Engr.-Emily-dela-Cruz_Boards-Reviewer-1 PDF

Table of Contents Formulas............................................................................................................................................. 9 Area..............................................................................................................................

Table of Contents Formulas............................................................................................................................................. 9 Area................................................................................................................................................. 9 Volume............................................................................................................................................ 9 Common Formulas........................................................................................................................ 10 Core Recovery............................................................................................................................... 10 Econ Formulae.................................................................................................................................. 10 Time Value of Money..................................................................................................................... 12 Taxes............................................................................................................................................. 15 Equipment – Related Formula........................................................................................................... 15 Mine Safety Statistics........................................................................................................................ 15 Units and Conversion Factors........................................................................................................... 16 Grade............................................................................................................................................. 16 Weight and Volume........................................................................................................................ 16 Power, Energy, Other Units........................................................................................................... 17 Area............................................................................................................................................... 18 Ph Setting.......................................................................................................................................... 18 Philippine Island Arc System.......................................................................................................... 18 Philippine Fault Zone..................................................................................................................... 19 Neighboring Countries and ASEAN Members................................................................................ 19 Ph Mining Industry............................................................................................................................. 19 Regalian Doctrine.......................................................................................................................... 19 Philippine Mineral Resources......................................................................................................... 19 Mineral Reservations..................................................................................................................... 20 Coal Regions................................................................................................................................. 20 Petroleum Fields............................................................................................................................ 20 Mineral Production............................................................................................................................. 20 Trend and Top Producers.............................................................................................................. 21 Energy Statistics................................................................................................................................ 22 Coal Statistics................................................................................................................................ 22 2019 Coal Producers.................................................................................................................. 22 2019 Coal Consumers................................................................................................................ 23 2019 Import Origin...................................................................................................................... 23 2019 Export Destination............................................................................................................. 23 Petroleum Production.................................................................................................................... 23 Malampaya.................................................................................................................................... 23 Energy Mix of Ph (2020)................................................................................................................ 23 Authorities Involved........................................................................................................................... 23 Mining Laws...................................................................................................................................... 25 Territory............................................................................................................................................. 32 Prospecting....................................................................................................................................... 33 Factors to consider........................................................................................................................ 33 Terms:........................................................................................................................................... 33 Important Areas............................................................................................................................. 34 Areas Closed to Mining.............................................................................................................. 34 Areas That May be Open to Mining............................................................................................ 34  Areas Open to Mining................................................................................................................. 35 Exploration Permit.......................................................................................................................... 35 Exploration for Fuels................................................................................................................... 37 Prospecting Methods..................................................................................................................... 38 Geologic Method........................................................................................................................ 39 Geochemical Method.................................................................................................................. 39 Geophysical Method................................................................................................................... 41 Other Prospecting Methods........................................................................................................ 44 Mapping and Map Interpretations................................................................................................... 45 Types of Map Used in Exploration.............................................................................................. 45 Types of Mapping....................................................................................................................... 45 Map Interpretation...................................................................................................................... 45 Geologic Mapping...................................................................................................................... 45 Geologic Modelling........................................................................................................................ 47 Software Used in Geologic Modelling......................................................................................... 47 Exploration........................................................................................................................................ 47 Methods of Data Collection............................................................................................................ 47 Sampling Methods......................................................................................................................... 48 Sampling Techniques................................................................................................................. 48 Drilling............................................................................................................................................ 49 Drilling Methods.......................................................................................................................... 50 Ore Reserve Estimation................................................................................................................. 54 Conventional Ore Reserve Estimation Methods......................................................................... 54 Grade......................................................................................................................................... 55 Dilution....................................................................................................................................... 56 Compositing............................................................................................................................... 57 Geostatistics............................................................................................................................... 57 Feasibility Study......................................................................................................................... 58 Prospecting VS Exploration........................................................................................................... 62 Engineering Economics................................................................................................................. 62 Costs.......................................................................................................................................... 63 Financial Statements.................................................................................................................. 63 Utility.......................................................................................................................................... 66 Price – Demand Relationship..................................................................................................... 66 Time Value of Money.................................................................................................................. 66 Project Evaluation...................................................................................................................... 70 Taxes......................................................................................................................................... 72 Use of Different Metals and Minerals, World Market Trends, and Top Producers.......................... 72 Coal............................................................................................................................................ 75 Development..................................................................................................................................... 75 Mining Rights................................................................................................................................. 76 Mineral Agreement..................................................................................................................... 76 Ore Transport Permit.................................................................................................................. 77 Mineral Processing Permit.......................................................................................................... 77 Financial or Technical Assistance Agreement............................................................................ 77 Quarry, Sand and Gravel, Guano and Gemstone Gathering Permits.......................................... 78 Small Scale Mining Permit.......................................................................................................... 78  Coal Operating Contract............................................................................................................. 79 Small Scale Coal Mining Permit................................................................................................. 79 Petroleum Service Contract (PSC)............................................................................................. 79 Summary of All Permits.............................................................................................................. 80 Government Share, Royalty, Taxes and Fees................................................................................ 87 Mineral Agreement and FTAA.................................................................................................... 87 Share of LGU: based on RA 7160 (Local Government Code of 1991)........................................ 87 Share of MGB............................................................................................................................. 87 Share of the Community............................................................................................................. 88 Quarry, Sand and Gravel, Guano, Gemstone Gathering............................................................ 88 Small Scale Mining..................................................................................................................... 88 COC........................................................................................................................................... 88 PSC............................................................................................................................................ 88 Incentives and Rights..................................................................................................................... 88 FTAA and MA............................................................................................................................. 88 PSC and COC............................................................................................................................ 89 Incentives to Coal Users............................................................................................................. 89 Underground Mine Development................................................................................................... 90 Terms......................................................................................................................................... 90 Planning Process....................................................................................................................... 94 Rock Mechanics......................................................................................................................... 95 Openings.................................................................................................................................. 105 Drilling and Blasting.................................................................................................................. 106 Ground Supports...................................................................................................................... 115 Noise........................................................................................................................................ 117 Illumination............................................................................................................................... 117 Ventilation................................................................................................................................ 117 Equipment Selection and Sizing............................................................................................... 135 Surface Development.................................................................................................................. 142 Terms....................................................................................................................................... 142 Slope Stability, Failure Analyses, Parameters.......................................................................... 145 Pit Limits................................................................................................................................... 147 Pit Geometric Sequencing........................................................................................................ 151 Haul Road Design.................................................................................................................... 151 Mining Parameters................................................................................................................... 154 Mining Equipment and Sizing Selection.................................................................................... 154 Drill and Blast........................................................................................................................... 157 Mine Dewatering.......................................................................................................................... 159 Terms....................................................................................................................................... 159 Groundwater Investigation Techniques.................................................................................... 161 Mine Dewatering Techniques................................................................................................... 162 UG Dewatering......................................................................................................................... 164 Surface Dewatering.................................................................................................................. 165 Pumps...................................................................................................................................... 165 Drainage Problems................................................................................................................... 168 Tailings Disposal.......................................................................................................................... 168 Terms....................................................................................................................................... 168  Methods................................................................................................................................... 169 Mine Layout................................................................................................................................. 171 UG Mine Layout....................................................................................................................... 171 Surface Mine Layout................................................................................................................. 172 Tailings Layout......................................................................................................................... 172 Mining Methods........................................................................................................................... 172 Surface..................................................................................................................................... 173 Underground............................................................................................................................ 177 Surface VS Underground Mining Methods................................................................................ 185 Quarrying................................................................................................................................. 185 Small – Scale Mining................................................................................................................ 188 Conventional Mining Methods Characteristics.......................................................................... 189 Novel Mining Methods / Technology......................................................................................... 193 Scheduling...................................................................................................................................... 194 Life of Mine.................................................................................................................................. 194 Taylor’s Formula....................................................................................................................... 194 Mine Safety..................................................................................................................................... 195 Terms.......................................................................................................................................... 195 Safety Statistics........................................................................................................................... 197 Accident and Other Statistics Reporting....................................................................................... 197 Mine Hazards............................................................................................................................... 197 Accident Causation Theories.................................................................................................... 197 Types of Hazards..................................................................................................................... 197 Methods of Identifying Hazards................................................................................................ 198 Dust Harmfulness..................................................................................................................... 198 Safety Tools and Equipment........................................................................................................ 198 Mine Classification and Personnel Requirement.......................................................................... 199 Mine Supervision...................................................................................................................... 199 Safety Men............................................................................................................................... 200 Mine Ventilation Engineer......................................................................................................... 201 Mine Rescue Team.................................................................................................................. 201 Hoist Operator.......................................................................................................................... 201 Mine Health and Safety Management.......................................................................................... 201 Safety and Health Office........................................................................................................... 201 Central Safety and Health Committee...................................................................................... 201 Safety and Health Program...................................................................................................... 201 Safety and Health Training and Benefits.................................................................................. 202 Mine Rescue Organization....................................................................................................... 202 Fire Fighting Brigade................................................................................................................ 202 Emergency Response and Preparedness Program (ERPP)..................................................... 202 Mine Safety Rules and Regulations............................................................................................. 203 Electrical / Mechanical Installations.......................................................................................... 203 Work SOP................................................................................................................................ 203 Mine Inspection........................................................................................................................ 204 Production....................................................................................................................................... 204 Surface Methods.......................................................................................................................... 204 Open Pit Mining........................................................................................................................ 204  Production Calculations............................................................................................................... 205 Density and Swell..................................................................................................................... 205 Operating Efficiency................................................................................................................. 205 Bucket Fill Factor...................................................................................................................... 205 Trucks...................................................................................................................................... 206 Cycle Time............................................................................................................................... 206 Production................................................................................................................................ 206 Tailings........................................................................................................................................ 207 Processing...................................................................................................................................... 207 Mine Closure and Rehabilitation...................................................................................................... 207 Environmental Plans.................................................................................................................... 207 Terms.......................................................................................................................................... 208 Authorities.................................................................................................................................... 209 Fees............................................................................................................................................. 210 Contingent Liability and Rehabilitation Fund (CLRF)................................................................ 210 Categories of Projects as Classified by DENR............................................................................. 210 Category A............................................................................................................................... 210 Category B............................................................................................................................... 210 Category C............................................................................................................................... 210 Category D............................................................................................................................... 210 RA 7586: National Integrated Protected Areas System Act.......................................................... 210 Sustainable Development............................................................................................................ 211 Environmental Laws..................................................................................................................... 211 RA 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999................................................................................ 211 RA 6969: Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990............ 212 RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000..................................................... 212 RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004.......................................................................... 212 Ecology........................................................................................................................................... 214 Effects / Impacts of Mining on the Environment........................................................................... 214 Erosion..................................................................................................................................... 214 Siltation.................................................................................................................................... 214 Water Pollution......................................................................................................................... 214 Air Pollution.............................................................................................................................. 214 Degradation of Soil Quality and Fertility.................................................................................... 214 Acid Rock/Mine Drainage......................................................................................................... 214 Heavy Metals Contamination.................................................................................................... 215 Land Subsidence and Slope Failure......................................................................................... 215 Deforestation............................................................................................................................ 215 Terms.............................................................................................................................................. 215 Principles of Metallurgy................................................................................................................... 217 Metals of Antiquity........................................................................................................................ 217 Historical Evidences of the Existence of Metallurgy..................................................................... 217 Books....................................................................................................................................... 217 History...................................................................................................................................... 217 Problems in Metallurgy................................................................................................................. 217 Solution.................................................................................................................................... 217 General Steps of Producing Metal and Respective Output........................................................... 217  Physical Metallurgy.................................................................................................................. 218 Adaptive Metallurgy.................................................................................................................. 218 Mineral Processing.......................................................................................................................... 218 Objectives.................................................................................................................................... 218 Technical.................................................................................................................................. 218 Economic................................................................................................................................. 218 Benefits........................................................................................................................................ 218 Fundamental Operations.............................................................................................................. 218 Liberation................................................................................................................................. 218 Concentration or Separation..................................................................................................... 219 Unit Operations in Ore Dressing.................................................................................................. 219 Comminution............................................................................................................................ 219 Sizing....................................................................................................................................... 226 Concentration........................................................................................................................... 228 Dewatering............................................................................................................................... 231 Auxiliary Operations................................................................................................................. 232 Particle Size Analysis................................................................................................................... 232 Measures of Concentration Efficiency.......................................................................................... 233 Basic Problems in Process-Flow Metallurgy................................................................................. 233 Importance of Metallurgy in Mineral Processing........................................................................... 233 Extractive Metallurgy / Extraction..................................................................................................... 233 Hydro Metallurgy.......................................................................................................................... 233 When to Use?........................................................................................................................... 233 Leaching Process..................................................................................................................... 233 Solution Purification and Concentration.................................................................................... 235 Electro Metallurgy / Metal Winning............................................................................................... 236 Types of Electrometallurgical Processes.................................................................................. 236 Pyro Metallurgy............................................................................................................................ 237 Pyrometallurgy Processes........................................................................................................ 237 Phases in Metallurgical Systems.............................................................................................. 238 Equipment................................................................................................................................ 239 Refractory................................................................................................................................. 240 Energy Sources........................................................................................................................ 240 Metals and Specific Processes.................................................................................................... 241 Metal Forming Processes................................................................................................................ 242 Mechanical Forming..................................................................................................................... 242 Hot Working............................................................................................................................. 242 Cold Working............................................................................................................................ 242 Metal Fabrication Processes........................................................................................................ 242 Forming Operations.................................................................................................................. 242 Casting Operations................................................................................................................... 243 Miscellaneous.............................................................................................................................. 244 Powder Metallurgy.................................................................................................................... 244 Joining of Metals...................................................................................................................... 244 Assaying.......................................................................................................................................... 245 Fire Assaying............................................................................................................................... 245 Steps........................................................................................................................................ 246  Problems.................................................................................................................................. 247 Indicators.................................................................................................................................. 248 Calculations.............................................................................................................................. 249 General Geology............................................................................................................................. 253 Physical Geology......................................................................................................................... 253 Historical Geology........................................................................................................................ 253 History of Universe....................................................................................................................... 253 Solar Nebular Hypothesis......................................................................................................... 253 Big Bang Theory....................................................................................................................... 253 Asteroid Structure and Types....................................................................................................... 254 Earth............................................................................................................................................ 254 Formation................................................................................................................................. 254 Compositional / Chemical Layers and Discontinuities............................................................... 255 Mechanical / Physical Layers of the Earth................................................................................ 256 Spheres.................................................................................................................................... 256 Plate Tectonics............................................................................................................................ 263 Continental Drift Theory............................................................................................................ 263 Seafloor Spreading Theory....................................................................................................... 263 Tectonic Plate Theory............................................................................................................... 264 Plate Boundaries...................................................................................................................... 264 Mantle Stuff.............................................................................................................................. 266 Earthquakes................................................................................................................................. 267 Parts......................................................................................................................................... 267 Scales...................................................................................................................................... 268 Tsunamis.................................................................................................................................. 268 Volcanism.................................................................................................................................... 268 Types of Volcanism.................................................................................................................. 268 Volcanoes................................................................................................................................ 268 Volcanic Features or Intrusions and Parts of a Volcano............................................................ 269 Types of Eruptions................................................................................................................... 270 Causes of Volcanic Eruption..................................................................................................... 271 Types of Lava........................................................................................................................... 271 Pyroclastic Materials and Other Stuff........................................................................................ 272 Geological Time Scale................................................................................................................. 273 Memorizing Tips....................................................................................................................... 273 Mineralogy....................................................................................................................................... 274 Crystallography............................................................................................................................ 274 Crystal...................................................................................................................................... 274 Crystal Habits........................................................................................................................... 277 Bonding....................................................................................................................................... 279 Classification by Chemical Composition....................................................................................... 279 Mineral Physical Properties.......................................................................................................... 281 Mineralogical Examinations and Equipment................................................................................. 284 Mineral Optical Properties............................................................................................................ 285 Terms....................................................................................................................................... 285 Snell’s Law............................................................................................................................... 286 Parts of Petrographic Microscope / Polarizing Microscope....................................................... 286 Petrology......................................................................................................................................... 286 Rock Cycle................................................................................................................................... 287 Igneous Rocks............................................................................................................................. 287 Names of Phaneritic Igneous Rocks......................................................................................... 288 Names of Aphanitic Igneous Rocks.......................................................................................... 289 Metamorphic Rocks..................................................................................................................... 289 Metamorphism.......................................................................................................................... 290 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks........................................................................................ 291 Sedimentary Rocks...................................................................................................................... 292 Sedimentary Processes............................................................................................................ 293 Sedimentary Environments....................................................................................................... 294 Depositional Structures............................................................................................................ 297 Sedimentary Rock Names........................................................................................................ 297 Coal............................................................................................................................................. 299 Formation of Coal..................................................................................................................... 299 Grades of Coal......................................................................................................................... 300 Associated Minerals..................................................................................................................... 301 Structural Geology........................................................................................................................... 301 Fundamental Structures............................................................................................................... 301 Primary Structures.................................................................................................................... 301 Secondary Structures............................................................................................................... 301 Descriptive Analysis................................................................................................................. 306 Rock Organization....................................................................................................................... 306 3 – Point Problem........................................................................................................................ 306 Economic Geology.......................................................................................................................... 307 Terms.......................................................................................................................................... 307 Common Elements and Their Ore Minerals................................................................................. 308 Common Gangue Minerals.......................................................................................................... 308 Typical Classification of Ore Deposits.......................................................................................... 309 Transporting Agents and Deposits Formed.................................................................................. 309 Magmatic Concentration........................................................................................................... 309 Hydrothermal Solution.............................................................................................................. 310 Groundwater............................................................................................................................ 311 Seawater or Lake Water........................................................................................................... 312 Rainwater................................................................................................................................. 312 Flowing Surface Water............................................................................................................. 313 Metallogenic Provinces and Epochs......................................................................................... 313 Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics................................................................................................ 314 Types of Surveys............................................................................................................................. 314 Operations....................................................................................................................................... 314 Measuring Equipment and Methods................................................................................................ 315 Distance Measuring..................................................................................................................... 315 Angle Measuring.......................................................................................................................... 315 Relative Heights........................................................................................................................... 317 Area Calculation........................................................................................................................... 317 Traverse.......................................................................................................................................... 317 Computer Applications for Mining.................................................................................................... 318 Computer........................................................................................................................................ 318 Web Related................................................................................................................................ 318 Parts............................................................................................................................................ 319 Shortcut Keys.............................................................................................................................. 320 Philippines....................................................................................................................................... 321 World............................................................................................................................................... 322 2021............................................................................................................................................. 322 2020............................................................................................................................................. 322 2019............................................................................................................................................. 323 Earlier Years................................................................................................................................ 323 Climate Change, Etc........................................................................................................................ 324 Stuff............................................................................................................................................. 324 Greenhouse Gases...................................................................................................................... 324 Clean Coal Technology................................................................................................................ 324 Introduction Formulas Area Square 𝐴 = 𝑠2 Rectangle 𝐴=𝑎∗𝑏 Triangle 1 𝐴= ∗𝑏∗ℎ 2 Heron’s Triangle: 𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 ) 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑠= 2 Rhombus 𝑎∗𝑏 𝐴= 2 Parallelogram 𝐴 = 𝑏∗ℎ Trapezoid 𝐵+𝑏 𝐴= ∗ℎ 2 Other regular polygon 1 𝐴= ∗𝑏∗ℎ∗𝑛 2 * n = # of sides Circle 𝐴 = 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟2 Ellipse 𝐴 =𝜋∗𝑎∗𝑏 Part of a circle 𝐴 = 𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) Section of a circle 𝜃 𝐴 = 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟2 ∗ 360 Volume Cube 𝑉 = 𝑠3 Pyramid 1 𝑉 = 𝑎∗𝑏∗ℎ 3 Truncated pyramid 1 𝑉= ℎ ∗ (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + √𝐴1 ∗ 𝐴2 ) 3 Tetrahedron 1 𝑉= ∗ √2 ∗ 𝑠 3 12 Sphere 4 𝑉= 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟3 3 Cylinder 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟2 ∗ ℎ Cone 1 𝑉= 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟2 ∗ ℎ 3 Truncated Cone 1 𝑉 = ℎ ∗ 𝜋 ∗ (𝑅 + 𝑟 + √𝑅 ∗ 𝑟) 3 Common Formulas Pythagorean Theorem 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑎 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑎 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑎 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑎 + 1 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑎 Law of Sines 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = = sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 Law of Cosines Given a, b, and C 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − (2𝑎𝑏 ∗ cos 𝐶) Quadratic Formula −𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑥= 2𝑎 Core Recovery 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 % = [ ] ∗ 100% 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 Econ Formulae Cut-off Grade Gross Value / Revenue = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 ∗ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 ∗ 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 ∗ 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 Using Price and Demand = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑎𝐷 − 𝑏𝐷 2 Maximum Revenue Using Dmax revenue 𝑎2 = 4𝑏 Profit / Net Income / = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 Loss (if negative) Using Price, Demand, Cost Formulae = (𝑎𝐷 − 𝑏𝐷 2 ) − (𝐶𝐹 + 𝐶𝑉 ) = −𝑏𝐷 2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐𝑣 ) ∗ 𝐷 − 𝐶𝐹 Breakeven Point −𝑏𝐷 2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐𝑣 ) ∗ 𝐷 − 𝐶𝐹 = 0 Utility 𝑈𝑜𝑟𝑒 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ∗ 𝑟 ∗ (𝑉 − 𝑅) − (𝑀𝑜 𝑃𝑜 𝑂𝑜 ) 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 (𝑥 ) = −(𝑀𝑤 𝑃𝑤 𝑂𝑤 ) x = average grade r = recovery s = stripping ratio V = value of one unit of valuable product R = refining, transportation, cost of sales, and other costs incurred per unit of valuable product Mo/w = mining cost per metric ton ore / waste Po/w = processing cost per metric ton ore / waste Oo/w = overhead cost per metric ton ore / waste External / Mining Utility with Waste Stripping 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 (𝑥 ) = 0, if not going to mine 𝑈𝑜𝑟𝑒 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ∗ 𝑟 ∗ (𝑉 − 𝑅) − (𝑀𝑜 𝑃𝑜 𝑂𝑜 ) − 𝑠 ∗ (𝑀𝑤 𝑃𝑤 𝑂𝑤 ), if going to mine Price – Demand General Relationship 𝑎 𝑝 = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝐷, for a, b > 0 and 0 ≤ 𝐷 ≤ 𝑏 p = price a = y – intercept b = slope D = demand Demand D that will produce max Revenue (from differentiation of revenue formula) 𝑎 = 2𝑏 o Can also use quadratic formula to get vertex of parabola Optimal value of D that maximizes Profit 𝑎 − 𝑐𝑣 = 2𝑏 Breakeven point demand o when price is dependent of demand ▪ get the intersection of CT and Revenue graphs ▪ intersection/s of parabola and line o when price is independent of demand 𝐶𝐹 = (𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣 ) Costs Total 𝐶𝑇 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝐶𝑉 Variable  𝐶𝑉 = 𝑐𝑣 ∗ 𝐷 Cv = cost per unit of product Time Value of Money F / P, read as find F 𝑃 ∗ (1 + 𝑖 )𝑁 given P (single payment comppound amount) Factor functional symbol example: (F/P, i%, N) i = effective interest rate per interest period N = number of compounding periods P = present sum of money / equivalent F = future sum of money / equivalent A = annuity / equivalent Continuous Compounding 𝑒 𝑟𝑁 P / F (single payment 1 𝐹∗ present worth) (1 + 𝑖 )𝑁 F / A (uniform series (1 + 𝑖 ) 𝑁 − 1 compound amount) 𝐴∗ 𝑖 Continuous Compounding 𝑒 𝑟𝑁 − 1 𝑒𝑟 − 1 P / A (uniform series (1 + 𝑖 ) 𝑁 − 1 present worth) 𝐴∗ 𝑖 ( 1 + 𝑖 )𝑁 Continuous Compounding 𝑒 𝑟𝑁 − 1 𝑒 𝑟𝑁 (𝑒 𝑟 − 1) A / F (sinking fund) 𝑖 𝐹∗ (1 + 𝑖 ) 𝑁 − 1 A / P (capital recovery) 𝑖 ( 1 + 𝑖 )𝑁 𝑃∗ (1 + 𝑖 ) 𝑁 − 1 Deferred Annuity To calculate o Disregard the timeline until one time unit before the start of annuities o Then treat the one time unit before annuities as “present” or N = 0 o Get P/A o Then draw the original timeline but with only the “present” value of the annuities o Treat “present” value as future value o Get P/F P/G 1 (1 + 𝑖 )𝑁 − 1 𝑁 𝑃 = 𝐺{ [ − ]} 𝑖 𝑖 (1 + 𝑖 ) 𝑁 (1 + 𝑖 ) 𝑁  1 𝑃 = 𝐺 { [(𝑃 ⁄𝐴 , 𝑖%, 𝑁) − 𝑁 ∗ (𝑃 ⁄𝐹 , 𝑖%, 𝑁)]} 𝑖 A/G 1 𝑁 𝐴 = 𝐺 [ − ∗ (𝐴⁄𝐹 , 𝑖%, 𝑁)] 𝑖 𝑖 F/G 𝐺 𝑁𝐺 𝐹= ∗ (𝐹 ⁄𝐴 , 𝑖%, 𝑁) − 𝑖 𝑖 Nominal to Effective 𝑟 𝑀 𝑖 = (1 + ) −1 Rates Conversion 𝑀 i = effective interest r = nominal interest M = compounding periods per year (e.g. 12 if compounding period is monthly) Depreciation N = depreciable life or recovery period of asset in years BV = book value dk = annual depreciation deduction in year k BVk = book value at end of year k SVN = salvage value at the end of depreciable life d*k = cumulative depreciation through year k, just add all the depreciation deducted including in year k Straight Line Method 𝐵𝑉 − 𝑆𝑉𝑁 𝑑𝑘 = 𝑁 𝐵𝑉𝑘 = 𝐵𝑉 − 𝑑𝑘∗ 𝐵𝑉𝑘 = 𝐵𝑉𝑘−1 − 𝑑𝑘 Declining Balance Method 2 1.5 𝑅= 𝑎𝑘𝑎 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑜𝑟 𝑁 𝑁 𝑑1 = 𝐵𝑉 ∗ 𝑅 𝑑𝑘 = 𝐵𝑉 ∗ (1 − 𝑅)𝑘−1 ∗ 𝑅 𝑑𝑘∗ = 𝐵[1 − (1 − 𝑅)𝑘 ] 𝐵𝑉𝑘 = 𝐵𝑉 ∗ (1 − 𝑅)𝑘 Sum of the Year’s Digits (SYD) o Reverse the order of years, and then get sum of the years 𝑁−𝑘+1 𝑑𝑘 = 𝐵𝑉𝑘 ∗ 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 Units of Production 𝐵𝑉 − 𝑆𝑉𝑁 𝑑𝑘 = 𝑁 𝐵𝑉𝑘 = 𝐵𝑉 − (𝑑𝑘 ∗ 𝑘 ) Depletion Cost Depletion 𝐵𝑉 + 𝑑𝑒𝑣 ′𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝐷= 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 Percentage Depletion o 50% of Net Income vs Appropriate % of Gross Income, choose which is lower o Compare choice in the previous step with the computed depletion, D, using cost depletion o Select larger depletion allowance as D to be used Net Annual Worth = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 All variables are annual equivalents Capital Recovery = 𝐵𝑉 (𝐴⁄𝑃 , 𝑖%, 𝑁) − 𝑆𝑉𝑁 (𝐴⁄𝑃 , 𝑖%, 𝑁) = (𝐵𝑉 − 𝑆𝑉𝑁 )(𝐴⁄𝐹 , 𝑖%, 𝑁) + 𝐵𝑉 (𝑖%) = (𝐵𝑉 − 𝑆𝑉𝑁 )(𝐴⁄𝑃 , 𝑖%, 𝑁) + 𝑆𝑉𝑁 (𝑖%) After Tax MARR ≈ 𝑀𝐴𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑥 ∗ (1 − 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒) Internal Rate of Return 𝑁 𝑁 ∑ 𝑅𝑘 (𝑃 ⁄𝐹 , 𝑖𝐼𝑅𝑅 %, 𝑘 ) = ∑ 𝐸𝑘 (𝑃 ⁄𝐹 , 𝑖𝐼𝑅𝑅 %, 𝑘 ) 𝑘=0 𝑘=0 RK = net revenues or savings for the kth year EK = net expenditures for the kth year N = project life External Rate of Return 𝑁 ∑ 𝑅𝑘 (𝐹 ⁄𝑃 , 𝑖𝐸𝑅𝑅 %, 𝑁 − 𝑘 ) 𝑘=0 𝑁 = ∑ 𝐸𝑘 (𝑃⁄𝐹 , 𝑖𝐸𝑅𝑅 %, 𝑘 ) (𝐹 ⁄𝑃 , 𝑖𝐼𝑅𝑅 %, 𝑁) 𝑘=0 RK = excess of receipts over expenses for the kth year EK = excess of expenditures over receipts for the kth year N = project life Payback Period Simple 𝜃 ∑ (𝑅𝑘 − 𝐸𝑘 ) − 𝐵𝑉 ≥ 0 𝑘=1 Discounted 𝜃 ∑(𝑅𝑘 − 𝐸𝑘 )(𝑃 ⁄𝐹 , 𝑖%, 𝑘 ) − 𝐵𝑉 ≥ 0 𝑘=1 Benefit – Cost Ratio Conventional, with PW 𝑃𝑊 (𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠) = 𝐵𝑉 − 𝑃𝑊 (𝑆𝑉 ) + 𝑃𝑊(𝑂&𝑀)  Modified 𝑃𝑊 (𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠) − 𝑃𝑊(𝑂&𝑀) = 𝐵𝑉 − 𝑃𝑊 (𝑆𝑉 ) Conventional, with AW 𝐴𝑊 (𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠) = 𝐶𝑅 + 𝐴𝑊(𝑂&𝑀) Modified 𝐴𝑊 (𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠) − 𝐴𝑊(𝑂&𝑀) = 𝐶𝑅 PW(x) = present worth of x BV = initial investment in the proposed project SV = market value at the end of useful life O&M = operating and maintenance costs of the proposed project Taxes Before Tax Cash Flow = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 (BTCF) Earnings Before Income = 𝐵𝑇𝐶𝐹 − 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Tax (EBIT) / Net Income Before Tax (NIBT) Net Income After Tax = 𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇 − 𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (NIAT) After Tax Cash Flow = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝑇 + 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Equipment – Related Formula Efficiency of Utilization 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ∗ 100% 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 + 𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 + 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 Physical Availability 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑦 ∗ 100% 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 + 𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 + 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 Mechanical Availability 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ∗ 100% 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 + 𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 Utilization of Availability / 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ∗ 100% Use of Availability 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 + 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 Mine Safety Statistics Frequency Rate (FR) 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝐹𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡 + 𝐹𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∗ 1𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 Severity Rate (SR) 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∗ 1𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 Incidence Rate (IR) 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝐹𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡 + 𝐹𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∗ 1𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 Combined Severity and 𝐹𝑅 ∗ 𝑆𝑅 Frequency Rate (CSFR) 2 Units and Conversion Factors Grade Base metals % Precious metals gpt, oz/ton, ppm Gold and Silver Fineness Weight proportion of pure Au/Ag in an alloy, can also refer to size of particles (0.015-0.03 inches in diameter) 100% gold = 1000 fine gold Gold Karat Refers to purity 1000 fine gold = 24K gold Diamond Carat Refer to gem’s weight 1 carat = 0.2 grams Metal Equivalence 𝐴 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝐵 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝐵 𝐴 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒𝐵 ∗ ∗ 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝐴 Don’t forget to properly convert units Breakeven Cut-Off [(𝑀𝑜 𝑃𝑜 𝑂𝑜 ) − (𝑀𝑤 𝑃𝑤 𝑂𝑤 )] 𝑥𝑐 = Grade 𝑟 ∗ (𝑉 − 𝑅 ) Internal / Mill Cut-Off (𝑃𝑜 𝑂𝑜 ) 𝑥𝑐 = Grade 𝑟 ∗ (𝑉 − 𝑅 ) Based on breakeven cut-off grade If cost of mining = shipping to waste dump or primary crusher, and No significant additional costs in processing waste, Pw = 0, Oo/w = 0 External / Mine Cut-Off Without waste stripping Grade (𝑀𝑜 𝑃𝑜 𝑂𝑜 ) 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑟 ∗ (𝑉 − 𝑅 ) With waste stripping [(𝑀𝑜 𝑃𝑜 𝑂𝑜 ) − 𝑠 ∗ (𝑀𝑤 𝑃𝑤 𝑂𝑤 )] 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑟 ∗ (𝑉 − 𝑅 ) Weight and Volume Short ton 2,000 lbs Aka net ton Long ton 2,240 lbs Aka imperial ton, weight ton, gross ton Metric ton 2,204 lbs 1,000 kg Assay ton 29.16667 grams Troy ounce (t oz or oz t) 31.1035 grams Density Kg / m3 g / cm3 lbs / ft3 kN / m3 Water: 1 g / cm3 = 62.4 lbs / ft3 = 98 kN / m3 = 997 kg / m3 Specific Gravity Unitless Tonnage Factor ft3 / ton 2,000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑆𝐺 ∗ 62.4 3 𝑓𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑆𝐺 ∗ 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 Barrel 42 US gallons 159 liters 9702 in3 * at temp of 15.56°C Power, Energy, Other Units British Thermal Unit - Measure of the heat content of fuels or energy sources (BTU) - It is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of liquid water by 1 °F at the temperature that water has its greatest density (~ 39 °F) 1.055 kilojoule Horsepower 550 ft-lb / sec 745.7 watts Water Horsepower 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑄𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 3957 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 Brake Horsepower 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 Actual/Motor 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 ℎ𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑝 = Horsepower 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 ∗ 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 Watt Joule / sec Kilojoule 737.562 ft-lb Kilowatt-hour 3,600 kJ Foot Candle 1 foot candle means amount of light that falls on a surface 1 foot away from a single candle Lux / Lumen Amount of light that falls on a surface one meter away from a candle Head to Pressure 1 in water = 5.2 psf = 248.84 Pa = 25.4 mm water  1 in mercury = 0.491 psi = 13.6 in water = 3.3768 kPa 1 atm = 33.9 ft water Pressure 1 psi = 6894.76 Pa Working Level Concentration of short-lived radon daughters in a liter of air that will yield 1.3 x105 MeV of alpha energy MeV Megaelectronvolts WLM 1 WLM = 1 WL / 173 working hours 1 WLM = 0.5 WL / 346 working hours *173 working hours: monthly working time * 346 working hours: 2 months working time Area Meridional Mining Block 81 ha ½’ latitude by ½’ longitude SSM Parcel 1.25 ha 3.75” latitude by 3.75” longitude Coal Block 1,000 ha 2’ latitude by 1.5’ longitude Petroleum Block 4,000 ha 4’ latitude by 3’ longitude Ph Setting Location: between 116° 40’ and 126° 34’ E longitude and 4° 40’ and 21° 10’ N latitude Islands: 7,641 Total land area: 300,000 km2 o High mineral potential: 90,000 km2 o Covered by mining tenements: 7,273.7 km2 (2.42%) EEZ: 2,200,000 km2 Shoreline: 35,286 km o 3rd longest shoreline in the world Philippine Island Arc System Aka Philippine Mobile Belt Palawan Micro Continental Block: originally part of Sunda Plate o Broke off during the Mesozoic Period o Became part of PMB in the Early Miocene Period East: Ph Sea Plate subducting under PMB o Trenches: Philippine Trench, East Luzon Trench o Arcs: East Philippine Volcanic Arc ▪ aka Bacon-Manito Volcanic Group ▪ aka Pocdol Mountains o Volcanoes: Mayon West: Sunda Plate subducting under PMB o Trenches: Manila Trench, Negros Trench, Cotabato Trench o Arcs: Luzon Volcanic Arc, Negros-Panay Arc, Cotabato Arc o Volcanoes: Taal, Kanlaon, Mt. Mautum Southwest: Sulu Sea Basin subducting under Zamboanga Peninsula o Trenches: Sulu Trench o Arcs: Sulu-Zamboanga Arc  o Volcanoes: Jolo Group of Volcanoes Philippine Fault Zone Left lateral strike-slip fault Going NW-SE Direction follows the tilting of PMB due to subducting plates pushing on both sides Segments: o Guinayangan o Masbate o Leyte Fault lines: o Marikina Valley Fault: most dangerous because it cuts through highly developed areas of the country o Western Philippine Fault o Eastern Ph Fault o Southern of Mindanao Fault o Central Philippine Fault: longest fault line, from ilocos to davao Neighboring Countries and ASEAN Members Neighboring Countries: o North: Taiwan o Northwest: China o West: Vietnam o Southwest: Brunei and Malaysia o South: Indonesia Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Members: o Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam Ph Mining Industry Regalian Doctrine 1987 Philippine Constitution o All natural resources are owned by State o Exploration, development, utilization and conservation of natural resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the state o Only agricultural lands can be owned or given to non-Filipinos Philippine Mineral Resources Minerals o Metallic ▪ Gold ▪ Silver ▪ Chromite ▪ Zinc ▪ Copper ▪ Nickel – Copper ▪ Nickel ▪ Scandium: Rare earth mineral ▪ Iron ▪ Aluminum (not yet produced though) o Fuels ▪ Coal ▪ Natural Gas ▪ Petroleum o Non-metallic ▪ Aggregate ▪ Basalt ▪ Bentonite ▪ Feldspar ▪ Guano ▪ Gypsum ▪ Limestone ▪ Marble ▪ Mica ▪ Pebbles ▪ Perlite  ▪ Pozzolan ▪ Sand and Gravel ▪ Shale ▪ Silica ▪ Silt ▪ Sulfur ▪ Zeolite Mineral Reservations Surigao Laterite Zambales Chromite Siruma White Clay (Camarines Sur) Samar Bauxite Ilocos Norte Feldspar Biak-Na-Bato Marble Diwalwal Gold Surigao Mineral Offshore Mineral Reservation (all offshore is considered mineral reservation) Coal Regions * ranked according to reserves 1. Semirara 2. Cagayan Valley 3. Cotabato 4. Surigao 5. Zamboanga 6. Cebu 7. Samar 8. Polillo, Batan and Catanduanes 9. Davao 10. Negros 11. Mindoro 12. Quezon 13. Masbate 14. Bukidnon Petroleum Fields Palawan o Galoc: offshore, northwest Palawan Basin o Nido: closed early 2019 o North Matinloc and Matinloc Cebu o Alegria Mineral Production * Volume: metric tons * Value: billion PhP Metal 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Gold Volume 21.3 23 22.7 20.7 20.6 17.4 Value 35.3 45.5 45.8 44.8 47.4 47.6 Silver 30 35 31.7 29.7 31.2 24 0.651 0.941 0.867 0.790 0.827 0.770 Copper 83,800 83,600 68,100 69,900 71,800 60,800 19 17.8 19.3 20.7 18.5 14.9  Ni – Cu Sulfide 89,400 83,800 87,600 84,500 88,800 85,700 18 15.8 19.6 26.6 31.7 29.8 Chromite 15,500 25,700 20,800 50,600 36,400 35,100 0.114 0.183 0.172 0.502 0.391 0.299 Nickel 422,200 347,800 339,300 344,900 323,300 333,900 34.3 23.7 24.6 28.9 31.8 38.9 Scandium Oxalate 4.5 12.854 12.868 0.137 0.358 0.337 Trend and Top Producers 100,000 Gold and Silver Volume 40 80,000 Gold 60,000 Copper 30 Ni-Cu 20 Silver 40,000 Chromite 10 20,000 Scandium 0 Oxalate 0 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 1 Value 0.8 60 Silver 50 0.6 Gold 40 Chromite 30 Copper 0.4 20 Ni-Cu Scandium 0.2 10 Oxalate Nickel 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Gold o Volume: aside from 2020’s 17.4, it’s between 20.5 - 23 o Value: aside from 2015’s 35.3, it’s between 44.8 – 47.6 ▪ In 2015, its value is just 1 billion more than nickel’s ▪ Highest among the metallics o Top Producers: ▪ Philippine Gold Processing and Refining Corp ▪ Philsaga Mining Corp ▪ Oceana Gold Ph Inc ▪ APEX Mining Company Inc ▪ FCF Minerals ▪ Philex Mining Corp Silver o Volume: aside from 2016’s 35 and 2020’s 24, it’s between 29.7 – 31.7 ▪ Highest production among the < 100 tonnes o Value: 0.6 – 0.9 ▪ Highest among < 1 billion o Top Producers:  ▪ APEX Mining Company Inc ▪ Philippine Gold Processing and Refining Corp ▪ Philex Mining Corp ▪ Carmen Copper Corp ▪ FCF Minerals ▪ Oceana Gold Ph Inc ▪ Lepanto Consolidated Mining Corp Copper o Volume: o Value: o Top Producers: ▪ Carmen Copper Corp ▪ Philex Mining Corp ▪ Lepanto Consolidated Mining Corp ▪ Oceana Gold Ph Inc Ni – Cu o Volume: o Value: o Top Producers: ▪ Taganito HPAL Nickel Corp ▪ Coral Bay Nickel Corp Chromite o Volume o Value: o Top Producers: ▪ Techiron Resources Inc ▪ Small-scale Mines Nickel o Volume o Value: o Top Producers: ▪ Taganito Mining Corp ▪ Rio Tuba Nickel Mining ▪ Platinum Group Metals Corp ▪ Carrascal Nickel Corp ▪ Cagdianao Mining Corp Scandium Oxalate o Volume: o Value: o Top Producers: ▪ Taganito HPAL Nickel Corp Iron o Production started in 2020 o Atro Mining-Vitali Iron Inc Energy Statistics Coal Statistics * Unit: million metric tonnes Year Production Consumption Importation Exportation 2015 8.2 21.7 17.3 3.1 2016 12.1 20.3 20 6.8 2017 13.3 29.4 22.6 5.9 2018 13.1 30.8 26.3 5.1 2019 15.3 33.1 27.6 10.2 2019 Coal Producers 1. Semirara: 99.45% 2. SSCMP: 0.45% 3. Other COCs: 0.1% 2019 Coal Consumers 1. Power: 86.51% 2. Cement: 8.31% 3. Others: 5.17% 2019 Import Origin 1. Indonesia: 90.20% 2. South Africa: 4.79% 3. Australia: 2.57% 4. Other countries: 1.86% 5. Russia: 0.58% 2019 Export Destination 1. China: 96.56% 2. Thailand: 2.23% 3. Taiwan: 0.68% 4. India: 0.53% Petroleum Production 1. Galoc: 744,449 barrels - 25,000 barrels per day 2. Nido: 20,643 barrels 3. Alegria: 9,468 barrels - 360 barrels per day (2019), drilling of more production wells in 2020 - Can power 60 MW gas plant 4. Matinloc: 1,542 barrels Malampaya Started production in 2002 Joint venture with Gov’t o Shell Ph Exploration (SPEx): 45% o Chevron: 45% o Philippine National Oil Corporation: 10% 2019 Production o Gas: 155, 690 mmscf (million standard cubic feet) o Condensate: 4,006,235 barrels Proven Res