Water Properties and Safety Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following contaminants causes discoloration in water?

  • Copper
  • Sodium
  • Iron (correct)
  • Zinc
  • Which of the following contaminants can cause scaling in pipes and reduce thermal efficiency?

  • Sodium
  • Zinc
  • Iron
  • Calcium (correct)
  • What is the primary cause of turbidity in water?

  • Decomposing organic matter
  • Silt or suspended matters (correct)
  • Presence of dissolved gases
  • Contamination by sewage
  • Which of the following is NOT a biological characteristic that can contaminate water?

    <p>Radioactivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following water quality problems is primarily addressed by chlorination?

    <p>Pollution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which contaminant can affect both the taste of water and the health of individuals with certain conditions?

    <p>Sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to address color problems caused by iron and magnesium in water?

    <p>Filtration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the total amount of water on Earth is TRUE?

    <p>The total amount of water is finite. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which government agency is responsible for managing water supply, sewerage, and sanitation in Metro Manila and partially in its neighboring provinces?

    <p>Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following government agencies is primarily responsible for flood control and drainage?

    <p>Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency is responsible for promoting the development of hydropower projects?

    <p>National Power Corporation (NPC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Department of Health (DOH) in relation to water resources?

    <p>Sanitation and public health aspects of water use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by bodies of water?

    <p>70% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agencies is responsible for ensuring the protection and management of watersheds?

    <p>Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of water for 60% of households in the Philippines?

    <p>Groundwater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of groundwater?

    <p>Preventing soil erosion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Earth's total water supply is frozen in the polar caps?

    <p>2% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a loop in the hydrologic cycle?

    <p>Hydrothermal Loop (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hydrologic cycle?

    <p>Constantly circulating water through evaporation and precipitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a concern regarding the use of rainwater?

    <p>Rainwater can be contaminated by pollutants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge in managing water resources sustainably?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of a control valve located in a curb box?

    <p>To shut off the water supply to the building in emergencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a 'Water - Service Pipe' in a water supply system?

    <p>To connect a building to the main water supply line (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of constructing a well involves drilling with a powerful drill bit to create a deep hole?

    <p>Rotary drilling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a 'Water - Distribution Pipe' in a water supply system?

    <p>To deliver potable water to plumbing fixtures within a building (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these well types is created by digging a large, open hole in the ground?

    <p>Dug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a deep well as a water source?

    <p>Water from deep underground is often naturally filtered and bacteria-free (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these well construction methods involves using a power-driven auger to create a hole in the ground?

    <p>Bored (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a 'Fixture Branch' in a water supply system?

    <p>To connect multiple fixtures to a common water supply line (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cement grout in a driven well?

    <p>To seal the gap between the well casing and the surrounding soil, preventing contamination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of a drilled well using a truck-mounted drilling machine?

    <p>It uses a drilling rig to create the well hole and casing pipe. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method involves using water pressure to drive the well screen and casing into the ground?

    <p>Drilled Well - Jetting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hard water?

    <p>It can cause the pipes to corrode and leak. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of water pressure in a municipal water supply system?

    <p>To overcome friction and gravity, ensuring that the water reaches all consumers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the size of pipes affect water pressure in a building?

    <p>Smaller pipes increase pressure, while larger pipes decrease pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Department of Health (DOH), what is the classification of a water supply system based on bored wells and spring systems?

    <p>Level II (communal water point) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically considered a Level I water supply system?

    <p>Bored wells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most concerning effect of lead contamination in water on infants and young children?

    <p>It can lead to stunted growth and developmental delays. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a general property of water as discussed in the provided text?

    <p>Density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason water is beneficial for fire protection?

    <p>Water's high heat capacity helps absorb heat from the fire. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical characteristic of water is commonly associated with the condition known as "blue baby" disease in infants?

    <p>Nitrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason water is used in cooling towers and evaporative coolers?

    <p>Water's ability to absorb heat and release it during evaporation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physical property of water used to determine its safety?

    <p>Unpleasant taste and odor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between "head" and "pressure" in the context of water?

    <p>Head is the vertical distance from the water surface, while pressure is the force per unit area. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential health risk associated with arsenic contamination in water?

    <p>Gastrointestinal discomfort and diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Chlorides

    Compounds that can affect the taste of groundwater.

    Copper

    A metal that gives water an undesirable taste.

    Iron

    A mineral that produces color and may stain clothes in water.

    Sulfates

    Compounds that can act as natural laxatives.

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    Zinc

    A metal that does not pose health threats but alters water taste.

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    Sodium

    Excess in water can harm those with certain health issues.

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    Turbidity

    Cloudiness in water due to suspended particles, affecting taste.

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    Water Quality Problems

    Issues caused by contaminants affecting taste and health.

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    What is Water?

    A chemical compound of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, crucial for life.

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    General Properties of Water

    Include water level, mass, force, pressure, head, and capillarity.

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    Water Level

    Water takes the shape of its container and finds its own level.

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    Mass of Water

    The amount of matter in water remains constant, regardless of location.

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    Pressure

    Defined as the force per unit area acting on a surface.

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    Capillarity

    The movement of water in narrow tubes due to unbalanced molecular attraction.

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    Lead in Water

    A toxic substance that can harm children’s development and cause kidney issues in adults.

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    Nitrates in Water

    A chemical that can cause 'blue baby' disease in infants when consumed.

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    Level III Water Supply

    A piped water supply system with household service connections.

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    Water Demand Increase

    Expected growth from 1,303 m3 in 1995 to 3,955 m3 by 2025 in the Philippines.

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    Critical Urban Regions

    Four areas in the Philippines facing severe water quality and quantity issues: NCR, Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, and Central Visayas.

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    Metro Manila Water Sources

    Main water supplies for Metro Manila from Angat, Ipo, and La Mesa Dams, processed for consumption.

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    Key Water Governance Agencies

    Agencies like NWRB, PTFWRDM, DPWH, DOH, DENR, and others oversee water management in the Philippines.

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    Cement Grout

    Material poured to seal gaps between hole and casing, preventing contamination.

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    Driven Well

    A well created by driving a pointed tube into the ground.

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    Drilled Well with Rig

    Well formed by a drilling rig that installs casing to prevent cave-ins.

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    Jetting Method

    Technique where water helps lower well screen and casing into the formation.

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    Hard Water

    Water with high calcium content, causing scaling and soap scum.

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    Municipal Water Pressure

    Pressure in community water systems to maintain flow through pipes.

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    Pressure Variability

    Water pressure varies in pipes; larger pipes decrease pressure, smaller pipes increase it.

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    Water Supply Levels (Philippines)

    Classification by Department of Health into three levels of water supply systems.

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    Water Supply Systems

    Systems involving the collection, treatment, and distribution of water for public use.

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    Water Main

    A large pipe transporting water from the source to service connections.

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    Service Pipe

    The pipe that connects the water main to a building.

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    Water Meter

    A device that measures the amount of water used in a building.

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    Control Valve

    A valve that shuts off water supply in emergencies or non-payments.

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    Dug Well

    A shallow well dug through soft soil, often lined with masonry.

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    Bored Well

    A well made using an auger, typically with a well casing.

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    Distribution Pipe

    A pipe that carries potable water to fixtures in a building.

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    Hydrologic Cycle

    The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

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    Surface Runoff Loop

    Water that flows over land and returns to bodies of water, part of the hydrologic cycle.

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    Evapotranspiration Loop

    The process where water evaporates from soil and plant surfaces into the atmosphere.

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    Groundwater Loop

    The movement and storage of water underground in soil and porous rocks.

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    Groundwater

    Water that fills open spaces in soil and underground rocks, making up the majority of the water supply.

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    Rainwater

    Water that falls as precipitation and can be absorbed into the ground.

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    Stormwater

    Water that originates from precipitation and can enter drainage systems, often mixing with sewage.

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    Water Conservation

    The responsible management and use of water resources to avoid waste.

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    Study Notes

    Water Properties

    • Water is a chemical compound of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
    • Water makes up most of bodies and food.
    • Engineers aim to help clients conserve water while maintaining optimal interior environments.
    • Water effectively absorbs and releases heat during evaporation.
    • Water is used in cooling systems (e.g., sprays, evaporative coolers, cooling towers) for buildings.
    • Water also offers fire protection.

    General Properties of Water

    • Water level: takes the shape of its container to the limit of volume; tends to level out.
    • Mass: the amount of matter in a body; constant regardless of location in the universe.
    • Force: changes rest or uniform motion of a body.
    • Pressure: force per unit area.
    • Head: vertical distance from liquid's surface to point of pressure measurement.
    • Capillarity: spontaneous movement up or down narrow tubes/pipes due to molecular attraction differences at the boundary between water and pipe.

    Water Safety

    • Physical Properties:
      • Turbidity
      • Color changes
      • Unpleasant taste/odor
    • Chemical Characteristics:
      • pH
      • Presence of toxic substances (lead, arsenic, nitrates, chlorides, copper, iron, sulfates, zinc, sodium)

    Chemical Characteristics: Specifics

    • Lead: poses greatest threat to infants/young children (nervous system development); adults can experience kidney issues or high blood pressure.
    • Arsenic: naturally found in some water sources; causes symptoms like dry coughs, burning hands/feet, and elevated cancer risks (lung, skin, bladder).
    • Nitrates: cause "blue baby" syndrome in infants.
    • Chlorides: affect the taste of groundwater.
    • Copper: gives water an undesirable taste.
    • Iron: produces red, brown, or yellow color in water; causes stains on laundry; harmless to health.
    • Sulfates: natural laxative.
    • Zinc: no health risk; produces unpleasant taste.
    • Sodium: high levels can be dangerous for people with heart, kidney, or circulation problems; some water softeners increase sodium levels.

    Biological and Radiological Characteristics

    • Biological: Bacteria, Protozoa, Viruses
    • Radiological: contamination from mining, industrial radioactive materials, power plants, military installations.

    Water Quality Problems and Solutions

    • Problem: Turbidity
      • Cause: Silt/suspended matter in surface flow
      • Effect: Discoloration, bad taste, minor health concerns
      • Solution: Filtration
    • Problem: Color
      • Cause: Presence of iron/magnesium
      • Effect: Discoloration on fixtures/laundry
      • Solution: Precipitation by oxidation filter
    • Problem: Taste
      • Cause: Algae, decomposing organic matter, dissolved gases, phenolic substances
      • Effect: Bad taste
      • Solution: Water treatment process
    • Problem: Odor
      • Cause: Contaminants
      • Effect: Bad odor
      • Solution: Water treatment process
    • Problem: Hardness
      • Cause: Calcium and magnesium carbonates and bicarbonates, calcium and magnesium sulfate and chloride
      • Effect: Clogging of pipes, impairment of laundry/food preparation, reduction of thermal efficiency, restriction of flow
      • Solution: Boiling (carbonate hardness), chemical precipitation (sulfate/chloride hardness) use of water softeners (zeolite)
    • Problem: Pollution (includes pathogen bacteria)
      • Cause: Organic matter from sewage
      • Effect: Disease
      • Solution: Chlorination

    Water Origin and Cycle

    • Water amount is finite.
    • Distribution: 70% is oceans and seas (Saltwater = 67%; Freshwater = 3% — 2% frozen; 1% other);
    • Hydrologic Cycle: The Earth receives solar energy, which drives water evaporation and precipitation to constantly circulate water through the cycle.
      • Main loops: Surface runoff, Evapotranspiration, Groundwater
      • Processes within loop: Water enters storm drain, sewage, improvement of surface/groundwater, absorption into soil.

    Water Supply Systems

    • Source: Precipitation, Runoff, Groundwater (sinks into soil, fills open spaces)
    • Types: Groundwater, Rainwater - Rainwater = earliest agrarian societies' source/most accessible and pure; collects underground; forms springs/lakes/swamps; major concerns are pollutants from storm drains and sewage contamination.
      • Groundwater = reliable source of water; deep wells are expensive, but filtering of impurities during travel through soil and rock; potentially contains dissolved minerals.
      • Wells
        • Types: Dug, Bored, driven, Drilled (percussion/standard, truck-mounted drilling, and Jetting)
        • Quality/maintenance aspects: Dug wells range from 0.90 to 6 meters in diameter, carved through the upper soil, sides need masonry or concrete to prevent curving in. Impervious to a depth of minimum 3 meters
    • Piping Systems in Public Infrastructure - Water mains transport water for public use, directed to buildings via service pipes. - Water meters record water usage, and control valves shut off water in emergencies or if bills are unpaid. - Distribution pipes supply water to fixtures; Fixture branches connect several fixtures. - Fixture Supplies link fixtures to branch/main pipes.

    Hard Water

    • Results from calcium salts, which can build up inside pipes (scaling) and convert soap to scum.
    • A water softener controls hard water.

    Municipal Water Supply Systems

    • Water pressure in mains offsets friction and gravity.
    • Pressure is usually 345 kPa.
    • Pipe sizes alter pressure inside buildings; bigger pipes decrease pressure.
    • Pressure at fixtures is 35–204 kPa; too much pressure (splashing), too little pressure (dribbling).
    • Pressure reducers regulate fixtures.

    Water Supply Systems in the Philippines

    • Levels (DOH standards):
      • Level I: hand pumps, shallow wells, rainwater collectors for point-source gathering of water
      • Level II: bored wells and spring systems for communal water points
      • Level III: piped water supply via waterworks networks, with private connections.
    • Sources: Rivers, lakes, and 1,830 sq km of watershed.
    • Critical areas: NCR, Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, Central Visayas.
    • Water sources: Angat, Ipo, and La Mesa Dams; processed through treatment plants.
    • Management Agencies: NWRB, PTFWRDM, DPWH, DOH, DENR, DILG, NPC, NIA, BSWM, MWSS, and LWUA.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the properties and safety of water. This quiz covers aspects like water's chemical structure, its role in engineering, and important physical properties. Understand how water functions in various systems and its importance for safety.

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