Exam 1 Review Sheet PDF

Exam 1 Review Sheet Topic 1 1. Be able to define science is (process), the Scientific Method, hypothesis and theory. 2. Know what makes a good hypothesis and how the "null" hypothesis is used in research. 3. Know the characteristics of living things. 4. Understand the differences be...

Exam 1 Review Sheet Topic 1 1. Be able to define science is (process), the Scientific Method, hypothesis and theory. 2. Know what makes a good hypothesis and how the "null" hypothesis is used in research. 3. Know the characteristics of living things. 4. Understand the differences between prokaryote and prokaryote cells. 5. Know the basic system of taxonomy developed by Linnaeus with regards to the taxons represented and what is meant by the terms *Genus* and *species*. 6. Understand the term *Domain* with regards to findings by Woese about relatedness of living things based on rRNA findings. 7. Know how genetic sequences can be used to understand the phylogenetic relationships between organisms when building a phylogenetic tree. 8. Know the difference between the Theory of Spontaneous Generation (abiogenesis) and the Cell Theory (biogenesis) and the research done by Needham, Spallanzani and Pasteur that settled the controversy. 1. Understand what data is, how it is used and how it can be represented in tables, graphs and charts. 2. When examining graphs, be able to determine the independent and dependent variables. 3. Be able to define the term **biodiversity** and know how it is measured. 4. Know what **extinction** means to a species. Understand the importance of the increasing rate of extinction which has been occurring since the 1800s. 5. Be able to list and describe the major threats to biodiversity today. 6. Know the difference between **weather** and **climate**. 7. Understand the concept of **anthropomorphic climate change** with regards to carbon dioxide, pollution and human expansion and population growth. 1. Know the difference between **asexual** and **sexual** forms of reproduction. 2. Be able to able to list and describe the stages of mitosis and meiosis. 3. Understand the terms **somatic cell**, **autosome**, and **sex chromosome**. 4. Know the basic structure of a chromosome. 5. Be able to define the terms **ploidy**, **haploid**, **diploid** and **polyploid**. 6. Know the differences between meiosis I and meiosis II with regards to chromosome placement and ploidy during each stage. 7. Be able to differentiate between **homologous** and **nonhomologous, sister** and **non-sister** chromosomes. 8. Understand what **alleles** are, as well as **gene loci** (singular **locus**). 9. Know the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual forms of reproduction. 10. Understand the process of **gametogenesis** and be able to explain the differences between **oogenesis** and **spermatogenesis**. 1. Know the hypotheses for **blending inheritance**, **acquired characteristics** and **particulate inheritance**. 2. Understand what a **model organism** is and why pea plants were so important to Mendel's work. 3. Know the term trait means and its modern equivalent. 4. Understand the terms **parental generation** (**P1**) and **first filial generation** (**F1**). 5. Define the terms **genotype**, **phenotype**, **dominant** genes**, recessive** genes, **homozygous** and **heterozygous**. 6. Be able to perform monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and determine from them **phenotypic ratios** for each characteristic trait. 7. Define the **principle of segregation** and **independent assortment** of genes. 8. Define **linkage** and what **sex-linked traits** are. 9. Know how **crossing over** introduces variation in offspring. 10. Explain how crossing over can be used to determine distance of linked genes from one another when producing a **genetic map**. 11. Know the concept of **multiple alleles** determining phenotype and give an example. 12. Be able to define **complete dominance**, **codominance**, **incomplete dominance**, **pleiotropy** and **epistasis**. 13. Discriminate between **discrete traits** and **quantitative traits**. 14. Define **polygenic expression**.