization clinics, family-planning, poison-control info, accident-prevention education, teaching about healthy diet/exercise/seat belts/safe sex etc. - Secondary - Screening for early detection of disease, diagnosis and treatment -- goal to identify illness and reverse severity, provide cure and return to maximum health - Ex: asses for normal growth/development, encourage dental/vision/medical exams - Tertiary - Begins after illness is diagnosed and treated -- goal of reducing disability and aiding rehabilitation to maximum functioning - Ex: physical therapy, support groups - Communicating with: - Physically impaired individuals - Utilize augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies to adjust conversation - Eye blinks or hand squeezes to imply yes or no, writing pads, communication boards, pictures, sign language - Mentally challenged - Maintain eye contact, have quiet environment to avoid distraction, use simple terms, use closed ended questions, be patient and willing to repeat yourself - The unconscious patient - Assume patient can still hear you, speak before touching them, keep environment quiet so they can focus on your voice - Visually impaired - Acknowledge your presence, identify yourself, explain reasons for touch, indicate when conversation is over and when you're leaving - A foreigner who can't speak English - Get medical interpreter, use dictionary for word translation, speak in simple terms - **Interpersonal and intrapersonal communication** - Interpersonal: self talk, communication with one's self - Intrapersonal: occurs between two or more people with a goal to exchange messages - How can a nurse establish nurse-client relationship at the orientation phase - The roles of both people in the relationship are clarified and an agreement about relationship is established - Patient is provided with an orientation to the healthcare facility, its' services, admission routines and any info patient needs for comfortability - Nurse can create foundation of self-awareness, empathy and confidence that sets up a strong and trusting relationship with the client - Nurse can create strong foundation for collaboration, trust and mutual understanding - How can a nurse facilitate patient assessment - Nurses can enhance focus, empathy and clinical reasoning during patient assessment process, ultimately improving the quality of care provided - Nurses can create a supportive and effective environment for patient assessment, ensuring accurate data collection and fostering trust - Barriers to communication - Developmental level - Sociocultural differences - Roles and responsibilities - Space and territoriality - Physical, mental and emotional state - Values - Environment - Patient Interview, know the definitions and examples of: - Closed-ended questions - Require yes/no response, gathering specific information - Open ended questions - Encourage detailed responses, exploring patient concerns - Types of illness - Acute: What type of illnesses are acute? - Rapid onset of symptoms, lasts for short period of time - Ex: appendicitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, common cold - Chronic: Examples of chronic illness. - Slow onset of symptoms, periods of remission and exacerbation - Permanent change, caused by irreversible alterations - Ex: asthma, cancer, epilepsy, hypertension, arthritis - When a patient is in remission from chronic illness - Remission: symptoms disappear, temporary recovery but disease is still present **Human Dimensions of health** - Emotional dimension- Identify symptoms - How the mind affects bodily function and responds to bodily conditions - Symptoms: anxiety, depression, impulsive behavior, difficulty concentrating - Physical- What are the symptoms - Genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, gender - Symptoms: Down syndrome, color blindness, sickle cell anemia **Maslow's Hierarchy of needs** - Physiological - Most basic needs, essential for survival - Ex: hunger, thirst, elimination (ability to use restroom), reproduction, mobility - Safety and security - Second priority - Physical safety: protection from harm/accidents/illness, shelter - Emotional security: stability in relationships, job security - Self-actualization needs - Highest level, most don't get this far - Full comfortability/respect with self and others, ability to solve problems and pursue interests **Cultural Diversity:** - How can the nurse meet the religious needs of a patient who has a different religion or culture - A patient who prefers a different food - How to react to patient worshiping with their native priest who is performing rituals - Review the concept of ethnocentrism - Belief that one's own culture is superior to others and the tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own - Review the difference between ethnicity and culture - Culture: encompasses shared values, beliefs, norms, and practices of a specific group of people -- shapes how people perceive health, illness, life and death -- can influence perspective on healthcare, communication, and decision-making - Ethnicity: sense of identification with cultural group, based on common heritage -- can belong to group based on birth/adoption **Prioritizing nursing care:** - What will be the most important thing to do when caring for a patient, using the A-B-C priority used in CPR (A for air; B for breath, C for circulation). A is the highest priority, B is next, and C is last. Review how to prioritize. - Holistic nursing care: What does it mean, provide examples - Adapting and assimilating to new culture, review how individuals adapt, who requires the most time and who requires the least time to adapt. **Infection Control:** - Differentiate among the agent, host, and environment when dealing with infection - 3 factors constantly interacting - Agent: cause infection -- bacteria, fungi, viruses - Host: living being where infectious/pathogenic agent resides - Environment: physical surroundings, factor determining spread of microorganisms and infection - Know the most effective means of controlling the spread of infection - Hand hygiene - Review the stages of infection and the most infectious stage - Incubation period: time between pathogen's invasion and onset of symptoms, organism is growing and multiplying - Prodromal stage: MOST INFECTIOUS, early signs and symptoms (fever, fatigue), usually unaware of being contagious - Full (acute) stage: infection-specific signs/symptoms, determines length and severity of illness - Convalescent period: recovery from infection, may be changes to person's initial health depending on severity of infection - Surgical asepsis may be used during which non-surgical procedure? - Inserting urinary or IV catheter - Sterile dressing changes - Preparing injectable medication - Review the effect of illness on client with weakened immune system - Immunosuppressed people can become infected by organisms within their own bodies, rather than pathogens in environment or other people - Healthcare recommendations: ensure provider is healthy, restrict visits from those with colds or contagious illnesses, avoid collection of standing water (humidifier, plants), follow hospital protocols (PPE) - Patient recommendations: wash hands frequently, use disinfectants and antibacterial wipes, avoid sharing personal items, avoid crowds, minimize risk of injury, avoid those who are sick or recently vaccinated, cook food properly (don't undercook), properly refrigerate food, pay attention to expiration dates **Safety:** - Education plan for parents of young children (infant, toddler, school age) - Education plan for elderly - Head injury- signs and symptoms - Medication administration- what do you do before you administer certain medications such as (B/P, heart meds, or blood-thinners) - Any post-surgical patient with a rattler breathing should be addressed immediately. Review normal and abnormal breathing **Vital Signs:** - Review how to choose the right size blood pressure cuff. What will be the error that may occur if the cuff is too wide, or too narrow - Bladder length should be 75-100% and width 37-50% of arm circumference, length to width ratio 2:1, 1-2 fingers should be able to fit inside - If cuff is too wide, reading will be low - If cuff is too narrow, reading will be high - Checking pulse- What is pulse rate, pulse rhythm, and pulse amplitude - Pulse rate: number of pulsations felt over peripheral artery or heard over apex of heart, corresponds to rate that heart is beating within one minute - Pulse rhythm: pattern of beats and intervals between them - Pulse amplitude: quality of pulse in terms of fullness, indicating volume of blood flowing through vessel, reflects strength of left ventricular contraction - Which provides the most accurate temperature, and which is the least accurate - Most accurate: rectal - Least accurate: axillary (armpit) **Fire Safety:** - Review the RACE protocol for fire safety - Rescue anyone from immediate danger - Activate the fire code and notify appropriate person - Confine the fire by closing doors and windows - Evacuate patients and other people to safe areas