MIDTERM NOTES FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION PDF

Lesson Topic: The Nature of Communication --------------------------- **1. Communication is a process.** **2. Communication is much more of an ART than a science.** **3. Communication has a sender and receiver.** **4. Communication is verbal or non-verbal.** **5. Communication is inevitable.**...

Lesson Topic: The Nature of Communication --------------------------- **1. Communication is a process.** **2. Communication is much more of an ART than a science.** **3. Communication has a sender and receiver.** **4. Communication is verbal or non-verbal.** **5. Communication is inevitable.** **6. Communication is irreversible.** **7. Communication is unrepeatable.** Lesson Topic: The Process of Communication 1. The speaker **generates** or develops an idea to be sent. 2. The speaker **encodes** the idea or converts it to words or actions. 3. The speaker **transmits** or sends out the idea using a specific medium or channel. 4. The receiver **gets** the message. 5. The receiver **decodes** or interprets it. 6. The receiver **provides or sends feedback**. Noise ===== Lesson Topic: Functions of Communication **1. Regulation / Control** -- Communication functions to control behavior. It can be used to regulate the nature and number of activities people engage in. "Take your medicine before you go to bed." "Finish your work before you go." **2. Social Interaction** -- Communication allows people to interact with others to develop bonds or intimacy. It also allows individuals to express desires, encouragement, needs, and decision or to give and get information. "Would you like to go to church with me?" "Come on! You can do it!" **3. Motivation** -- Communication persuades or encourages another person to change his/her opinion, attitude, and behavior. "You're on the right track. Keep up the good work." "My dream is to finish my Senior High School despite this pandemic". **4. Emotional Expression** -- Communication facilitates people's expression of their feelings such as love, fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other emotion. "I'm so happy to have you in my life." "I like you so much." **5. Information Dissemination**-- Communication functions to convey information. It can be used in giving and getting information. "The Philippine Normal University was founded in 1901." "You can find the bathroom right next to this door" Lesson Topic: Models of Communication Models of Communication explain and illustrate how the process of communicating works. **a. Aristotle's Model of Communication** Aristotle (5 BCE), a teacher of Rhetoric and a founder of an academy that produced good speakers, came up with the first and earliest model of communication. This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication. Speaker plays a very important role in public speaking. To influence or persuade his audience, he must first prepare his speech and analyze the audience before he speaks to them. **b. Transactional Model** In the transactional model, there is an exchange of messages between the sender and the receiver where both take turns in sending and receiving messages. The roles of both communicators reverse each time in the communication process. This is also called circular model of communication and is used for interpersonal communication. Everyday talk and interactions are examples of transactional model of communication. The participants in this communication process who have common social and cultural systems and relational situations can communicate with one another more effectively. A teacher discussing a lesson with his students or teachers holding a virtual meeting communicate with one another efficiently because they know each other and share the same social system. The model shows that there is a continuous exchanging of messages, but barriers may take place and affect communication.  **c. Shannon -- Weaver's Model of Communication Claude** Shannon and Warren Weaver introduced the concept of noise. This model of communication is also known as the Telephone Model for this is based on the experience of using the telephone back in the 1940's wherein the message was hindered by noise. Therefore, the message received by the listener was not necessarily the message sent by the sender. The Shannon -- Weaver model of communication contains six important features. **SENDER -** The originator of message or the information source selects desire message. **ENCODER -** The transmitter which converts the message into signals **DECODER -** The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message, a reverse process of encode *Note: The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message which is comfortable and understandable for receiver. Otherwise, receiver can't receive the exact message, and it will affect the effective communication between sender and receiver.* **RECEIVER -** The destination of the message from sender Note: Based on the decoded message, the receiver gives their feedback to sender. If the message is distracted by noise, it will affect the communication flow between sender and receiver. **NOISE -** The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel. During this process the messages may be distracted or affected by physical noise like horn sounds, thunder, and crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in the channel during the transmission process which affect the communication flow or the receiver may not receive the correct message. ***An example of Shannon - Weaver Model of Communication*** Mr. Diaz made a call to his secretary "Please call the internet provider." During his call, noise comes in (transmission error) and his secretary heard "Please call" only. The secretary replied (feedback) "Whom will I call, Sir?" Due to transmission error or noise, the secretary was not able to understand the message. **d. Schramm Model of Communication** Wilbur Schramm is known as the Father of Mass Communication. He came up with five models but in the Schramm Model of Communication he developed in 1955, communication breakdown is explained. He asserts that both the sender and the receiver should have the same field of experience. In this concept, field of experience refers to everything that makes an individual unique -- everything that he/she has ever learned, watched, seen, heard, read, and studied. In this model, communication has six elements **Source** **Channel** **Encoder** **Decoder** **Message** **Receiver** He gives emphasis on encoding and decoding of message. This model shows how a message is transferred from the sender to the receiver. The model also asserts that message can be complicated by different meaning learned by different people. Schramm claims that communication can take place if and only if there is an overlap between the field of experience of the participants of the communication process. It means that the sender and the receiver have commonalities. For example, a Japanese is invited to give a talk to Filipino students. These students can only understand English and Filipino. If the speaker will speak in Japanese, the audience will not be able to understand him.  **e. Eugene White Model of Communication** Eugene White's Model of communication says that communication is circular and continuous, without a beginning or end. His 1960 cyclical model, the communication process is composed of eight stages: symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feed-backing, monitoring, and thinking. He also points out that although one can assume that communication begins with thinking, it can be observed from any point in the circle. White was also the one who introduced the concept of feedback which is a process also known as to close the loop. **f. Berlo's Model of Communication** You have already learned that Aristotle's model of communication places the speaker in the central position and the one who drives the entire communication process. The Berlo's model of communication takes into account the emotional aspect of the message. Berlo's model follows the SMCR model **S -- Source** **M -- Message** **C -- Channel** **R -- Receiver** Berlo's model of communication is composed of a several factors under each element. The SOURCE is where the message originates. The person should have communication skills like the ability to read, write, speak, and listen to the right attitude towards the listeners, subject, and oneself. The individual must be knowledgeable about the topic he is communicating and the audience's familiarity with it. In communicating, the social system must be considered such as the culture of the audience. The sender of the message from where the message originates is referred to as the encoder. Content is the body of the **MESSAGE**, from beginning to the end like whatever the teacher teaches his students from the beginning up to the end. The speech must be accompanied by elements such as gestures, facial expression or body language so that listeners will not lose interest. Treatment is the way one treats his message. One must understand the importance of the message know how to handle it. Berlo's model asserts that a message must be properly structured in order to be conveyed clearly. The code in this model refers to the means through which a message is sent and in what form. It could be the language, gestures, expressions, music, and so on. The code should be correct in the communication. Only when the code is clear, the message will be clear. The C in the **SMCR** stands for **CHANNEL.** Channel refers to the five sense organs: hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting. These five senses help human beings to communicate with one another. When the **RECEIVER** message reaches the receiver, he tries to understand what the sender is trying to convey. This is also called decoding.  **g. Helical Model of Communication** The Helical Model of communication was developed by Frank Dance in 1967. He thought of communication similar to helix. Helix is a smooth curve like a spring that goes upwards and downwards. This model presents the concept of time where continuousness of communication process is very important. In helical model, communication is a dynamic process. Communication progresses as an individual gets older and his experience and vocabulary increases. Lesson Topic: Communication Breakdown In effective communication, speakers do not only communicate using their words but also with their actions. They should also see to it that the actions they make must match with what they say, otherwise, miscommunication may take place. Communication using words is called verbal communication while communication without words such as facial expression and hand gestures is called non-verbal communication. Communication can take among people with or without words. There are two types of communication: verbal and non-verbal. **Verbal Communication** Verbal communication is the use of words in sharing information with other people. It can include both spoken and written communication. Spoken communication is mostly face-to-face, but nowadays, technology such as phone and internet allow people to communicate with others without being at the same place at the same time. The verbal element of communication is all about the words one chooses and how the receiver interprets it. The purpose of communication is to convey information to others. Through the choice of written and spoken words, ideas are exchanged. Unfortunately, miscommunication is common, many times that participants in a communication process fail to understand what are said or written. There are possible barriers to verbal communication. First, people themselves participating in the interaction can be the barriers. They may have poor infirmities such as poor hearing or eyesight and others stutter. People have different opinions and beliefs; they follow cultural mores (values, customs, and behaviors that are accepted by a particular group); or they adhere to society's attitudes toward gender and sexuality, business practices, and religious beliefs. The factors mentioned above can lead to their inability to deliver, listen to, and respond appropriately to the message. Opinions and beliefs color our message or our response. The participants, both speaker and listener have opinions and beliefs that belong to a culture and a gender. Gender comes into communication when people categorize certain ways of speaking or using words as being masculine or feminine. Many people do not expect men to be soft spoken or have a high-pitched voice or women having harsh and a low-pitched voice. The topic may also be a barrier to communication because of its vagueness, complexity, emotional pull, or hidden agenda. The speaker must avoid these qualities in the topic of the message so that, instead, it will be clear, simple, restrained, and with no hidden motives. Communicative Situation is another group of possible barriers to communication. There may be "noise" in the physical setting and in the participants themselves. The actual noise from the surrounding may cause the participants to misunderstand one another. At the same time, the participants may have their own motives for participating, motives that are not aligned with or support the speaker's purpose for communicating. The audience must know whether the speaker is there to entertain or to persuade. The listener may not have enough knowledge or experience to form a basis for interpreting and responding to the message. Language Choice also leads to communication breakdown. The linguistic differences among the participants can be a barrier to communication. Some words used by the speaker may mean different things to others. Depending on how a word is used, it can easily be misinterpreted by another person. The speaker must be very careful with the words he uses. **Non-Verbal Communication** Transmitting messages without using words is called non-verbal communication. It is conveyed as visual cues. Gestures, facial expressions, giving flowers, choosing a color of what to wear, or putting a forefinger in front of lips are just some examples of non-verbal communication. Although no word is used, non-verbal communication can effectively communicate many human feelings Non-verbal communication includes the following: **1. Language of gestures** Gestures are the most often used type of non-verbal communication. To be more understandable and interesting to a listener, the speaker must accompany his/her speech with gestures but one has to consider the culture of the receiver because gestures have different meanings in other places. In the Philippines and other countries, nodding means yes but it is the opposite in the Middle East. The following are other examples of gesture: a\. Emblems -- clenched fist upraised b\. Emphasizing -- "YES" clenched both fists in front of breast c\. Illustrating -- "this large" (open hands set apart) d\. Regulating -- "shh" forefinger in front of lips **2. Facial Expression** The face plays a very important role in communication. It expresses various types of emotions or feelings such as joy, sorrow, anger, annoyance, confusion, fear, hatred or surprise. Within the facial area, eyes are especially effective for indicating attention and interest. However, interpretations of facial expressions differ from culture to culture. **3. Language of colors** People choose colors based on the meaning of each. Colors have certain meanings based on the dictates of culture and gender. In the Philippines, most parents prepare everything in blue for baby boys and pink for baby girls. People wear black when they grieve while others wear white. **4. Language of flowers** Flowers are also used to say what we cannot expressed in words. These meanings are also influenced by culture and gender. In the Philippines, men send flowers to women. When men give flowers, it reflects their reference to women as delicate and feminine. It indicates special treatment. When a man gives woman flowers, it\'s a sure sign that she is someone very dear to him. Using flowers can create conflict if one does not know the culture of a place. In the Philippines, one will be annoyed if someone gives her plumeria or kalachi. In Hawaii, they give kalachuchi to welcome guests. Italians send chrysanthemums for special occasions, but Filipinos generally see them in funeral arrangements. **5. Language of space** Language of space or [proxemics] is the use of space based on importance. This type of non-verbal communication is similarly used as chronemics by people who want to show who they are. In some companies, the one who holds the highest position usually has the biggest office and in the best location such as on the top floor or penthouse of the building. Distance can express the degree of intimacy and individual acceptance. **6. Language of time** Language of time or [chronemics] is the use of time based on position and power. In the Philippines, times most often used to convey how powerful a person is. Someone in authority may show that his/her time is more important than that of the visitors by making them wait. **7. Language of touch** Language of touch also known as [Haptics] can also be used to expressed what cannot be said. It is also one of the most powerful of the types of non-verbal communication. Unlike the other types, in Haptics, there is contact between the sender and the receiver of the message. Touch can comfort, encourage, dissuade, or aggravate. **Paralanguage** **8. Posture and Body Orientation** Posture and body orientation are also a type of non-verbal communication. How one stands or sits tells the people around how one sees oneself as a speaker, how he/she sees the listeners, and his attitude toward the message. One can communicate numerous messages by the way he walks. Standing erect, but not rigid, and leaning slightly forward may mean that one is approachable, friendly, and receptive. Rarely does communication take place without being accompanied or substituted by any of these types of on-verbal communication. One must always remember that all of these are culture-bound or specific to some cultures but not in others. Communication breakdown takes place when culture concepts clash or simply do not meet. **COMMUNICATION BARRIERS** A. Be aware of communication filters which can distort messages within their group: **1. Semantic Barrier** a\. jargon and abstract words are interpreted by different people in diverse ways b\. it is always important to be precise and explicit with words **2. Emotional Barrier** (our most powerful communication filter) \-- always remember: senders who are emotional or angry are perceived differently a\. emotions can prevent receiver from hearing what speaker has to say b\. emotional state can make listener too susceptible to speaker's point of view c\. it is important to detach self from emotions and think of the verbal content of message **3. Psychosocial Barrier** (beliefs backed up by emotions; deeply embedded ideas and feelings) a\. bias towards accents, ethnicity, mannerisms, dress, demeanor, physical characteristics can change the way we send and receive messages b\. receiver and/or sender bias towards the values and opinions of others can affect message interpretation (abortion issue, religious preference, gender orientation, political viewpoints, social perspectives) **4. Physical Barrier / Environmental Noise** Example: You are having a conversation with some friends when a song was played. a\. Recognize that noise is a common barrier. Make some adjustments by asking someone to minimize the volume or by looking for a quiet area where you can resume the conversation. **5. Physiological Barrier** related with the limitations of the human body and the human mind (memory, attention, and perception). Physiological barriers may result from individuals\' personal discomfort, caused by ill-health, poor eye sight, or hearing difficulties. This may lead to miscommunication and conflict. a\. the speaker may have a shortcoming physically. Example: A person suffering from harelip or cleft palate or speech impediment tells you "maki amot nga ng ngulay" and you mistakenly understood it as "gulay" and pass on to him the vegetable when in fact he's asking for the "kulay" or color in English. **6. Psychological Barrier** Is the influence of psychological state of the communicators (sender and receiver) which creates an obstacle for effective communication. a\. talking to someone who have just woken up from sleep has a tendency to temporarily be absent minded. b\. talking to someone who suffers from a mental illness or condition that affects their understanding of things and situations. **STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN** 1\. Apply positive self-talk and perception. Positivity is the best encouragement. It welcomes good vibes and pleasant outlook in all communication. 2\. Use appropriate language. Tailor the words you will use based on your audience or listener. Keep it simple and understandable. For example, figurative language (e.g. simile, metaphor) is usually used in literature and in formal conversations, not in ordinary or casual conversations. 3\. Be open. Suspend your own judgment, ideas, and beliefs. Give the speaker time to develop and express his or her ideas or points before you conclude if the message has any value, little value, or none at all. 4\. Give and accept feedback. Feedback keeps the communication going. Respond to what has been heard. Keep an open mind and avoid overreacting emotionally to a message or a feedback.