Eukaryotic Cell Types, Functions, and Classifications PDF

PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Eukaryotic cells becoming tissues and organisms….introduc tion to next term!  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Learning Outco...

PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Eukaryotic cells becoming tissues and organisms….introduc tion to next term!  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Learning Outcomes Know the definition of a tissue Understand the 2 different tissue types in plants Give examples of the different types of plant tissues and their function Understand the 4 different tissue types in animals Give examples of the different types of animal tissue and their function Describe the components of blood Describe the individual components of blood in relation to their biological function  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS What is a tissue? Types of tissues vary in regards to the differences and diversity of living organisms, as do the activities and vital function of the tissues A tissue is a group of similar cells that function as a unit with an extracellular secretion that is specialised to perform one or more particular function(s). May contain one or several different cell types  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Simple Plant tissues Cells forming simple tissue are symmetrical with each other in:- Shape Structure Function In plants there are 3 types:- Parenchyma tissue Collenchyma tissue Sclerenchyma tissue  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Parenchyma tissue Cells are oval or round shaped Walls loosely packed, soft and elastic Contain chlorophyll or space for aeration Performs several functions:- Photosynthesis Storing nutrients e.g. Starch Responsible for aeration  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Collenchyma tissue Soft living tissue Composed of rectangular, elongated cells with less intercellular space Walls irregularly thickened with lignin Helps support the plant giving it elasticity  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Sclerenchyma tissue Solid non-living tissue Long, narrow dead thick walled cells Thickened by lignin in addition to cellulose No intercellular space Strengthens and supports plant, giving it elasticity and hardness Common in the shells or stones of fruit and nuts  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Complex tissues in plants Two types Vascular Conductive Which are further divided into Xylem Phloem Their function is transport  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Xylem Composed of vessels, tracheids and parenchyma cells Xylem vessels Tubes made up of vertical rows of cells Protoplasm and transverse walls have disappeared and lignin precipitated on the inner surface, changing the cells into long, wide vessels Tracheids Composed of one cell Protoplasm disappeared and walls have been lignified Specialised for transporting water and salts from roots to leaves and support. Lengths range from a few centimetres to a few metres  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Phloem Consists of:- Sieve tubes – cells compacted vertically above each other, nuclei vanished and separating walls perforated Companion cells – provide the energy for sieve tubes to perform their function Phloem parenchyma Phloem fibres Sieve tubes and companion cells transport food from leaves to other parts of the plant Phloem parenchyma stores food and fibre and helps support plant  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Animal tissues There are 4 types of tissue each of which matches the function they perform Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve Covers Connects or Are Contains exposed surrounds contractile neurones surfaces other Contain Controls and and line the tissues protein co-ordinates body’s Cells are in fibres, actin the internal a collagen and myosin activities of cavities containing which the body e.g. Skin, matrix produce mouth and movement GI and when they respiratory slide over tracts, blood each other  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Epithelial tissue types Membranous Glandular Covers and lines the external Specialized epithelial surface of our body as well tissue that produces and as lining all internal cavities, organs, tubes and secretes substances such passageways as sweat, stomach acid, Classified according to:- mucus and hormones The size and shape of their cells and The number of cell layers they contain  PUBLIC / Simple Membranous Epithelial CYHOEDDUS Tissues Cells organised into one layer Classed based on cell shape Type Structure Function Location Simple squamous Single layer of flattened Diffusion and Capillary walls, covering tightly bound cells filtration visceral organs, linings of body cavity Simple cuboidal Single layer of cube- Excretion, Surface of ovaries; linings shaped cells secretion or of renal tubes, salivary absorption ducts, and pancreatic duct. Simple columnar Single layer of non- Protection, Lining of most of GI tract. ciliated tall column secretion and shaped cells absorption Simple ciliated Single layer of ciliated Transportive role Lining of uterine tube columnar tall column shaped cells through ciliated movement Pseudostratified Single layer of ciliated, Protection, Lining of respiratory  PUBLIC / Stratified Membranous Epithelial CYHOEDDUS Tissues Cells organised into several layers Different types depending on function Type Structure Function Location Stratified Numerous layers containing Protection Epidermis of the skin squamous keratin, with outer layer epithelium flattened and dead (flaking) (keratinised) Stratified Numerous layers lacking keratin, Protection Lining of oral and nasal squamous with outer layer moistened and and cavities, vagina and anal epithelium alive pliability canal (nonkeratinised ) Stratified Usually two layers of cube Strengtheni Large ducts of sweat cuboidal shaped cells ng of glands, salivary glands epithelium luminal and pancreas walls Stratified Usually consists of multiple Secretion of Respiratory tract and columnar layers of which the outer layer is fluids and mammary gland  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Epithelial tissue types Membranous Glandular Covers and lines the Specialized epithelial external surface of our tissue composed of body as well as lining all cuboidal and columnar internal cavities, organs, cells tubes and passageways Secretes substances such as sweat, stomach acid, mucus and hormones  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Glands and their epithelial structure Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands Maintain contact with the Do not have contact with body surface by a duct – the body surface or epithelial tube that directs cavities. secretion to the surface Have no ducts Secrete hormones directly e.g. Tear ducts, sweat glands into the blood stream and mammary glands Either gland type can be:- Unicellular Multicellular  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Examples of the different types of epithelial tissues  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Connective tissue Connects or surrounds other tissues Loosely packed together Cells are immersed in an intercellular substance which they produce. The substance may be:- Fluid, Semi-solid or Solid Divided into 3 types:- Connective tissue proper Skeletal connective tissue Vascular connective tissue Most common type of cell in connective tissue are fibroblasts  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Connective Tissue Proper Type Structure Most widely spread type Loose connective Areolar connective Predominantly fibroblast cells with Ranges from being fairly lesser amounts of collagen and elastin proteins. Holds organs in solid to elastic place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues Main function is to bind Reticular connective Reticular fibres that form a different tissues and supportive network Adipose tissue Adipose cells body systems with each Dense connective other Dense regular Densely packed collagenous fibres E.g. Present under the connective that run parallel to the direction of force skin and in the Dense irregular Densely packed collagenous fibres mesenteries connective arranged in a tight interwoven pattern Elastic connective Predominately irregularly arranged elastic fibres  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Skeletal Connective tissue Cartilage Its tough, hard but flexible connective tissue Can resist strain and can absorb mechanical shock Consists of solid or semisolid matrix in which cartilage cells and fibres are embedded 3 types Hyaline – compressible and elastic, found in nose and trachea White fibrous – found between vertebrae and is a shock absorber Yellow elastic – Elastic tissue, found in the ears, pharynx and epiglottis  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Skeletal Connective tissue Bone Supportive and protective tissue Matrix is solid and calcified Bone cells and collagen fibres are embedded in the solid matrix Anchors the muscle Works in concert with tendons, joints, ligaments and skeletal muscles  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Muscular tissue In vertebrates makes up a large proportion of their body Type Structure Function Location mass Differentiate from the rest of Skelet Multinucleated, Voluntary Associated with al straited, movement of skeleton, spans the body’s cells due to their cylindrical skeletal parts joints of abilities of contraction and fibres which skeleton via relaxation occur in tendons Contain fasciculi Protein fibres Smoot Elongated, Involuntary Walls of hollow Actin h spindle shaped movements of internal organs Myosin unstraited fibre internal organs Active muscle tissue has with a single A very high metabolic rate nucleus Many mitochondria packed Cardia Branched, Involuntary Heart wall between muscle fibres c straited fibres rhythmic with single contraction nucleus and intercalated  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Nervous tissue Contains neurones Neurones – specialised elongated cells which transmit electrical impulses from one end to the other Controls and co-ordinates the activities of the body Changes in stimuli, either internal or external, are detected by receptor cells Impulses travel along sensory neurones to the brain and spinal cord Brain processes the information it receives and on a response Responses are relayed along motor neurones to effector organs  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Blood components Erythrocytes Buffy coat Plasma  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Blood component functions Erythrocytes Plasma Comprises 45% of blood Comprises 55% of blood volume No cells volume (hematocrit) 90% proteins e.g. Albumin, electrolytes Carries 4 molecules of O2 and gases Albumin to tissue Maintains osmotic pressure and acts as a carrier protein Carries CO2 back to the Globulins Antibodies and transport proteins lungs Fibrinogen Biconcave discs Involved in clot formation (innate Fits through blood immunity) Electrolytes vessels Includes sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Introduction to the immune system and the buffy coat Innate Adaptive Non-specific Highly specific Non-cellular Requires priming Extremely fast Very slow….takes weeks Requires:- Physical and chemical Consists of:- barriers Clonal expansion Inflammation Clonal deletion 4 cardinal signs (pain, heat, swelling (odema), redness) Complement cascade  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Cells of the immune system  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Classification of cells of the immune system Phagocytes Reach around pathogens and swallow them whole (phagosome) Destroy some pathogens with cytoplasmic granules Will continue to swallow pathogens until they oxidatively burst Granulocytes Found in the cytoplasm All cells (except mast cells!) polymorphonuclear Antigen presenting cells Present antigens to T-cells Provide the switch from innate to adaptive immune response  PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Summary A tissue is defined as a unit of similar cells which perform at least one specialised function In plants there are 3 simple types of tissue and 2 complex tissues In animals there are 4 different types of tissue all of which have structure related to function Each of the tissue types can be further divided into subtypes which are specialised for their specific functions Blood consists of erythrocytes, a buffy coat and plasma Innate immune response provides a physical and chemical barrier to pathogens and toxins Adaptive immune response provides slower, long term immune memory White blood cells can be one of three types: phagocytes, granulocytes and antigen presenting cells