Essentials of Understanding Psychology PDF

Essentials Of Understanding Psychology Dr. Mayssah El-Nayal Module 1: Psychology At Work Learning Objectives What is the science of psychology? What are the major specialties in the field of psychology? Where do psychologists work? ...

Essentials Of Understanding Psychology Dr. Mayssah El-Nayal Module 1: Psychology At Work Learning Objectives What is the science of psychology? What are the major specialties in the field of psychology? Where do psychologists work?  Key Concepts for Chapter 1 Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 A Science Research Evolves: The Psychology At Research in Challenges: Past, the Present, Work Psychology Exploring the and the Future Process  1. What are the Biological Foundations of Behavior? Biopsychology It is the subfield of psychology that examine how the brain and the nervous system and other biological processes determine behavior. 2. How Do People Sense, Perceive, Learn, and Think about the World? Experimental Experimental Psychology Psychology & Methodological study of sensing, Cognitive perceiving, learning and thinking Psychology Cognitive Psychology Emphasis on higher mental processes 3. What are the Sources of Change and Stability in Behavior Across the Life Span? Developmental Psychology Developmental Changes in behavior over the life span Psychology & (womb to tomb) Personality Personality Psychology Psychology Examines consistencies in people’s behavior over time and traits that differentiate us from one another  4. How do Psychological Factors Affect Physical and Mental Health? Health Psychology Explores relationship between Health psychological factors and physical Psychology, ailments or disease Clinical Clinical Psychology Psychology, & Counseling Investigates diagnosis and treatment of Psychology psychological disorders Counselling Psychology Focuses on educational, social and, career adjustment problems 5. Understanding our Social Networks Social Psychology Studies how people are affected by Social others Psychology & Cross-cultural Cross-cultural Psychology psychology Focuses on the similarities and differences in psychological functioning across cultures and ethnic groups 6. Expanding Psychologies Frontiers Evolutionary Psychology Examines the influence of our genetic heritage and our behavior Evolutionary Behavioral Genetics Psychology, Focuses on how we might inherit Behavioral genes and how the environment Genetics & Clinical influences whether we will display Neuropsychology traits. Clinical Neuropsychology Focuses on relationships between biological factors and psychological disorders  Module 2: A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future Learning Objectives What are the origins of psychology? What are the major approaches in contemporary psychology? What are psychology’s key issues and controversies? What is the future of psychology likely to hold? This timeline illustrates the major milestones in the development of psychology  Psychology’s Roots  Early History Trephining: chipping a hole in a patient's skull. Evil spirits could then escape!  Historical Forces Wilhelm Wundt Established the first experimental laboratory devoted to psychology. Structuralism Focused on the basic building blocks of perception, consciousness, thinking, and emotions  - Introspection Functionalism William James Moved from structure to the role behavior plays in allowing people to adapt to their environments Gestalt Psychology Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers Leta Stetter Hollingworth Ebbinghaus and Wertheimer Child development and women’s issues “the whole is different from the Mary Calkins First female president of the APA sum of its parts” Karen Horney Social and cultural aspects of personality June Etta Downey Personality trait theorist Anna Freud Notable contributions to the treatment of abnormal behavior Mamie Phipps Clark Demonstrated how children of color recognize racial differences Overview of Today’s Perspectives  Psychology’s Key Issues 1. Nature versus Nurture Environment or Heredity? 2. Observable behavior versus internal mental processes Should psychology only focus on what it can see? 3. Conscious versus unconscious How much of our behavior is produced by forces of which we are fully aware? 4. Free will versus determinism How much of behavior is a result of choices made freely or is behavior determined primarily by factors outside a person’s willful control? 5. Individual differences versus universal principles How much of our behavior is a consequence of our unique and special qualities and how much reflects culture and society?  Psychology’s Future Increased specialization and focus on prevention of disorders Treatment will become more available The greater influence will be spent on issues of public interest Increase in diversity Technology will advance our ability to examine the nervous system  Module 3: Research in Psychology Learning Objectives What is the scientific method? How do psychologists use theory and research to answer questions of interest? What research methods do psychologists use? How do psychologists establish cause-and-effect relationships in research studies?.. The approach used by psychologists to The systematically acquire knowledge Scientific and understanding Method about behavior and other phenomena of interest  Operationalization Hypothesis Research Theories Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest Theories Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest Research Hypothesis A prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested Operationalization The process of translating a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed  The scientific method, which encompasses the process of identifying, asking, and answering questions, is used by psychologists and by researchers from every other scientific discipline, to come to an understanding about the world. What do you think are the advantages of this method? Research Strategies Descriptive Research An approach used to systematically investigate a person, group, or patterns of behavior There are several types used in Psychological Research: 01 03 Survey research Archival research A sample of people are asked a series Use of existing data in order to of questions about their behaviour, test a hypothesis thoughts, and attitudes in order to represent a larger population 02 Case study An in-depth, intensive 04 Naturalistic observation Observation of naturally investigation of an individual occurring behavior without or small group of people intervention Correlation Research The relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or “correlated” Correlation does not mean “causation” Ranges from +1 to -1 Experimental Research The relationship between two (or more) variables is investigated by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation What is necessary to do Experimental Research? Experimental Research requires the responses of at least two groups to be compared. These two groups are called: ○ Experimental Group ○ Control Group  Experimental Control Group: Group: A group A group participating in participating in an experiment an experiment that receives a that receives no treatment treatment Independent Dependent variable variable The variable that is The variable measured and is that is expected to change as a result of changes manipulated by caused by the the experiment experimenter’s manipulation of the independent variable Experimental Research : Final Step Random assignment to condition Participants are assigned to different experimental groups or “conditions” on the basis of chance and chance alone Replication Repetition of findings using other procedures in other settings Significant outcome Use of statistical procedures in order to determine whether or not differences between groups are large enough to be significant  Module 4: Research Challenges Learning Objectives What major issues confront psychologists conducting research? Ethics Protection of participants from physical and mental harm The right of participants to privacy regarding their behavior The assurance that participation in research is completely voluntary The necessity CREDITS: of template This presentation informing was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics participants about the & images by Freepik and illustrations by Stories nature of procedures prior to participation in the experiment References Feldman R S. Understanding Psychology. 13th ed. McGraw Hill Education; 2016.ISBN-10:125-9737- 365, ISBN-13: 978-125-9737-367. Chapter 1 (modules 1-4). https://psychchronicles.wordpress.com/2015/02/08/the-a-z-of-psychology/