Nutrition Science Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following vitamins are fat-soluble?

  • Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin K
  • Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin D, Vitamin K
  • Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin K
  • Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K (correct)

Which of the following minerals are considered microminerals?

  • Potassium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Organic Forms
  • Manganese, Iron, Copper, Selenium (correct)
  • Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K
  • Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Chloride

What is the main reason why the body doesn't need to consume as much of fat-soluble vitamins compared to water-soluble vitamins?

  • Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in fat and can be used later. (correct)
  • Water-soluble vitamins are less important for overall health.
  • Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed more efficiently.
  • Water-soluble vitamins are easily lost through urine.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of water-soluble vitamins?

<p>They are stored in the body for long periods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a water-soluble vitamin?

<p>Vitamin C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consume water-soluble vitamins daily?

<p>Because they are not stored in the body and are excreted in urine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between macrominerals and microminerals?

<p>Macrominerals are needed in larger quantities than microminerals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a macromineral?

<p>Calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of microbial digestion in the lumen?

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does "BE" represent in the context of the provided text?

<p>Bacterial Enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between BE and ME?

<p>BE is picky with the substrate, ME is not picky (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of breaking down a complex carbohydrate into smaller pieces?

<p>It increases the surface area for microbial enzyme activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the below is NOT a contributing factor to microbial digestion in the lumen?

<p>The size of the animal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acids must be obtained from the diet due to the inability of mammals to synthesize them?

<p>Essential Amino Acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of macromolecule is primarily composed of amino acids and contains nitrogen?

<p>Protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many nonessential amino acids can mammals synthesize?

<p>10 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is described as being soluble in organic solvents?

<p>Lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mineral deficiency likely to cause in mammals?

<p>Quick health issues or death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two essential fatty acids mentioned in conjunction with lipids?

<p>Linoleic and Alpha-linolenic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of amino acids are not required to be obtained from the diet, as they can be synthesized by the body?

<p>Nonessential Amino Acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are macrominerals primarily associated with?

<p>Structural functions in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does acid have on proteins?

<p>Acid denatures proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do zymogens play in the digestive process?

<p>They are inactive forms of enzymes that become active when processed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the buffer NaHCO3 in the stomach?

<p>It decreases acidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of gastric ulcers?

<p>Excessive use of NSAIDs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mucus in the stomach?

<p>To prevent damage to the stomach lining from acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals has a stomach that is divided into three compartments?

<p>Camel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of digestion involves the use of microbial enzymes?

<p>Alloenzymatic digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stomach compartment is referred to as the 'true stomach' in ruminants?

<p>Abomasum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these animals primarily undergoes microbial fermentation in the reticulorumen?

<p>Buffalo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In pseudo-ruminants, how many compartments are found in their stomach?

<p>Three (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a ruminant that has a compartmentalized stomach?

<p>Horse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of autoenzymatic digestion?

<p>Utilization of mammalian enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fermentation occurs primarily in the rumen of ruminants?

<p>Anaerobic fermentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is classified as a pseudoruminant?

<p>Alpaca (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes results in the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA)?

<p>Alloenzymatic digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of easily digested nutrients being fermented in ruminants?

<p>Reduced nutritional benefit to the animal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of ammonia (NH3) absorption in mammals during fermentation?

<p>Reticulorumen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of fermentation that ruminants utilize?

<p>Vitamins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In hindgut fermenters, what is a potential disadvantage regarding microbial products?

<p>They are excreted in feces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do microbial phospholipids (MPL) play in ruminant digestion?

<p>Absorbed as fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of fermentation occurring before the small intestine in ruminants?

<p>First access to easily digested nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microbial protein (MCP) in ruminants is primarily absorbed as what?

<p>Amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of hindgut fermentation compared to foregut fermentation?

<p>Loss of easily fermentable nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about volatile fatty acids (VFA) is accurate for ruminants?

<p>They serve as an energy source (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason hindgut digesters may have lower nutritional efficiency?

<p>Fermentation occurs after the small intestine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Proteins

Macromolecules made of amino acids that contain nitrogen.

Essential Amino Acids (EAA)

Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize them.

Nonessential Amino Acids (NEAA)

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not need to come from food.

Microminerals

Trace minerals required in small amounts for human health, measured in ppm or ppb.

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Lipids

Fats that are soluble in organic solvents and include essential fatty acids.

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, K that are stored in the body's fat and require fat for absorption.

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Essential Fatty Acids

Types of fatty acids that must be consumed in the diet because the body cannot make them.

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Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins such as B and C that must be consumed daily and are excreted in urine.

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Macrominerals

Inorganic minerals needed in larger amounts for health; issues can lead to serious health risks.

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Vitamins A, D, E, K

Essential fat-soluble vitamins that contribute to various bodily functions and are stored in the liver.

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Inorganic Minerals

Minerals not derived from organic sources, crucial for various bodily functions.

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Vitamin C

A water-soluble vitamin important for immune function and skin health, needs daily intake.

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Protein Digestive Enzymes

Enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids; mammals may lack some digestive enzymes.

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Daily Vitamin Requirement

The necessity of consuming certain vitamins daily to maintain health, especially water-soluble ones.

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Electrolytes

Minerals in body fluids that help regulate hydration, balance, and muscle function, including Na, K, Cl.

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Strict H2O Intake

Emphasis on the importance of consuming enough water daily for health benefits.

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Microbes in Lumen

Microorganisms in the digestive tract that aid in breaking down food and producing nutrients.

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Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)

Short-chain fatty acids produced from the fermentation of carbohydrates by microbes.

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Cellulose vs. Starch

Cellulose can be digested by some microbes (BE), while starch must be broken down before absorption.

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Non-ruminants

Animals that do not have a complex stomach structure, relying on a simpler digestive process.

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Enzymatic Breakdown

The process where enzymes break down complex nutrients into simpler forms for absorption.

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Acid (H+)

Substance that lowers pH and denatures proteins, killing microbes.

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Zymogens

Inactive enzymes secreted by glands, activated by acid.

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Buffer (NaHCO3)

Substance that raises pH, protecting stomach lining from acid damage.

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Gastric Ulcers

Damage to the stomach lining, often caused by stress or NSAIDs.

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NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that can cause gastric ulcers.

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Stomach compartments

Different sections of the stomach in some animals, such as ruminants and pseudoruminants.

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Ruminants

Animals with a stomach divided into four compartments: reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum.

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Reticulum

The first compartment of a ruminant's stomach, involved in fermentation and regurgitating food.

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Rumen

The largest compartment of the ruminant stomach, where microbial fermentation occurs.

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Omasum

The third compartment of the ruminant stomach, absorbs nutrients and water.

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Abomasum

The true stomach in ruminants where enzymatic digestion occurs.

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Pseudoruminants

Animals with three stomach compartments, such as camels and llamas.

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Autoenzymatic digestion

Digestion using enzymes produced by the animal itself.

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Alloenzymatic digestion

Digestion using microbial enzymes produced by gut microbes.

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Microbial fermentation

Process by which microbes break down food in the stomach of ruminants.

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MCP (Microbial Crude Protein)

Protein source produced during microbial digestion in ruminants.

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VFA (Volatile Fatty Acids)

Short-chain fatty acids absorbed by ruminants from fermentation.

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Foregut Fermenters

Animals that ferment food in the stomach before digestion, like ruminants.

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Hindgut Fermenters

Animals that ferment food after the small intestine, like horses.

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NH3 (Ammonia) Absorption

Ammonia is absorbed from fermentation sites in ruminants.

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Microbial Phospholipids (MPL)

Potential source of fatty acids from microbial digestion in ruminants.

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Vitamins from Fermentation

Vitamins produced during fermentation that are absorbed by ruminants.

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Energy Loss in Ruminants

Energy losses occur from methane and carbon dioxide produced during digestion.

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Reticulorumen Absorption

Absorption site for various nutrients in ruminants after fermentation.

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Cons of Microbial Fermentation

Easily digested nutrients are fermented, potentially reducing their nutritional value.

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Study Notes

Nutrition: Applied Biochemistry & Physiology

  • Nutrients: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), minerals, vitamins, and water are essential
  • Carbohydrates (CHO):
    • Nonstructural CHO (NCHO): Starches and sugars; easily digested.
    • Structural CHO (SCHO): Cellulose; resistant to digestion by mammalian enzymes.
  • Proteins:
    • Macromolecules made of amino acids (AA).
    • 10 essential amino acids (EAA) must be absorbed from the diet.
    • 10 nonessential amino acids (NEAA) can be synthesized by the animal.
  • Lipids (Fats):
    • Soluble in organic solvents.
    • Two essential fatty acids: Oil and fat.
  • Minerals:
    • Inorganic elements.
    • Macrominerals (% of diet): Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S.
    • Microminerals (ppm or ppb): Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Se, Co, Mo, I, Cr, Fl
  • Vitamins:
    • Water-soluble: Vitamins C and others. Consumed daily, excreted in urine.
    • Fat-soluble: ADEK; stored in fat.
  • Water (Hâ‚‚O):
    • Essential for life.
    • Soluble in water, so animals can consume it in excess, excreting out daily.
    • Necessary intake varies based on weather conditions.

Metabolism

  • Metabolism: Sum of biochemical reactions in the body. Includes anabolism and catabolism.
  • Anabolism: Biosynthesis; building complex molecules. Requires energy.
  • Catabolism: Degradation of complex molecules; yields energy. Energy produced via anabolism.

Digestive Physiology

  • Digestive Tract:
    • Diet selection and dietary strategies.
    • Animal's ability to extract nutrients from feedstuffs.
  • Monogastrics (e.g., humans, pigs, horses): Simple stomachs. -Stomach is not divided.
  • Ruminants (e.g., cows, sheep, goats): Four-compartment stomach: reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum.
  • Pseudoruminants (e.g., camels, llamas): Three compartment stomach.

Digestive Processes

  • Oral Cavity: Mechanical breakdown (mastication), mixing with saliva (lubrication).
  • Esophagus: Transports food to the stomach.
  • Stomach:
    • Storage of feed, controlling flow to small intestine.
    • Mixing and physical processing.
    • Secretion of enzymes, acid, and buffers (e.g., HCl, NaHCO3).
    • Digestion (chemical breakdown).
    • Absorption of watersoluble substances.

Small Intestine

  • Small Intestine: Primary site of digestion and absorption.
  • Functions: Digestion (prepare ingest food for absorption; hydrolysis), absorption (hydrolysis into usable components), Secretion (enzymes), Immune function.
  • Fermentation: Preparation for hydrolysis and digestion in different compartments of the stomach.
  • Products: VFA, CH4, CO2, MPL (microbial phospholipids) , MCP, NH3 (ammonia). All are abs. in differnt locations.

Hindgut vs Foregut Fermentation

  • Foregut: Fermentation before the small intestine. Ruminants.
    • Animal benefits from all products of fermentation.
    • Easily digested nutrients are fermented.
    • Reduces the nutritional benefit to the animal.
  • Hindgut: Fermentation after the small intestine. Horses.
    • Mammal first access to easily digested nutrients.
    • Microbial products (MPL, MCP, vitamins) are excreted in feces.

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