Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following contaminants causes discoloration in water?
Which of the following contaminants causes discoloration in water?
Which of the following contaminants can cause scaling in pipes and reduce thermal efficiency?
Which of the following contaminants can cause scaling in pipes and reduce thermal efficiency?
What is the primary cause of turbidity in water?
What is the primary cause of turbidity in water?
Which of the following is NOT a biological characteristic that can contaminate water?
Which of the following is NOT a biological characteristic that can contaminate water?
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Which of the following water quality problems is primarily addressed by chlorination?
Which of the following water quality problems is primarily addressed by chlorination?
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Which contaminant can affect both the taste of water and the health of individuals with certain conditions?
Which contaminant can affect both the taste of water and the health of individuals with certain conditions?
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What is the primary method used to address color problems caused by iron and magnesium in water?
What is the primary method used to address color problems caused by iron and magnesium in water?
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Which of the following statements about the total amount of water on Earth is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the total amount of water on Earth is TRUE?
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Which government agency is responsible for managing water supply, sewerage, and sanitation in Metro Manila and partially in its neighboring provinces?
Which government agency is responsible for managing water supply, sewerage, and sanitation in Metro Manila and partially in its neighboring provinces?
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Which of the following government agencies is primarily responsible for flood control and drainage?
Which of the following government agencies is primarily responsible for flood control and drainage?
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Which agency is responsible for promoting the development of hydropower projects?
Which agency is responsible for promoting the development of hydropower projects?
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What is the primary focus of the Department of Health (DOH) in relation to water resources?
What is the primary focus of the Department of Health (DOH) in relation to water resources?
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What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by bodies of water?
What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by bodies of water?
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Which of the following agencies is responsible for ensuring the protection and management of watersheds?
Which of the following agencies is responsible for ensuring the protection and management of watersheds?
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What is the primary source of water for 60% of households in the Philippines?
What is the primary source of water for 60% of households in the Philippines?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of groundwater?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of groundwater?
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What percentage of the Earth's total water supply is frozen in the polar caps?
What percentage of the Earth's total water supply is frozen in the polar caps?
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Which of the following is NOT a loop in the hydrologic cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a loop in the hydrologic cycle?
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What is the primary function of the hydrologic cycle?
What is the primary function of the hydrologic cycle?
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Which of the following is a concern regarding the use of rainwater?
Which of the following is a concern regarding the use of rainwater?
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What is a significant challenge in managing water resources sustainably?
What is a significant challenge in managing water resources sustainably?
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What is a primary function of a control valve located in a curb box?
What is a primary function of a control valve located in a curb box?
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What is the primary purpose of a 'Water - Service Pipe' in a water supply system?
What is the primary purpose of a 'Water - Service Pipe' in a water supply system?
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Which method of constructing a well involves drilling with a powerful drill bit to create a deep hole?
Which method of constructing a well involves drilling with a powerful drill bit to create a deep hole?
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What is the purpose of a 'Water - Distribution Pipe' in a water supply system?
What is the purpose of a 'Water - Distribution Pipe' in a water supply system?
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Which of these well types is created by digging a large, open hole in the ground?
Which of these well types is created by digging a large, open hole in the ground?
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What is the primary advantage of using a deep well as a water source?
What is the primary advantage of using a deep well as a water source?
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Which of these well construction methods involves using a power-driven auger to create a hole in the ground?
Which of these well construction methods involves using a power-driven auger to create a hole in the ground?
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What is the primary purpose of a 'Fixture Branch' in a water supply system?
What is the primary purpose of a 'Fixture Branch' in a water supply system?
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What is the primary function of cement grout in a driven well?
What is the primary function of cement grout in a driven well?
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What is the characteristic feature of a drilled well using a truck-mounted drilling machine?
What is the characteristic feature of a drilled well using a truck-mounted drilling machine?
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What method involves using water pressure to drive the well screen and casing into the ground?
What method involves using water pressure to drive the well screen and casing into the ground?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hard water?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hard water?
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What is the primary purpose of water pressure in a municipal water supply system?
What is the primary purpose of water pressure in a municipal water supply system?
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How does the size of pipes affect water pressure in a building?
How does the size of pipes affect water pressure in a building?
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According to the Department of Health (DOH), what is the classification of a water supply system based on bored wells and spring systems?
According to the Department of Health (DOH), what is the classification of a water supply system based on bored wells and spring systems?
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Which of the following is NOT typically considered a Level I water supply system?
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a Level I water supply system?
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What is the most concerning effect of lead contamination in water on infants and young children?
What is the most concerning effect of lead contamination in water on infants and young children?
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Which of the following is NOT a general property of water as discussed in the provided text?
Which of the following is NOT a general property of water as discussed in the provided text?
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What is the primary reason water is beneficial for fire protection?
What is the primary reason water is beneficial for fire protection?
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Which chemical characteristic of water is commonly associated with the condition known as "blue baby" disease in infants?
Which chemical characteristic of water is commonly associated with the condition known as "blue baby" disease in infants?
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What is the primary reason water is used in cooling towers and evaporative coolers?
What is the primary reason water is used in cooling towers and evaporative coolers?
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Which of the following is a physical property of water used to determine its safety?
Which of the following is a physical property of water used to determine its safety?
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What is the difference between "head" and "pressure" in the context of water?
What is the difference between "head" and "pressure" in the context of water?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential health risk associated with arsenic contamination in water?
Which of the following is NOT a potential health risk associated with arsenic contamination in water?
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Flashcards
Chlorides
Chlorides
Compounds that can affect the taste of groundwater.
Copper
Copper
A metal that gives water an undesirable taste.
Iron
Iron
A mineral that produces color and may stain clothes in water.
Sulfates
Sulfates
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Zinc
Zinc
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Sodium
Sodium
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Turbidity
Turbidity
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Water Quality Problems
Water Quality Problems
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What is Water?
What is Water?
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General Properties of Water
General Properties of Water
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Water Level
Water Level
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Mass of Water
Mass of Water
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Pressure
Pressure
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Capillarity
Capillarity
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Lead in Water
Lead in Water
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Nitrates in Water
Nitrates in Water
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Level III Water Supply
Level III Water Supply
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Water Demand Increase
Water Demand Increase
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Critical Urban Regions
Critical Urban Regions
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Metro Manila Water Sources
Metro Manila Water Sources
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Key Water Governance Agencies
Key Water Governance Agencies
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Cement Grout
Cement Grout
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Driven Well
Driven Well
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Drilled Well with Rig
Drilled Well with Rig
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Jetting Method
Jetting Method
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Hard Water
Hard Water
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Municipal Water Pressure
Municipal Water Pressure
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Pressure Variability
Pressure Variability
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Water Supply Levels (Philippines)
Water Supply Levels (Philippines)
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Water Supply Systems
Water Supply Systems
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Water Main
Water Main
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Service Pipe
Service Pipe
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Water Meter
Water Meter
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Control Valve
Control Valve
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Dug Well
Dug Well
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Bored Well
Bored Well
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Distribution Pipe
Distribution Pipe
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Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrologic Cycle
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Surface Runoff Loop
Surface Runoff Loop
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Evapotranspiration Loop
Evapotranspiration Loop
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Groundwater Loop
Groundwater Loop
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Groundwater
Groundwater
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Rainwater
Rainwater
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Stormwater
Stormwater
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Water Conservation
Water Conservation
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Study Notes
Water Properties
- Water is a chemical compound of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
- Water makes up most of bodies and food.
- Engineers aim to help clients conserve water while maintaining optimal interior environments.
- Water effectively absorbs and releases heat during evaporation.
- Water is used in cooling systems (e.g., sprays, evaporative coolers, cooling towers) for buildings.
- Water also offers fire protection.
General Properties of Water
- Water level: takes the shape of its container to the limit of volume; tends to level out.
- Mass: the amount of matter in a body; constant regardless of location in the universe.
- Force: changes rest or uniform motion of a body.
- Pressure: force per unit area.
- Head: vertical distance from liquid's surface to point of pressure measurement.
- Capillarity: spontaneous movement up or down narrow tubes/pipes due to molecular attraction differences at the boundary between water and pipe.
Water Safety
- Physical Properties:
- Turbidity
- Color changes
- Unpleasant taste/odor
- Chemical Characteristics:
- pH
- Presence of toxic substances (lead, arsenic, nitrates, chlorides, copper, iron, sulfates, zinc, sodium)
Chemical Characteristics: Specifics
- Lead: poses greatest threat to infants/young children (nervous system development); adults can experience kidney issues or high blood pressure.
- Arsenic: naturally found in some water sources; causes symptoms like dry coughs, burning hands/feet, and elevated cancer risks (lung, skin, bladder).
- Nitrates: cause "blue baby" syndrome in infants.
- Chlorides: affect the taste of groundwater.
- Copper: gives water an undesirable taste.
- Iron: produces red, brown, or yellow color in water; causes stains on laundry; harmless to health.
- Sulfates: natural laxative.
- Zinc: no health risk; produces unpleasant taste.
- Sodium: high levels can be dangerous for people with heart, kidney, or circulation problems; some water softeners increase sodium levels.
Biological and Radiological Characteristics
- Biological: Bacteria, Protozoa, Viruses
- Radiological: contamination from mining, industrial radioactive materials, power plants, military installations.
Water Quality Problems and Solutions
- Problem: Turbidity
- Cause: Silt/suspended matter in surface flow
- Effect: Discoloration, bad taste, minor health concerns
- Solution: Filtration
- Problem: Color
- Cause: Presence of iron/magnesium
- Effect: Discoloration on fixtures/laundry
- Solution: Precipitation by oxidation filter
- Problem: Taste
- Cause: Algae, decomposing organic matter, dissolved gases, phenolic substances
- Effect: Bad taste
- Solution: Water treatment process
- Problem: Odor
- Cause: Contaminants
- Effect: Bad odor
- Solution: Water treatment process
- Problem: Hardness
- Cause: Calcium and magnesium carbonates and bicarbonates, calcium and magnesium sulfate and chloride
- Effect: Clogging of pipes, impairment of laundry/food preparation, reduction of thermal efficiency, restriction of flow
- Solution: Boiling (carbonate hardness), chemical precipitation (sulfate/chloride hardness) use of water softeners (zeolite)
- Problem: Pollution (includes pathogen bacteria)
- Cause: Organic matter from sewage
- Effect: Disease
- Solution: Chlorination
Water Origin and Cycle
- Water amount is finite.
- Distribution: 70% is oceans and seas (Saltwater = 67%; Freshwater = 3% — 2% frozen; 1% other);
- Hydrologic Cycle: The Earth receives solar energy, which drives water evaporation and precipitation to constantly circulate water through the cycle.
- Main loops: Surface runoff, Evapotranspiration, Groundwater
- Processes within loop: Water enters storm drain, sewage, improvement of surface/groundwater, absorption into soil.
Water Supply Systems
- Source: Precipitation, Runoff, Groundwater (sinks into soil, fills open spaces)
- Types: Groundwater, Rainwater
- Rainwater = earliest agrarian societies' source/most accessible and pure; collects underground; forms springs/lakes/swamps; major concerns are pollutants from storm drains and sewage contamination.
- Groundwater = reliable source of water; deep wells are expensive, but filtering of impurities during travel through soil and rock; potentially contains dissolved minerals.
- Wells
- Types: Dug, Bored, driven, Drilled (percussion/standard, truck-mounted drilling, and Jetting)
- Quality/maintenance aspects: Dug wells range from 0.90 to 6 meters in diameter, carved through the upper soil, sides need masonry or concrete to prevent curving in. Impervious to a depth of minimum 3 meters
- Piping Systems in Public Infrastructure - Water mains transport water for public use, directed to buildings via service pipes. - Water meters record water usage, and control valves shut off water in emergencies or if bills are unpaid. - Distribution pipes supply water to fixtures; Fixture branches connect several fixtures. - Fixture Supplies link fixtures to branch/main pipes.
Hard Water
- Results from calcium salts, which can build up inside pipes (scaling) and convert soap to scum.
- A water softener controls hard water.
Municipal Water Supply Systems
- Water pressure in mains offsets friction and gravity.
- Pressure is usually 345 kPa.
- Pipe sizes alter pressure inside buildings; bigger pipes decrease pressure.
- Pressure at fixtures is 35–204 kPa; too much pressure (splashing), too little pressure (dribbling).
- Pressure reducers regulate fixtures.
Water Supply Systems in the Philippines
- Levels (DOH standards):
- Level I: hand pumps, shallow wells, rainwater collectors for point-source gathering of water
- Level II: bored wells and spring systems for communal water points
- Level III: piped water supply via waterworks networks, with private connections.
- Sources: Rivers, lakes, and 1,830 sq km of watershed.
- Critical areas: NCR, Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, Central Visayas.
- Water sources: Angat, Ipo, and La Mesa Dams; processed through treatment plants.
- Management Agencies: NWRB, PTFWRDM, DPWH, DOH, DENR, DILG, NPC, NIA, BSWM, MWSS, and LWUA.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the properties and safety of water. This quiz covers aspects like water's chemical structure, its role in engineering, and important physical properties. Understand how water functions in various systems and its importance for safety.