Anatomy and Physiology with Emphasis of Human Nutrition ND 112 PDF

ND 112 Anatomy and Physiology with Emphasis of Human Nutrition JOHN STEPHEN C. RAMOS, RND Instructor Nutrition and Dietetics Department First Semester, School Year 2021-2022  An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Body  Course Ou...

ND 112 Anatomy and Physiology with Emphasis of Human Nutrition JOHN STEPHEN C. RAMOS, RND Instructor Nutrition and Dietetics Department First Semester, School Year 2021-2022  An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Body  Course Outline 1. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 2. Levels of Structural Organizations 3. Anatomical Positions 4. Directional Terms 5. Body Planes and Sections 6. Body Cavities 7. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants 8. Homeostasis  OBJECTIVES 1. Define the terms anatomy & physiology 2. List the levels of organization of the body 3. Define the term anatomical position 4. List & define the principal terms and sections (planes) used in describing the body & the relationship of body parts to one another 5. List the 9 abdominopelvic regions and the abdominopelvic quadrants  OBJECTIVES 6. List the major cavities of the body and subdivisions of each 7. Discuss and contrast the axial and the appendicular subdivisions of the body. Identify a number of specific anatomical regions in each area 8. Explain the meaning of the term homeostasis and give an example of a typical homeostatic mechanism Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecule 2 Cellular level s Cells are made up of Atom molecules s 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to Smooth form molecules muscle tissue Heart 3 Tissue level Cardiovascular Tissues consist of system Blood similar types of cells vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth Blood muscle vessel tissue (organ) 6 Organismal level Connective The human organism is tissue made up of many organ systems 4 Organ level Organs are made up of 5 Organ system level different types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Figure 1.1  Levels of Structural Organization Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules Cellular – cells are made of molecules Tissue – consists of similar types of cells Organ – made up of different types of tissues Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together Organism – made up of the organ systems  Anatomical Position Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from body Figure 1.7a Directional Terms Directional Terms  Body Planes Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Body Planes Figure 1.8  Body Planes and Sections Coronal (frontal) plane Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts Median (midsagittal) plane Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline  Body Planes and Sections Transverse plane Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts Body Cavities  Body Cavities Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: Thoracic Abdominopelvic cavities  Body Cavities Ventral body cavity subdivided into: 1. Thoracic cavity Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity Mediastinum contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac  Body Cavities Ventral body cavity 2. Abdominopelvic cavity divided into two parts Abdominal cavity contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs Pelvic cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum Body Cavities Abdominal Regions Divide the abdomen into nine regions Abdominal Quadrants Divide the abdomen into four quadrants Right upper and left upper quadrants Right lower and left lower quadrants  Body Regions Axial – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular – appendages or limbs  Homeostasis Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world. All living organisms must regulate their internal environment to process energy and ultimately survive. The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis  Homeostatic Imbalance Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over-possible disease such as death. Example: If your blood pressure plummets, your organ systems may struggle to do their jobs and eventually fail.  Summary Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery  Summary Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules Cellular – cells are made of molecules Tissue – consists of similar types of cells Organ – made up of different types of tissues Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together Organism – made up of the organ systems  Summary Body Planes are: Sagittal Midsagittal or medial Frontal or coronal Transverse or horizontal  Summary Body Planes and Sections are: Coronal plane, median plane, transverse plane. Body Cavities are: Dorsal Cavity, Ventral Cavity Abdominal Quadrants: right upper and left upper quandrants, right lower and left lower quadrants Body Regions: Axial and appendicular Homeostasis: is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever changing outside world.