Exam 1 - Oral Comm 1.pdf

Zinnia Amistoso_11B -STEM A Communication - Exchange of information, concepts, and opinions between or among two or more people within the same/different contexts. Elements of Communic...

Zinnia Amistoso_11B -STEM A Communication - Exchange of information, concepts, and opinions between or among two or more people within the same/different contexts. Elements of Communication Element Definition 1. Speaker Source of information/message 2. Message information/ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or actions 3. Encoding converting the speaker into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands 4. Channel medium/means such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed 5. Decoding process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver 6. Receiver recipient of the message/ someone who decodes the message 7. Feedback reactions, responses, or info provided by the receiver 8. Context the environment where communication takes place 9. Barriers the factors that affect the flow of communication Communication Models - Models are used to illustrate and further explain the communication process/ the models demonstrate the relationship among the elements of communication - They trace the flow of communication which sheds further light on the definition and nature of communication Different Models of Communication: 1. Linear - one-way 2. Interactive - two-way 3. Transactional - two-way communication wherein the message becomes more complex as the discussion progress. Shannon-Weaver Linear Model - Communications happen when things are sent and then received, linear/one-way - Also known as “the mother of all communication models” - key elements: sender, message, channel receiver, destination - Description: linear/one-way - Limitations: nonverbal, feedback, people are complicated, interprets messages differently - Communication model, it’s simple but people are complicated!  Other Communication Models Aristotle's model (linear) Lasswell's model (linear) Key elements: speaker-speech-audience Key elements: sender-message-channel-receiver-effect Description: linear Description: linear Limitations: feedback Limitations: feedback Differences: one-way Differences: introduced the concept of noise Schramm & Osgood’s model (interactive) Dance’s helical model (interactive) Key elements: encoder-source-decoder-receiver- Key elements: source-receiver(exchange roles) message-feedback Description: 2-way/interactive Description: Interactive Limitations: pacing Limitations: Noise Differences: 2 way, while the other is linear Differences: feedback - 2-way process Wood’s transactional (transactional) Foulger’s ecological model (transactional) Key elements: communications (symbols = meanings, nose and time) Key elements: speaker-message-channel- Description: transactional receiver-feedback Limitations: does not highlight the actual message Description: unidirectional Differences: 2 way Limitations: barrier Differences: feedback through channels Communications Functions Element Definition 1. Regulatory and - Communication in this perspective involves rules and protocols based on Control social structures and corresponding socio-cultural positions. - Usually observed in social groups or institutions such as family school, friends, or church. 2. Social Interaction - This refers to our inherent need to establish social interpersonal relationships - There are two kinds: 1. Those we are born into/compelled to join. 2. Those in which we choose to belong such as friendships/romance relationships. - Communication is needed to establish, maintain, and maintain any of these 2 social relationship types 3. Motivation - This stems from our physiological predisposition to influence others and be influenced. - This includes engaging in negotiations. 4. Emotional Expression - This refers to our disposition to express feelings and emotions. - Being open to the variety of emotions and sentiments we had helps us become effective communicators. - Being attuned and aware of our emotions and their consequences expressions makes us easily relate to other communications’ feelings. 5. Information - This function refers to our propensity to acquire and disseminate information.  Features of an Effective Communication Feature Definition Complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication process in general. Hence, communication 1. Completeness should include everything the receiver needs to hear to respond, react, or evaluate properly. 2. Conciseness Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct or straight to the point. Insignificant or redundant information should be eliminated from the communication sent to the recipient. 3. Consideration To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information about the receiver, such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs. By doing so, they can easily build rapport with the receiver. 4. Concreteness Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. This makes the receiver more connected to the message conveyed. 5. Courtesy The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of their receivers. Being courteous creates a positive impact on the receivers. 6. Clearness Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focuses on a single objective in their speech so as not to confuse the receivers. 7. Correctness Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the receivers and increases the credibility and clarity of the message Communication Baarriers The factors that obstruct the effectiveness of communication. These barriers cause a mismatch between the understanding of the message by the sender and the receiver. These barriers can occur at any stage of the communication process. Barrier Description Form 1. Semantic Barriers The problems and 1. Badly expressed message: Communication obstructions in the becomes ineffective when the language of the process of encoding and message is vague, imprecise, or there is the use decoding messages into of wrong words or omission of needed words. words or impressions are 2. Symbols with different meanings: The same known as Semantic words may carry different meanings to different barriers. This barrier people, and can convey different meanings under arises because different different situations. (ex. Homophone & words mean different homographs. things to different people. Homophones ○ same pronunciation ○ diff. spelling & meanings Homographs ○ Same pronunciation ○ diff. meanings 3. Faulty Translations: Sometimes, people do not understand the language in which the sender  gives a message. 4. Unclarified Assumptions: The receiver may have different assumptions if the sender does not clarify the assumptions about the message. 5. Technical Jargon: Technical Jargon or terminology is used by many experts and specialists to communicate messages. Such jargon is not understood by the common people, which leads to poor communication. 6. Body Language and Gesture Decoding: The receiver may get confused an can misunderstand that message if the verbal language does not match the body language. 2. Psychological Barrier Barriers which arise on 1. Premature Evaluation: This is the tendency to the account of the form a judgment before listening to the entire emotional and message. psychological status of the 2. Lack of Attention: Communication can be less sender and receiver of the effective and the message can be misunderstood message. if proper attention is not given. 3. Loss by Transmission and Poor Retention: Transmission or inaccurate information is lost when communication passes through various levels or channels in the organization. Poor retention also acts as a barrier when people are unable to retain the information for a long time. 4. Distrust: Parties involved in communication cannot understand the message in an original sense when they do not believe each other. 3. Organizational Barriers In an organization, 1. Organizational Policy: The communication communication has to process is hampered if the policy is not supportive pass through various of the free flow of communication. levels and channels, hence 2. Rules and Regulations: The process of it may not reach the same communication is affected by rigid and place as it was sent by the cumbersome rules and regulations. sender. 3. Status: Statuses or social standing stand in the way of true and accurate communication. 4. Complexity in Organization Structure: If there are many levels in an organizational structure, then communication gets delayed and distorted. 5. Organizational Facilities: If facilities like frequent meetings, conferences, suggestion boxes, complaint boxes, etc., are absent in an organization, then effective communication (incomplete notes) 4. Personal Barriers The effectiveness of 1. Fear of Challenge to Authority: If a person communication is fears that a particular communication can hamper influenced by the personal his authority, then he may withhold such  factors of both sender and communication. the receiver. 2. Lack of Confidence: When a person does not have faith or confidence in sharing their thoughts or in trusting the ideas of other people, communication is said to be hampered. 3. Unwillingness to Communicate: Unwillingness to communicate can be another reason for ineffective communication. 4. Lack of Proper Incentives: Some people also do not take the initiative to communicate, when there is no motivation or incentives for communication. Verbal vs Non-Verbal Communication Verbal Communication This refers to communication that make use of language in expressing ideas or emotions. Communication utilizes speech to express or communicate what they wish to say or communicate. - Although spoken communication is frequently thought of when the phrase "verbal communication" is used, written communication is also a form of verbal communication. Non-Verbal Communication Types of Non-Verbal Communication 1. Proxemics - The signs and signals we convey to others using our personal and social space are referred to as proxemics in nonverbal communication. We determine these signs and signals based on the situation, such as work or school, or how close the relationships are to us. 2. Kinesics - This refers to the use of body parts, such as hands, arms, body, and face movements, in communicating ideas or emotions. - We interpret a great deal of meaning through body movement. However, communication through body language might be interpreted differently in different settings and cultures, so be cautious. 3. Chronemics - It looks at how people use time. It enables us to comprehend how people conceptualize and organize time in their interactions and interpersonal relationships. - Another example is that punctuality reveals a lot about someone's interest, so if you arrive late for an interview, you know what the interviewer will think of you. 4. Haptics - It refers to the use of the sense of touch in communication. It is a type of nonverbal communication in which people communicate through touch. - In interpersonal interactions, haptics play a key role in expressing physical intimacy. But similar to kinesics, communication through touch might be interpreted differently in different settings and cultures, so be cautious.