Engineering Utilities 2 PDF

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES TOPIC 1 PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: Define building and plumbing systems/codes Describe the principles of water supply and distribution...

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES TOPIC 1 PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: Define building and plumbing systems/codes Describe the principles of water supply and distribution systems in buildings. Explain wastewater collection and drainage systems within structures. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.0 INTRODUCTION Water: The Substance- Any study of a plumbing system must begin with the substance it carries, water. Water is the name given to the liquid compound H2O. A molecule of water is composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. In a pure state, it is tasteless and odorless. : Under standard atmospheric pressure (14.696 psi, 101.04 kPa), the boiling point temperature of water is 212°F (100°C). The temperature at which water boils decreases with lower atmospheric or system pressure and increases at higher pressures. Thus, the temperature at which water boils decreases with elevation increase. : PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.1 FUNDAMENTAL UNITS Several fundamental units describe the properties and behavior of water in building plumbing systems. Customary and SI unit conversions for water based on weight, pressure, flow, and volume. : 1. Specific Weight (w)- also referred as density, It is measured in weight per unit volume (kg/L). Water density vaires with temperature. A specific weight of 62.4 lb/ft3 (1.00 kg/L) is commonly used for liquid water in engineering computations. 2. Specific Gravity (s.g)- The specific gravity (s.g.) of a fluid or solid is the ratio of the specific weight of the fluid or solid to the specific weight of water at a temperature of 39°F (4°C), the temperature at which water is most dense (62.42 lb/ft3 or 1.00 Note: Materials with a specific gravity less than 1.0 are less dense than water (e.g., oil) kg/L). The specific gravity of water is assumed to be and will float on pure water; substances with 1.0 at common plumbing system temperatures. a specific gravity more than 1.0 are denser than water and will sink. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.1 FUNDAMENTAL UNITS PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.1 FUNDAMENTAL UNITS PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.1 FUNDAMENTAL UNITS PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.1 FUNDAMENTAL UNITS 3. Volume (V)- is the amount of space occupied by a substance. In plumbing system design, volume is commonly expressed in gallons (g or gal). There are 7.48 gallons in a cubic foot (ft3 ). A gallon is approximately 3.8 L. 4. Volumetric Flow Rate (Q)- frequently called the flow rate, is the volume of a substance that passes a point in a system per unit of time. Volumetric flow rate (Q) may be determined with volume (V) and time: Q = Volume/time (usually express in m3/s or gpm) 5. Velocity (v)- Velocity is the rate of linear motion of a substance in one direction. The magnitude of velocity, known as speed, is usually expressed in terms of distance covered per unit of time. In a fluidic system such as a plumbing system, water velocity is expressed as an average velocity because water molecules each have different speeds and directions of travel. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.1 FUNDAMENTAL UNITS 3.Pressure (P)- is the force per unit area exerted by liquid or gas on a surface such as the sidewall of a container or pipe. The unit lb/in2 denoted as “psi” will be used for pounds per square inch of gauge pressure because it is universally accepted in the plumbing industry. Standard atmospheric pressure (Ps)-is the typical barometric pressure of air at sea level and 70°F (21°C). It is equal to 14.696 psia (101 325 Pa) Gauge pressure (Pg) is the pressure of a fluid (gas or liquid) “excluding“ pressure exerted by the atmosphere. Absolute pressure (Pa) is the pressure of a fluid (gas or liquid) “including” pressure exerted by the atmosphere. Pg + Ps = Pa PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.1 FUNDAMENTAL UNITS PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.1 FUNDAMENTAL UNITS PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.3 WATER SUPPLY WATER SOURCES A supply of good water is more important to human survival than food. Potable is clean water that is suitable for human drinking. It must be available for drinking, cooking, and cleaning. Nonpotable water may be used for flushing water closets (toilets), irrigating grass and gardens, washing cars, and for any use other than drinking, cooking, or cleaning. An abundant supply of potable water that is easily distributed is vital to a prosperous economy. 1. Surface Water- surface water is fresh on earths surface such as in rivers, lakes, swamps, pond and reservoir. This is run-off water that did not inflitrate and become ground water. 2. Ground Water- water beneath the surface trapped in sediment and rock is called ground water. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.3 WATER SUPPLY Groundwater can be captured at many layers below a building site—that is, there may be several aquifers at different depths. Very deep-lying groundwater can remain undisturbed for thousands or millions of years. However, most groundwater lies at shallower depths. The level of groundwater is referred to as the water table. The distance from the ground surface to the water table is referred to as the water table depth. Water from aquifiers forced upward is called an artesian well. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.3 WATER SUPPLY PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.3 WATER SUPPLY When rain falls on the Earth, the water flow across or under the ground and begins its way to a stream or river. The land that the water flows across on its way is called a watershed. Many small bodies of water make-up watersheds called tributaries. The water in these bodies of water move through the watershed to a larger body of water (gulf, bay, ocean) PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.3 WATER COLLECTION SYSTEM Surface water readily provides much of the water needed by cities, counties, large industry, and others. However, this source is dependent on recurring rain. During a long period of drought, the flow of water may be significantly reduced. Reservoirs hold surface water during periods of high runoff and release water during periods of low runoff. Surface water is typically treated to provide the potable water required. Where nonpotable water may be used, no treatment of the water is necessary. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.3 WATER COLLECTION SYSTEM Surface water can be collected in a storage tank called a cistern. A cistern can fill with rainwater as it drains from the roof of a building or a more elaborate collection system. Collected water is then pumped into the supply line of the building for use PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 1.3 WATER SUPPLY Water is vital for all forms of life. It covers 71 percent of the Earth’s surface but they are not all drinkable. The oceans contains 97 percent of this water while another 2 percent is frozen at the poles. Most of the remaining 1 percent is groundwater. The rest are in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES TOPIC 2 BUILDING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: Define building and plumbing systems/codes Describe the principles of water supply and distribution systems in buildings. Explain wastewater collection and drainage systems within structures. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 2.0 TUBING AND PIPE Pipes- A pipe is a tubular structure that is typically used to convey fluids (liquids or gases) from one point to another. Pipes are designed to meet specific industry standards and are often used in industrial, commercial, and residential applications. They can be made from a variety of materials, including steel, copper, plastic, and more. Tubes- A tube is also a hollow cylindrical structure, but it is often used for structural purposes, such as in the construction of frames, supports, and the transportation of fluids and gases. Tubes can have various shapes, including round, square, rectangular, or oval. They are commonly made from materials like steel, aluminum, and copper. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 2.1 PIPE SIZING Pipes are sized based on their nominal pipe size (NPS). The NPS is a numerical designation that indicates the approximate inside diameter of the pipe, but it doesn't correspond directly to the actual inside or outside diameter. Pipe sizes are typically given in inches, and common sizes include 1/2 inch, 3/4 inch, 1 inch, and so on. Pipes are also classified by their schedule, which indicates their wall thickness and pressure rating (e.g., Schedule 40, Schedule 80). NPS Sizing: NPS values are typically expressed in inches, and common NPS sizes include 1/8 inch, 1/4 inch, 1/2 inch, 3/4 inch, 1 inch, and so on. The NPS value is used along with the Schedule to specify a pipe more precisely. The Schedule of a pipe refers to its wall thickness and, indirectly, its pressure rating. Different Schedule numbers indicate varying wall thicknesses, with higher numbers corresponding to thicker walls. The Schedule is a crucial specification because it helps determine the pipe's strength and suitability for specific applications. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 2.1 PIPE SIZING Common Schedule types include Schedule 5, Schedule 10, Schedule 20, Schedule 40, Schedule 80, and Schedule 160, among others. Each of these schedules has a different wall thickness and pressure rating. For example, Schedule 40 pipes have a medium wall thickness and are widely used in various applications. The Schedule number is also associated with a pressure rating, which indicates the maximum pressure a pipe can handle at a certain temperature. Higher Schedule numbers generally indicate pipes that can handle higher pressures. To specify a pipe accurately, both the NPS and Schedule are used together. For example, you might see a pipe specification like "2-inch Schedule 40 pipe," PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 2.2 TUBE SIZING Tubes are sized based on their outside diameter (OD) and wall thickness. Unlike pipes, tube sizes are typically specified using exact measurements in either inches or millimeters. For example, you might see a tube specified as 1 inch OD with a 0.065-inch wall thickness. Tube sizing is more precise than pipe sizing and is important in applications where the exact dimensions are critical, such as in structural engineering. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 2.3 PIPE SIZING VS TUBE SIZING PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 2.4 FITTINGS AND VALVES Fittings- A variety of fittings must be used to connect pipe lengths and make all the pipe turns, branch lines, couplings that join the straight runs, and stops at the end of the runs. Fittings for steel and wrought-iron pipe are made of malleable iron and cast iron. The fittings for plastic, copper, and brass pipe are made of the same materials as the pipe being connected. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 2.4 FITTINGS AND VALVES Valves are used to control flow of the water throughout the system. Proper location of valves simplifies repairs to the system, fixtures, or equipment being serviced. Valves also regulate flow to deliver the appropriate quantity of water and reduce water consumption. In building plumbing systems, there are usually valves at risers (vertical pipe serving the building), branches (horizontal pipe serving the fixtures), and pipes to individual fixtures or equipment. The inner workings of most valves are generally accessible for repairs. Valves generally fall into four categories: gate, globe, check and angle. These are described below PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES SUB-TOPIC 1 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: Define building and plumbing systems/codes Describe the principles of water supply and distribution systems in buildings. Explain wastewater collection and drainage systems within structures. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.0 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS Coagulation: Filtration: Chemicals called coagulants (e.g., alum or ferric chloride) are Water may pass through various types of filters (e.g., sand, gravel, or added to water. membrane filters). Coagulants neutralize the electric charges on suspended Filters physically trap remaining particles and flocs, further purifying the particles, causing them to clump together. water. Flocculation: Disinfection: After coagulation, gentle mixing or stirring encourages small To kill any remaining bacteria, viruses, or pathogens, water is typically particles to form larger flocs. treated with chlorine, chloramines, or other disinfectants. These flocs are easier to settle or filter out. pH Adjustment: Sedimentation: Water pH may be adjusted to meet specific standards or requirements. The water is left undisturbed in a large tank, allowing the flocs to Clarified Water: settle to the bottom. After going through these processes, the water becomes clear, free from Clear water is then drawn from the top of the tank. visible impurities, and suitable for drinking, industrial use, or discharge into the environment. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.0 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.1 DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY Plumbing codes require that a potable water supply be adequately furnished to all plumbing fixtures. The water supply system in a building carries cold and hot water through distribution pipes and delivers it to the plumbing fixtures. Schematic drawings of conventional residential and commercial systems are shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.2. The water service line carries water from a district supply pipe to the building. The main parts of a typical water supply system include the following. Main Parts of a Water Supply Systems Building Supply Water Meter Building Main Riser Fixture Branch Fixture Connection PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.1 DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY Building Supply- The building supply or water service is a large water supply pipe that carries potable water from the district or city water system or other water source to the building. Water Meter- A water meter is required by most district water supply systems to measure and record the amount of water used. It may be placed in a meter box located in the ground near the street or in side the building. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.1 DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY Building Main- The building main is a large pipe that serves as the principal artery of the water supply system. It carries water through the building to the furthest riser. The building main is typically run (located) in a basement, in a ceiling, in a crawl space, or below the concrete floor slab Riser- A riser is a water supply pipe that extends vertically in the building at least one story and carries water to fixture branches. It is typically connected to the building main and runs vertically in the walls or pipe chases. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.1 DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY Fixture Branch- A fixture branch is a water supply pipe that runs from the riser or main to the fixture being connected. In a water supply system, it is any part of a piping system other than a riser or main pipe. Fixture branch pipes supply the individual plumbing fixtures. A fixture branch is usually run in the floor or in the wall behind the fixtures Fixture Connection- fixture connection runs from the fixture branch to the fixture, the terminal point of use in a plumbing system. A shut-off valve is typically located in the hot and cold water supply at the fixture connection PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.2 GENERAL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LAY-OUT The water service pipe is an underground pipe that is typically called a lateral. It extends from the underground street main that is part of a district or city water system, and delivers pressurized potable water to a building plumbing system. The water service lateral is connected to a water meter that measures consumption. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.3 WATER PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS Hydrostatic Pressure- A hydrostatic force is a force exerted by the weight of the fluid against the walls of a vessel containing the fluid. Hydrostatic pressure, the hydrostatic force per unit area, is perpendicular to the interior walls at every point. If the pressure were not perpendicular, an unbalanced force component would exist and the fluid would flow. If gravity is the only force acting on a fluid (e.g., the water in a gravity plumbing system), the hydrostatic pressure at any point in the system is directly proportional to the weight of a vertical column of that water. Additionally, the pressure is directly proportional to the depth below the surface and is independent of the size or shape of the container. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.3 WATER PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS Water Pressure- Water pressure difference is the driving force behind fluid flow. Water pressure available at the water service is lost as water flows through the piping of a plumbing system. This pressure loss or pressure drop in a plumbing system is from friction loss as the water moves through the system and pressure loss as water is forced to a higher elevation (e.g., from the basement to an upper story). Acceptable Water pressure available at the water service is considered 40 to 80 psi (275 to 550 kPa) In most residential and commercial systems, the upper limit is 80 psi (550 kPa). Residual Water Pressure requirement at the many types of plumbing fixtures varies accordingly.Code specifies that the highest (most remote outlet) fixture have a minimum pressure of 8 psi (55 kPa) for flush tanks and 15 psi (103 kPa) PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.3 WATER PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS Pressure Difference- Fluid flow is caused by a pressure difference in the fluid. A fluid will always flow from a higher pressure region to a lower pressure region. A pressure difference must exist at a plumbing fixture to cause water to flow—that is, water pressure at the fixture must be at a higher level than atmospheric pressure for water to flow from the fixture. Pressure difference (ΔP) is the driving force of fluid flow Water has a maximum specific weight of 62.4 lb/ft3. So at its maximum weight, a 1 ft by 1 ft by 1 ft cube of water exerts a maximum force of 62.4 lb at its base, which equates to a pressure of 62.4 lb/ft2 or a pressure of 0.433 psi. Therefore, a 1 ft high column of water creates a pressure of 0.433 psi at its base. PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.3 WATER PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS static head base value per ft = 0.433 psi/ft static head, in psi, ΔPstatic =0.433Z static head, in kPa, ΔPstatic=9.8Z Pressure difference is negative (a loss) if the elevation change from the known pressure is upward (a positive Z) and positive if elevation change is downward (a negative Z) 24 FT PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.3 WATER PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS Pressure losses from friction, friction head (ΔPfriction), are more difficult to compute, as they are related to flow rate (gpm L/min or L/s), fluid velocity (ft/s or m/s), pipe diameter, pipe material and surface roughness, pipe length, and number of fittings and valves PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.3 WATER PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.3 WATER PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES 3.3 WATER PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS Total dynamic head (ΔPTDH). To pump water at a specific flow rate, the total dynamic head generated by a pump must overcome the head of the system through which the pump is pushing water. Thus, total dynamic head developed by a pump must overcome a combination of the static head and friction head of the piping system: PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY: ENGR. REYVENCER T. REYES