Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology  Anatomy Definition – Field of biology concerned with identification and description of the body structures of living things (humans) Approaches – Gross anatomy Larger structures – Microscopic...

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology  Anatomy Definition – Field of biology concerned with identification and description of the body structures of living things (humans) Approaches – Gross anatomy Larger structures – Microscopic anatomy Microscopic structures (cells and tissues) – Regional anatomy Specific to body region – Systemic anatomy Structures that a system which performs a unique function  Physiology Definition – Study of human body functions and mechanisms from several levels (cells to organ systems) Goals – Study the chemistry and physics of body structures in cohesion to support living organisms – Estimate the body’s response to stimuli  Implications to Nutrition Nutrition – Branch of science which deals with food and its components and how it affects the body – Dietetics is the application of nutrition to health Food is utilized in the body for various processes – Nutrients are food components with physiologic effects Implications to Nutrition FOOD ↓ Ingestion (Intake) ↓ Digestion (Breakdown) ↓ Absorption and Transport (Nutrients) ↓ Assimilation (Accumulation in the cells) ↓ Egestion (Excretion of wastes) Structural Levels of Biological Organization https://slcc.pressbooks.pub/collegebiology1/chapter/1-2-levels-of-biological-organization/  Structural Levels of Biological Organization Atomic level includes elements Molecular level includes micromolecules (monomers) which makeup macromolecules Organelles are the functional parts of a cell Dayem et. al., 2016 Tissues Four Types of Tissues: Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium) – Sheets of cells that cover body surfaces, lines internal cavities and passageways and forms certain glands Connective Tissue – Binds cells and organs together (protection, support, integration of all body parts) Muscle Tissue – Excitable which responds to stimulation and contracts for movement Nervous Tissue – Excitable which allows the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of impulses across between different regions of the body Gordon Betts et. al. Characteristics of Living Organisms Order Sensitivity or Responsiveness Reproduction Growth and Development Movement Metabolism  Homeostasis Adjustment/s of the body to internal and external changes – Normal range and maintenance of a relatively constant environment in the body The goal of homeostasis is to maintain the equilibrium around a set point to maintain life – Set point Physiological value that is considered ideal or normal – Normal range Restricted set of values that is optimal for health and considered stable Reference values Diehl-Jones (2020)  Feedback Loop Control mechanism in homeostasis – Body parameters are monitored and controlled by the feedback system Comprised of: – Stimulus External initiator (environment or substance) – Receptors (Sensors) Detects changes in the variable – Control centers (Integrators) Compares variable to the set point and signal effectors to generate a response – Effectors Executes necessary changes to adjust the variable Open Learning Inititative, Carnegie Mellon University  Feedback Loop Negative Feedback Loop – Physiological change which causes reversal of the effects of the stimuli until equilibrium is reached Gordon Betts et. al.  Feedback Loop Positive Feedback Loop – Physiological change is intensified until an endpoint is reached Gordon Betts et. al.