EU2 - 02 - Plumbing Fundamentals (Water, Water Supply, and Water Supply Systems) PDF

# CE312A - Engineering Utilities 2 ## Module 02: Water, Water Supply, and Water Supply Systems **Engr. Isaiah Sam I. Bartolome, MENG-CE** ## What is Water? - Water is a chemical compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom - Water makes up most of our bodies and also most of wha...

# CE312A - Engineering Utilities 2 ## Module 02: Water, Water Supply, and Water Supply Systems **Engr. Isaiah Sam I. Bartolome, MENG-CE** ## What is Water? - Water is a chemical compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom - Water makes up most of our bodies and also most of what we eat - As engineers, we want to help our clients conserve water while maintaining a good-quality interior environment. - Water holds heat well and removes large quantities of heat when it evaporates. - Water is employed through sprays, evaporative coolers, and cooling towers to cool buildings and other structures. - Water is also beneficial in terms of protection against fire. ## What are the General Properties of Water? 1. **Water level** - always takes the shape of its container to the limit of its volume and tends to find its own level 2. **Mass** - is the amount of matter in a body. It remains constant regardless of where the body is in the universe 3. **Force** - is that which changes the state of rest or the uniform motion of a body 4. **Pressure** - is defined as the force per unit area 5. **Head** - in water is measured vertically from the free surface of the liquid to the point at which pressure is being calculated 6. **Capillarity** - commonly known as capillary attraction, is the spontaneous movement of water up or down narrow tubes and pipes due to the unbalanced molecular attraction at the boundary between the water and the pipe ## How do you tell whether the water is safe? | **Physical Properties** | **Chemical Characteristics** | |---|---| | 1. Turbidity | 1. Water pH | | 2. Change in color | 2. Toxic Substances: | | 3. Unpleasant taste and odor | - Lead | | | - Arsenic | | | - Nitrates | | | - Chlorides | | | - Copper | | | - Iron | | | - Sulfates | | | - Zinc | | | - Sodium | ## Chemical Characteristics ### Lead - It poses the greatest threat to infants and young children with developing nervous systems. - It delays their physical or mental development. - Adults may develop kidney problems or high blood pressure. ### Arsenic - It occurs naturally in some water supplies. - It can cause: - dry, hacking coughs and burning hands and feet - increased risk of lung, skin, or bladder cancer ### Nitrates - It can cause a condition commonly known as "blue baby" disease in infants. ### Chlorides - It can affect the taste of groundwater ### Copper - It gives water an undesirable taste ### Iron - It produces a red, brown, or yellow color in water. - It can cause brownish stains on washed clothes. - It can affect the taste of water but is not harmful to health. ### Sulfates - It acts as a natural laxatives. ### Zinc - It does not pose a health threat but leaves an undesirable taste in water. ### Sodium - Too much sodium in water may be dangerous for people with heart, kidney, or circulatory problems. - Some water softeners also increase sodium levels. ## How do you tell whether the water is safe? | **Biological Characteristics** | **Radiological Characteristics** | |---|---| | 1. Bacteria | • Radioactivity from mining and radioactive materials used in industry, power plants, and military installations contaminate water.| | 2. Protozoa | | | 3. Viruses | | ## Water Quality Problems and Its Causes, Effects, and Solutions | **Problem** | **Cause** | **Effect** | **Solution** | |---|---|---|---| | Turbidity | Silt or suspended matters picked up in the surface or surface flow | Discoloration and bad taste. Has little detrimental effects on health. | Filtration | | Color | Presence of iron and magnesium. Has little detrimental effects on health. | Discoloration of fixtures and laundry | Precipitation by filtration through oxidizing filter | | Taste | Presence of algae, decomposing organic matter, dissolved gases and phenolic substances | Bad taste | Water treatment process | | Odor | Existence of contaminants in water | Bad odor | Water treatment process | | Hardness of water | Presence of calcium and magnesium carbonates and bicarbonates. Presence of calcium and magnesium sulfate and chloride. | Clogging of pipes. Impaired laundering and food preparation. Causes scaling, resulting in the reduction of thermal efficiency and restriction of flow. | By boiling (for carbonate hardness). By chemical precipitation using lime and sodium carbonate (for sulfate and chloride hardness. Use of water softeners (zeolite). | | Pollution | Contamination by organic matter or sewage (pathogenic bacteria) | Disease | Chlorination | ## Where Does Water Come From? The total amount of water on the earth and in the atmosphere is finite. - Bodies of water (oceans and seas) – 70% of the earth’s surface - Distributed as follows: - Saltwater – 67% - Freshwater – 3%, where it is divided as: - Frozen in the polar caps – 2% - Global water source – 1% A quarter of the solar energy reaching the earth is employed in constantly circulating water through evaporation and precipitation, in a process known as **hydrologic cycle**. The hydrologic cycle, also commonly known as the water cycle, consists of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. There are 3 principal loops in the cycle, namely: 1. Surface Runoff Loop 2. Evapotranspiration Loop 3. Groundwater Loop ## Water Supply The most accessible sources of water for human use are precipitation and runoff. Rain, snow, and other precipitation provide a very large but thinly spread supply of relatively pure water. ### Groundwater - It sinks into the soil and fills the open spaces with water. - It makes up the majority of the water supply. - It can also be used to store excess building heat in the summer for use in the building in winter. - It can harm building foundations when it leaks into spaces below ground. In the Philippines, groundwater is the common source of water in cities, municipalities, and rural areas. Groundwater is primarily used by 60% of households, and in communities without the convenience of piped water service from municipal or city water districts, or Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) concessionaires, people use water from the nearby “poso” or deep well. ### Rainwater The earliest agrarian societies depend upon rain for agriculture. Rainfall was absorbed into the ground, which served as a huge reservoir. The water that accumulated underground emerged as springs and artesian wells, or in lakes, swamps, and marshes. Water enters a storm drain and is dumped out in rivers far away from where it started. Huge amounts of stormwater also leak into sewer pipes that mix it with sewage and take it even farther away to be processed in treatment plants. Progress has been made in designing building sites to improve surface and groundwater qualities. ## Protecting the Water Supply - Water is an important natural resource and should be managed in a holistic and sustainable way. - Our current practices use large amounts of high-quality water for low-grade tasks like flushing toilets. - The increasing population and consumption per person puts pressure on the limited supply of clean water, threatening world health and political stability. - Protecting and conserving our clean water supplies is critical to our health. - Proper collection, treatment, and distribution of water protect our supplies. ## Water Supply Systems Water mains are large pipes transport water for a public water system from its source to service connections at buildings. - A service pipe installed by the public water utility runs from the water main to the building. Within the building or in a curb box, a water meter measures and records the quantity of water passing through the service pipe and usually also monitors sewage disposal services. - A control valve is located in the curb box to shut off the water supply to the building in an emergency or if the building owner fails to pay the bill. - A shutoff valve within the building also controls the water supply. - Water (Street) Main - a water supply pipe for public or community use controlled by public authority - Water - Service Pipe - the pipe from the water main, water meter, water supply system, or other approved sources of water supply, to the building or structure served - Water - Distribution Pipe - a pipe that conveys potable water from the building supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets in the building - Fixture Branch - a pipe connecting several fixtures - Fixture Supply - a water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch or directly to a main water supply pipe. ## Wells - Wells supply water of more reliable quantity and quality than a rainwater system. - Deep wells are expensive to drill, but the water deep underground comes from hundreds of kilometers away, and the long trip filters out most bacteria. - Well water sometimes contains dissolved minerals. ### Types of wells according to the method of construction: 1. Dug 2. Bored 3. Driven 4. Drilled - Percussion or Standard - Rotary - Reverse-circulation Rotary - Jetting ### Dug Well - It Is a well 0.90 to 6.00 meters in diameter dug through soft upper soil. - The sides may be of masonry or concrete to prevent carving-in. - It is necessary that the well should be impervious to a depth of at least 3.00 meters. ### Bored Well - It is a well-constructed using either hand or power-driven earth auger. - A well casing is lowered to the bottom of the hole. - Cement grout is poured into the gap between the hole and the casing to prevent contamination. ### Driven Well - It is a well done by forcing into earth a 60 to 90 cm long piece of perforated tube attached to a pointed screen called a “drive point”. ### Drilled Well - Percussion or Standard - A drilling rig is used to drill the well hole and then a casing pipe is forced down the hole to prevent it from caving-in. - When a water-bearing stratum of sufficient capacity is found, a well screen is set in place to permit the water to flow into the casing and to hold back the fine material. ### Drilled Well - Truck Mounted Drilling Machine - The depth of a drilled well is limited only by the distance one must dig to obtain adequate supply of fresh water, even down to 450 meters (equivalent to a 130 storey building). ### Drilled Well - Jetting - The jetting method utilizes either a wash pipe placed inside a well screen or a string of 2-inch pipe set adjacent to the well point. Water is pumped into the casing or into the pipe string allowing the well screen and casing to sink into the formation by its own weight. ## Hard Water - Hard water results from calcium salts in the water, which can build up inside hot water pipes and cause scaling. - Hard water can also turn soap into scum. - A water softener installed on the pipe leading to the hot water heater will help control it. ## Municipal Water Supply Systems - The water in a community’s water mains is under pressure to offset friction and gravity as it flows through the pipes. - The water pressure in public water supplies is usually at or above 345 kPa. - Once the water is inside the building, its pressure is changed by the size of the pipes it travels through. - Bigger pipes put less pressure on the water flow, while small pipes increase the pressure. - The water pressure at individual fixtures within the building may vary between 35 and 204 kPa (5-30 psi). - Too much pressure = splashing; too little pressure = slow dribble - If the pressure is still too high, pressure reducers or regulators are installed on fixtures. ## Water Supply Systems in the Philippines Three levels according to Department of Health (DOH) based on The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (P.D. 856): 1. Level I (point source or stand-alone water points) - hand pumps, shallow wells, rainwater collectors 2. Level II (communal water point) - bored wells and spring systems 3. Level III (waterworks) - piped water supply with a private water point household service connections The Philippines is endowed with rich water resources, with rivers and lakes covering 1,830 sq. km. and 421 river systems in 119 proclaimed watersheds. Water demand is expected to increase from 1,303 m3 in 1995 to 3,955 m3 in 2025. There are four urban regions that are considered to be in critical condition in terms of water quality and quantity: the National Capital Region (NCR, Metro Manila); Central Luzon; Southern Tagalog; and Central Visayas. The main sources of Metro Manila's water supply are the Angat, Ipo, and La Mesa Dams. The water from these dams are then processed by the La Mesa and Balara Treatment Plants, which converts it from a raw state to clean and potable water. ## What are the Government Agencies that Undertake Water Governance? - National Water Resources Board (NWRB) and Presidential Task Force on Water Resource Development and Management (PTFWRDM) - Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) - flood control and drainage - Department of Health (DOH) - sanitation - Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) - watershed protection and water quality - Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) - LGU-managed water supply, and sewage and sanitation systems and capability building - National Power Corporation (NPC) - hydropower development - National Irrigation Administration (NIA) and Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) - irrigation development - Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) - water supply, sewerage and sanitation in Metro Manila and partially in its neighboring provinces. - Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) - Water Districts-managed water supply and sewerage systems. ## Thank You!