Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Notes PDF

1115/25 Nutrition : applied biochemistry Anatomy 3 physiology...

1115/25 Nutrition : applied biochemistry Anatomy 3 physiology & Physiology Diet Formulation the application of nutrition i economics- in ag we are good at : this Nutrient Allocation What is the most effective way to use a source of nutrients : Nutrients - Carbohydrates (CHO) · end product of photosynthesis 3 base energy source > nonstructural CHO (NCHO) - Starches & Sugars , easy to digest (MEB BE) - : > - Structural CHO(SCHO) Cellulose ; resistant to : digestion (BE) · not digestable by Mammalian enzymes (ME) (ferm Chambers by BE. mammals not capable of producing enzymes thats capable of dig > - SCHO - - Protein o macromolecule made of AA Lamino acids) ; Contains Nitrogen (N) · > I Essential AA LEAA) - ; must be abs by the small intestine (Si) > 10 nonessential AA (NEAA) ; can be E - synthesized by the animal ⑤ => - Lipid (fat) E · solvable in solvents organic > - 2 essential fatty acids : Oil and fat Minerals (rocks) > - Issues w/minerals can result in death quickly ! · inorganic ~ comes from protein > - macrominerals. % of diet) Ca P, Na Cl K Mg Slorganic form) : , , , , , > - microminerals (ppm or ppb) : Mn In, Fe, Cu , Se , Co Mo I Cr, EF for humans , , , , Vitamins - congrazing grass Vit A lyellow Fa - don't need to consume be they are stored as much two - · fat Soluable ADEK (KADE) Stored in fat The body consumes fat to break them down for abs be they are > - :. types · Water soluable Consume daily ; excreted in urine : fat soulable then abs into body to store them in fat. , > - soluable in Her so you can consume in excess , secreting them out daily. Vitamine C and all B Vitamines are H20 soluable ! - H2O clean s abundant Strict #20 intake ! com restonlargelydomnimakstandbysplashplaynthomea · > - > not weather - difficult to access due to : - Cold Weather difficult to access due to : freezing -ice is not drinkable 3 animals get confused be they don't know how to break it. If you do not give enough He you will & DMI Cary matter intake  me i be Anatomy Physiology are & - all proteins ! 1115125 : 1 1. Enzyme biological Catalyst ; T the rate of reaction - enzyme is a protein : ↑ biochemical rxns by interacting w/ reactants & products toT the likelihood - of the run occuring ehzyme is present rxn will happen faster I doesn't need to be hydrolyzed to work > - =. proenzymes/zymogens : enzymes that are produced in inactive form needs to be hydrolyzed to work · -> > must be activated - activated by acids (HC1)/ involves clearing single peptide > - a Metabolism : the sum of biochemical rxns in the body - > yield energy catabolism : large molecule Sum of anabolism > - 23 anabolism biosynthesis; building more complex molecules · : good energy nutrients unneed d ↓ complex > - requires energy moleule · catabolism : degradation complex molecules ; breaking downanabolism good energy nutrients of : > - yields energy ↓ - produces energy required for anabolism large molecule how the animals digestive tract is built metabolism produces energy : via] Digestive Physiology : I large molecule · diet selection ; dietary strategies · animals ability to extract nutrients from a feedstuff Monogastrics (nonruminants) humans pigs, horses, dogs cats etc.... Stomach is not divided : , , , Stomach small intestine large intestine (eum) NCHO Pig autOIME) QUtO (MEINCHO) allo (microbes) /BE/SCHO) (greater alloenz dig than pig) NCHO horse autOIME) AUTOCMEINCHO) allo. (BEISCHO) Ruminants a compartments : in their stomach; reticulum , rumen imasum abomasum Jaka "true Stomach") , , ~ gastric portion of Stomach ↳ cows sheep goats bison, , , , reticulorumen microbial Fermentation occurs(VFA NH3 mcp mpl vit) : , , , , buffalo , deer , ellz, most Pseudoruminants : 3 compartments in the stomach ; Camel , llama , alpaca - mammal produces/secretes enzymes Autoenzymatic digestion digestion using : mammalian enzymes (ME) - NCHOIMEBBE) rBE aMEBBE something > - Alloenzymatic digestion : digestion Using microbial enzymes (BE) Microbe makes enzymes. > - SCHOINCHO Other than the ↳ microbe in lumen make enzyme G VFA NH3 MCP mpl Vit CO2 CHA , , , , , , animal made the enzymes BE : picky w/dig ME : not picky w/dig hands ex : hands up Cellulose/SCHO (BE can break it = hands down-starch > Can't leave until broken , longer 12 - Stay the more piecies you can break it down into starch breaks down into glucose for abs Using MEB BE. 1117125 1 (non-ruminants) Anatomy & Physiology :. 1 monogastrics Stomach Smalli large/cecum pigs auto auto allo horses auto auto Allo horse-pig for allo be of mammalian digestion microbial digestion - dief 3larger large/cecum (% of digestive tract) Ruminants stomach reficulorumen abomasum Smalli large : / cecum Cow All OIBEISCHO) AUTOIMEINCHO) CHOIMEINCHO) AllOIBE/SCHO) microbial dig. mammalian dig. microbial dig. ↳ diet i large ferm Vat. where microbial 3 Mammalian dig occurs. (paper towel ex) lumen make food small ; ↓ particle size (mechanicallys enzymatically thing : Slow it down ;↑ time to make it small 3 abs the small seexocrinexn (outside of body) , ↳ ↑ the time for abs & for it to work 12. Oral cavity (mouth) mechanical breakdown of food ; mastication (chewing). : ↓ particle size => ↑ dig be it ↑ enzyme access - more locations for enzyme to attack small. -> feed particles. mixing of food a Saliva - lubrication of food so we can swallow it · · Oral health Contains enzymes 3 buffers (ruminant) · - CHO3 lipid dig Esophagus transports : food from the mouth to the stomach stomach functions 1). Storage provides a place to store meals i controls the : flow of digesta (food 3 Secretions) to the Smalli. rate of passage (kp) how fast digesta moves : rate of digestion (Ka) how fast digesta is digested : = extent of digestion 3 exegasS = Kd ↳ What % of intake Ka + kp ted digested is 2) Mixing physical processing of digesta. : 3.) Secretion secrete enzymes acid , : r Proenzyme , - Kills BE be can't dig them. acid (H(l) ↓PH ; denatures proteins Skills Microbes (low pH : kills microbes) thzymes secrete zymogens in inactive form : acid activates zymogens > - buffer (NaHCO3) ↑pH ; close to the surface of the stomach : ↳ mucus prevent acids enzymes from damaging the stomachs surface Cepitheial +issue gastric ulcers : damage to stomach surface (most common in the horse - NSAIDs > - Monsteridia antiinflammatory drugs - Stress - H. pylori - humans (antibiotics kill it - stor acid secretion) 1122/25 4) Digestion Anatomy & Physiology Secrete HCl So H(- Act Zymogen Zymogens : ↳. - Chemical (acid) low pH for easier dig & Secrete Narcos 3 mucus to TPH denatures proteins > - acid breaks down proteins > - easier to dig. Zymogen activates zymogens -Chemical rxn activates > enzymatic hydrolytic (inserts H2O) ; breaks molecule apart into smaller molecules - : · lipids 3 protein 5) Absorption Her Alcohol Cu Fl Mo ,. : , , , , asprin Monogastric Stomach esophagus 2 Gastroesophageal sphincter - · prevents acids digesta from going into esophageal region the Esophagus > - can't throw up only in monogastric , ---------- GERD sphincter : doesn't close well resulting in acid reflux > - disease Cardial folds of rugae allow : the stomach L to stretch - - 3 layers of muscle : I) longitudinal ) 2 circular 3) diagonal gastric/ peptic plyoric sphincter ----- ↓ -- plyoric/antrum duodenum - esophageal : no glandular secretions Cardiac Secrete mucus 3 buffer (NGH(05) : gastric/peptic secrete acid mucus buffer 3 digestive enzymes : , , , plyoric/antrum Secrete acid mucus , buffer 3 endocrine secretions : , , /gastrin's Somatostatin - Control acid Secretion ↳ movement of digesta out of the stomach) end pepsin protein -> plyoric sphincter determines ko! helps plyoric/antrum control movement) · : prevents exceeding the digestive capacity of the smalli/regulated hormonally - 1122125 1 3. Small Intestine primary site of : dig Anatomy. & Physiology 3 Abs & Functions of Si · digestion · absorption secretion · immune function preparation = hydrolysis result - Digestion prepare ingested food for abs. : hydrolysis clearage of a molecule w/H2O ; typically involving hydrolytic enzymes · enzymes only dig in smalli be ~ ME NCHO hydrolyzed into Monosaccharides (1 Sugar FathepsinBabsbythesmalImogen : Protein hydrolyzed into AA di , " tripeptides : , Lipid hydrolyzed : into monoacylglyceride 3 is activated, its hydrolyzed 1129125 Fermentation to prep for abs. Areobic Respiration & cleares glc abstent E : Dz Starch (gIC) mamman enzyme g(C 16 (02 + 6H20 + = 34ATP Fermentation /Anaerobic) No 02 3 Microbial : takes place in large quantities in reticuloruments large/cecum 3 NCHO Starch (GIC) microsanymes (BEGIC > VFA + CO2 + CH+ /methane/green house gas) Ferment s SCHO & loss energy gla BE Cellulose (g(c) 1-4 ATPL ATP G - energy loss by the mammal -TP Products of fermentation : 1) VFA generally abs from the location of fermentation (reticulorumen : mainly Acetate (A) CH3100- - provide energy : Propionate (P) CHCH2COO- for the mammal - - - - Butyrate (B) CH3CH2CH2200 (primary VFAS) - : - s 2. CH+ (methane) : energy loss from the mammal CO2 (carbon dioxide) gasses/released when cow burps 4) MCP (microbial Cruce protein) potential : source of AA3 energy microbe is being digested (S < ) MPL (microbial phospholipids) Potential source of Fatty acids energy. must be abs by smalli : by the mammal in the actual cell : 2 6) Vitamines bacteria -M 7) NH3 /ammonia) : generally abs from the location of fermentation 1129125 Anatomy & Physiology Foregut Fermenters (Ruminants) microbial digestiona fermentation prior toSmalli : ProAnimal benefits from all products of fermentation MCP > - AA's abs from Smalli mpL > - Fattyacids abs from Smalli Vitamines- > abs from Smalli VFA- > abs from reticulorumen NH3 > - Abs from reticulorumen cons easily digested nutrients are fermented - · reducing the nutritional benefit to the animal Hindgut fermentation microbial dig and fermentation : occur after the smalli ex : the horse Pros - the mammal has first access to easily digested nutrients Cons - Microbial products (mcp mpl , , 3 Vitamines) are excreted in the feces · VFAs are abs