Environmental Management PDF

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SPATIAL APPROACH (LESSON 1) Spatial Approach considers the management of environment at 3 level...

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SPATIAL APPROACH (LESSON 1) Spatial Approach considers the management of environment at 3 levels- ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 1. Local level Environmental Management is concerned with the 2. Regional level man environmental interface, the complex boundary 3. Global level where bio-physical and socio-cultural systems interact An approach which goes beyond natural resource At global level, the spatial dimension and management, to encompass the political and social as management strategies may be chalked out on well as the natural environment the basis of needs, aspirations, perceptions, It is an attempt to control human impact on and the interaction with the environment in order to preserve priorities and inhibitions of the individuals, natural resources society and government. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATED ECOLOGICAL APPROACH ISSUES Ecological approach considers the management Ecology of ecological resources to save the environment. Earth Science It has two methods to manage ecology. Atmospheric Science 1. Conservation: To utilize the natural Water Science environment for social needs but a Climate Change simultaneous effort to maintain the Society and Culture ecological balance. Environmental Law 2. Preservation: To save some species or Environmental Assessment natural environments from social utilization Mitigation and Monitoring in order to protect them. Management Practice Waste Management Sustainability ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL (EMS) APPROACH MANAGEMENT EMS has been defined by ISO 14001 as: It deals with the world affected by human. “The part of the overall management system that It supports sustainable development. includes organizational structure, planning It demands a multidisciplinary approach. activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, It has to integrate different developmental points processes and resources for developing, of view. implementing achieving and reviewing the Applied for both short term and long-term environmental policy.” concerns. Integration of natural and social sciences. 4 ELEMENTS OF EMS Integration of policy making and planning. ▪ Act ▪ Plan SIGNIFICANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ▪ Do ▪ Check To prevent and solve environmental problems. To develop research and monitoring. WHAT EMS DOES? To warn threats and identify opportunities. To suggest measures to resource conservation. An environmental management For long term/short term sustainable system brings together the people, developments. policies, plans, review mechanisms, and Develop a strategy to solve the environmental procedures used to manage issues. environmental issues at a facility or in an organization. GENERAL SCHEME FOR ENVIRONMENTAL Facilitates environmental compliance MANAGEMENT Addresses environmental impacts Broadens environmental responsibilities 1. Identification of objectives and define problems to all whose work can have a significant 2. Determination of appropriate action plan impact on the environment 3. Implementation and progress evaluation 4. Monitoring and adjust management FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL 5. Future environmental management and planning MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ISO 14001 Standard APPROACHES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Code of Environmental Management Principles There are 3 approaches of environmental management: Compliance-Focused EMS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme 1. Spatial approach 2. Ecological approach ISO 14001 3. Environmental Management System (EMS) ISO 14001 is a family of standards related to Approach environmental management that exists to help organizations minimize how their operations negatively affect the environment; comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented requirements; and continually improve in the above. COMPONENTS OF ISO 14001 (LESSON 2) Environmental Policy ENVIRONMENTAL SCENARIOS, INSTITUTIONS, AND Planning POLICIES: The role of Philippine Environmental Policies Implementation and Operation in fulfilling the objectives of Climate Change Act Checking and Corrective Action Management Review THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY The natural environment is highly affected by human activities in the same manner that social conditions are influenced by the state of the natural environment. It is in this light that the natural environment is a highly politicized subject needing critical study. The power bestowed upon mandated institutions in the equitable distribution of resources, as well as their capacities in fulfilling responsibilities regarding environmental management, are ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY important concepts to consider in understanding An environmental policy is a statement about an current environmental conditions. organization's environmental position and values. In other words, analyzing the political economy The ISO 14001 standard states that an and its subsequent environmental policies is environmental policy is the organization's overall crucial for sound environmental management. environmental performance intentions and direction formally expressed by top management. The political economy plays a crucial role in achieving various environmental agenda. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY FEATURES In the Philippines, it is stated in the 1987 It is Issued with a policy statement signed by Philippine Constitution that the Philippines should facility manager be a democratic and republican state, where At a minimum, it commits to sovereignty should reside in the people. ▪ Continual improvement ▪ Pollution prevention As a result, the political economy is ideally held ▪ Environmental compliance by the masses, and power is thus decentralized Identifies EMS framework from a particular political entity, specifically from It is publicly available the upper levels of the political and bureaucratic hierarchy. ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING It further implies that multiple forms of power are Environmental Planning is a decision-making exercised through various actors and process that considers the environmental, social, mechanisms. political, economic, and governance factors that can affect development. Its goal is to manage the THE DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER relationship between natural systems and human systems in the present and the future. The decentralization of power however, is difficult to define and may have only emerged recently if FEATURES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING based on policy frameworks. The passage of the Local Government Code of Identify aspects and impacts from facility 1991 (RA 7160) provided changes in the structure activities, products, and services of the Philippine political administration system. Review legal requirements Local government units (LGUs) were given Set objectives and targets responsibilities on maintenance and protection of Establish formal EMS program the environment in their area. SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Meanwhile, bureaucratic decentralization of the environmental management institution occurred The awareness regarding environmental in June 10, 1987, by virtue of EO 192, when the problems and their proper management began in Department of Environment and Natural 1970s through various people movement around Resources (DENR) was created. many countries of the world. The creation of DENR decentralized line The Green peace movement, The Chipko functions of the environmental management movement etc. are some of them. institution to regional and field offices. The advancement in the field of science and technology helped to provide various tools and instrument supported by statistical data to properly solve environmental problems and help in its management. POLICIES IS CASCADE INTO FOUR LEVELS Second is the approval of two thirds of the ACCORDING TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND legislative body if the proposed policy is ADMINISTRATIVE SCOPE vetoed/disapproved by the administrative head. Third is when the administrative head neither The strength of the political economy in managing signs nor vetoes the proposed policy within the the environment however, regardless whether it allowed time period (usually 30 days) after it was is decentralized or not, relies on the output of presented for his/her signature (RA 7160; How a environmental policy frameworks. Bill becomes a Policy,” n.d.). Policies not only show the strength of the political economy, but also its efficiency in creating (LESSON 3) appropriate policies for the environment. DEFINITION OF TERMS In the Philippines, policies cascade into various levels, specially, four levels according to the SEC. 1. Definition of Terms. – For purposes of geographical and administrative scope: implementing Republic Act No. 9729 (hereinafter referred to as the “Climate Change Act”), the following (1) National policies, crafted by Congress of the shall have the corresponding meanings: Philippines a) “Adaptation” refers to the adjustment in natural or (2) Provincial policies, crafted by the Provincial human systems in response to actual or expected Board or Sangguniang Panlalawigan climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderate (3) City/Municipal policies crafted by the harm or exploits beneficial opportunities; City/Municipal Council or Sangguniang Panlungsod or Bayan), and finally the Barangay b) “Adaptive capacity” refers to the ability of policies crafted by Barangay Council or ecological, social or economic systems to adjust to Sangguniang Barangay (RA 7160, Ortiz, 1992). climate change including climate variability and extremes, to moderate or offset potential damages HOW MANY READINGS IS NEEDED TO BE DONE and to take advantage of associated opportunities BEFORE THE PROPOSED POLICY IS ENACTED? with changes in climate or to cope with the consequences thereof; In each of these jurisdictions, legislative mechanisms generally employ three readings of c) “Anthropogenic causes” refer to causes resulting the proposed policy (or bill in the Congress of from human activities or produced by human the Philippines). beings; The first reading is the reading of the number and title of the bill or proposed policy and its d) “Climate Change” refers to a change in climate referral by the head of the legislative body to the that can be identified by changes in the mean proper committee for study. Committees are and/or variability of its properties and that persists headed by committee chairs, and study proposed for an extended period, typically decades or longer, policies and other measures presented for whether due to natural variability or as a result of legislative action. They conduct committee human activity; meetings and public hearings to solicit inputs and comments from concerned stakeholders. e) “Climate Variability” refers to the variations in the A second reading follows, which involves average state and in other statistics of the climate reading the report of the committee who studied on all temporal and spatial scales beyond that of the proposed policy. The proposed policy is then individual weather events; read in its entirety, scrutinized, debated upon and amended when desired. Once approved on f) “Climate Risk” refers to the product of climate and second reading, it is printed in its final form and related hazards working over the vulnerability of copies thereof are distributed at least three days human and natural ecosystems; before the third reading. In the third reading, legislative members merely g) “Disaster” refers to a serious disruption of the register their votes and explain them. Once it is functioning of a community or a society involving approved by the legislative body, it is transmitted widespread human, material, economic or to an administrative head (for example the environmental losses and impacts which exceed President of the Republic of the Philippines for the ability of the affected community or society to bills in the House of congress) to approve the cope using its own resources; proposed policy (“Legislative Process,” n.d.; Manual of Municipal Government Administration, h) “Disaster risk reduction” refers to the concept 1982; Manual of Provincial and City Government and practice of reducing disaster risks through Administration, 1982). systematic efforts to analyze and manage the WHAT ARE THE THREE DIFFERENT WAYS FOR A causal factors of disasters, including through PROPOSED POLICY TO BECOME A FINAL POLICY reduced exposure to hazards, lessened FRAMEWORK? vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and One is the approval of the administrative head; in improved preparedness for adverse events; the case of national policies, the president. i) “Gender mainstreaming” refers to the strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and  experiences an integral dimension of the design, adverse effects of climate change, including implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a policies and programs in all political, economic, and function of the character, magnitude, and rate of societal spheres so that women and men benefit climate change and variation to which a system is equally and inequality is not perpetuated. It is the exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies, or programs in all areas and at all levels; j) “Global Warming” refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and oceans that is associated with the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere; k) “Greenhouse effect” refers to the process by which the absorption of infrared radiation by the atmosphere warms the Earth; l) “Greenhouse gases (GHG)” refers to constituents of the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect including, but not limited to, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride; m) “Mainstreaming” refers to the integration of policies and measures that address climate change into development planning and sectoral decision- making; n) “Mitigation” in the context of climate change, refers to human intervention to address anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all GHG, including ozone depleting substances and their substitutes; o) “Mitigation potential” shall refer to the scale of GHG reductions that could be made, relative to emission baselines, for a given level of carbon price (expressed in cost per unit of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions avoided or reduced); p) “Policy oversight” shall mean that the Commission shall have the authority to issue rules and regulations governing, but not limited to, environmental pollution, clean air act implementation, solid waste management, greenhouse gases, ozone depleting substances, chemical control orders, conservation, land classification, forestry policies and operational plans, mine exploration and production sharing with government as well as financial and technical assistance arrangements, oil exploration and agreements, energy conservation subjects, and may amend, revise, reverse, revoke or modify existing rules, regulations and issuance which are contrary to or inconsistent with the climate change policies provided for under Republic Act 9729. q) “Sea level rise” refers to an increase in sea level which may be influenced by factors like global warming, through the expansion of seawater as the oceans warm and the melting of ice over land, and local factors such as land subsidence; and r) “Vulnerability” refers to the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, the