BIOL 1760/1761 Lab Practical #1 Review - PDF

BIOL 1760/1761- LAB PRACTICAL #1 - REVIEW  Form a study group and quiz each other. Even if it’s over the phone or by e-mail, two, three or four heads are better than one!  Write your own exam questions and try to answer them.  Go through the lab exercises and review the words...

BIOL 1760/1761- LAB PRACTICAL #1 - REVIEW  Form a study group and quiz each other. Even if it’s over the phone or by e-mail, two, three or four heads are better than one!  Write your own exam questions and try to answer them.  Go through the lab exercises and review the words in bold-faced type. Do you understand the terms and concepts? If not, find a reference – a textbook, a website, or another person who can explain the information to you in a different way.  Review lab procedures, results and questions. Try to learn concepts and understand results rather than memorizing them. Topics to be covered on the exam: Please note that this list is NOT EXHAUSTIVE. Ex. 1&2 – ORIENTATION, SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND METRIC SYSTEM Terms/concepts to know: observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, treatment, replication, control, conclusion, mean, median, range, standard deviation.  Do you know the safety rules of the lab?  What is the difference between a question and a hypothesis?  Do you know how to write a hypothesis? What is an alternative hypothesis? Null hypothesis?  What is a dependent variable? How about an independent variable?  What is the purpose of the scientific method? o What are the steps of the scientific method?  Do you know the metric reference units for length, temperature, volume & mass?  Could you use tools that might be available to determine length, temperature, volume and mass of objects?  Can you convert between units? For instance can you convert 2.5 cm to micrometers?  Could you describe how to properly handle a pipette?  Can you describe how to properly measure volume using a graduated cylinder? Ex. 3 - THE MICROSCOPE Terms/concepts to know: compound light microscope, dissecting microscope, oculars, coarse and fine adjustment knobs, objectives, nosepiece, stage, base, condenser, condenser iris diaphragm, magnification, resolution, contrast, parfocal, parcentral, field of view, depth of field of view, size of field of view, low- power objective (scanning), medium-power objective, high-power objective, oil immersion.   Do you know how to properly focus a microscope? What are the steps?  Could you identify the parts of a microscope and their functions?  Could you differentiate between magnification and resolution? Parfocal vs. parcentral?  Could you calculate total magnification for a given ocular and objective lens? How about the diameter of the field of view?  Could you name differences between the compound light and dissecting microscopes and identify what kinds of specimens would be observed under each? Ex. 4 – THE CELL Terms/concepts to know: cell theory, prokaryote, eukaryote, cell membrane, cell wall, nucleolus, cytoplasm, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ribosome, mitochondria, golgi complex, lysosome, vacuoles, chloroplast, plasmodesmata, plastid, amyloplast, cilia, flagella  Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells.  Could you name organisms that are prokaryotes and eukaryotes?  Could you identify the differences between animal and plant cells?  Could you name and state the functions of the major organelles?  Could you distinguish an animal cell from a plant cell under the microscope? A prokaryotic from a eukaryotic cell? Ex. 14 & 15 – MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Terms/concepts to know: binary fission, mitosis, meiosis, single chromosome, sister chromatid, chromatin, centromere, centrosome, centrioles, haploid, diploid, homologous chromosomes, synapsis, crossing over, cell cycle, interphase (G1, Synthesis (S), G2) Mitotic (M) phase, cytokinesis, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, identical, non-identical, gametogenesis, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, plant gametogenesis, microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, microspore, megaspore, megaspore mother cell, pollen, anther, filament, stigma, style, ovary, ovule.  Recall the steps of mitosis and what occurs in the cell during each step  What kinds of cells undergo mitosis? Meiosis?  During S phase, DNA replication occurs, yielding a replicated chromosome with 2 sister chromatids attached at the centromere  Know how cytokinesis differs between plant and animal cells: cell plate vs. cleavage furrow.  Be able to look at mitosis/meiosis model or slide and tell what phase the cell is undergoing.   Be able to draw cells in various stages of mitosis/meiosis with particular numbers of chromosomes.  How many chromosomes do you see here-images of various phases?  Know that the products of mitosis are 2 identical diploid daughter cells with the same # of chromosomes as the parent cell.  Know differences and similarities between mitosis and meiosis  Know steps of meiosis, how to tell difference between steps be able to distinguish among steps while looking at slides or models.  When does synapsis occur (phase)? What is a tetrad? When does crossing over occur (phase)?  What are homologous chromosomes and when do they pair? o During which stages are cells diploid? When are they haploid? How does chromosomal number change throughout meiosis?  Where does spermatogenesis occur? Oogenesis? Products?  What are the reproductive structures found in a flower?  What is microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis? What are the products? Ex. 17 – GENETICS Terms/concepts to know: gene, allele, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype, principle of segregation, law of independent assortment, incomplete dominance, codominance, lethal inheritance, pedigree analysis, monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, Punnett square, ABO blood types, Rhesus factor (Rh), antigen, antibody, agglutination  Who is the father of genetics?  Know the difference between gene and allele.  Know the difference between phenotype and genotype.  Be able to construct Punnett squares for different crosses.  Know differences between simple dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, lethal dominance, and give examples of each.  Be able to predict parental genotypes based on offspring’s phenotypic ratio o Know phenotypic ratio from dihybrid cross.  Review blood typing. What type of dominance is involved? Know about antigens, antibodies, and agglutination. What blood types are dominant, which one is recessive? Rh + is dominant or recessive?  What blood type is the universal donor? Universal recipient? Ex. 16 - Molecular Biology & Biotechnology and Agarose gel Electrophoresis  What is DNA? What is the charge on DNA? Why is it important?  Do you know what restriction enzymes are? How do they work?  Why is DNA fingerprinting important?  What is Agarose Gel electrophoresis?  Why do differently charged dyes migrate to different ends of the gel?  Be able to calculate the Rf values of different dyes Remember – this list is not complete! Use this as a starting point as you prepare for your exam. Good luck!!!