English Vocabulary in Use Pre-Intermediate & Intermediate (Cambridge) 2017 PDF

University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi –110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge Univ...

University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi –110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/elt © Cambridge University Press 2017 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1997 Fourth edition A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-131662831-7 Edition with answers and ebook ISBN 978-131663171-3 Edition with answers ISBN 978-131663172-0 ebook Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. Contents Thanks 29 On the road Introduction 30 Notices and warnings Learning Education and study 1 Learning vocabulary 31 Classroom language 2 Keeping a vocabulary notebook 32 School education 3 Using a dictionary 33 Studying English and taking exams 4 English language words 34 University education The world around us Work and business 5 Country, nationality and language 35 Jobs 6 The physical world 36 Talking about your work 7 Weather 37 Making a career 8 Animals and insects 38 Working in an office People 39 Running a company 9 The body and movement 40 Business and finance 10 Describing appearance Leisure and entertainment 11 Describing character 41 Sport and leisure 12 Feelings 42 Competitive sport 13 Family and friends 43 Books and films 14 Growing up 44 Music 15 Romance, marriage and divorce 45 Special events Daily life Tourism 16 Daily routines 46 Travel bookings 17 The place where you live 47 Air travel 18 Around the home 48 Hotels and restaurants 19 Money 49 Cafés 20 Health 50 Sightseeing holidays 21 Clothes 51 Holidays by the sea 22 Fashion and buying clothes Communication and technology 23 Shopping 52 Newspapers and television 24 Food 53 Phoning and texting 25 Cooking 54 Computers 26 City life 55 Email and the Internet 27 Life in the country 28 Transport English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate 3  Social issues Key verbs 56 Crime 81 Make, do and take: uses and phrases 57 Politics 58 Climate change 82 Key verbs: give, keep and miss 59 War and violence 83 Get: uses, phrases and phrasal verbs Concepts 84 Go: meanings and expressions 60 Time 85 The senses 61 Numbers Words and grammar 62 Distance, dimensions and size 86 Uncountable nouns 63 Objects, materials, shapes and colour 87 Verb constructions 1 64 Containers and quantities 88 Verb constructions 2 89 Adjectives Functional language 90 Prepositions: place and movement 65 Apologies, excuses and thanks 91 Adverbs 66 Requests, permission and suggestions Connecting and linking 67 Opinions, agreeing 92 Time and sequence and disagreeing 93 Addition and contrast 68 Likes, dislikes, attitudes 94 Reason, purpose, result, condition and preferences 69 Greetings, farewells and special Style and register expressions 95 Formal and informal English Word formation 96 Completing forms and CVs 70 Prefixes: changing meaning 97 Writing an essay 71 Suffixes: forming nouns 98 Formal letters and emails 72 Suffixes: forming adjectives 99 Informal emails and messages 73 Compound nouns 100 Abbreviations Phrase building Answer key 74 Word partners Phonemic symbols 75 Fixed phrases Index 76 Fixed phrases in conversation 77 Verb or adjective + preposition Acknowledgements 78 Prepositional phrases ██████████ How to use the ebook 79 Phrasal verbs 1: form and meaning 80 Phrasal verbs 2: grammar and style 4 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate Thanks Sabina Ostrowska wrote two new units for the Fourth Edition: Unit 46, Travel Bookings and Unit 49, Cafés. The publishers would like to thank Sabina for her contribution to this edition. English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate 5  Introduction To the student This book will help you learn more than 2,000 words and phrases, and you can use it without a teacher. There are 100 units in the book. You can study them in any order, but the first four units have information about vocabulary that will help you with your learning. Here is what the pages look like: The left-hand page presents Pictures and the new vocabulary. diagrams show the meaning of some words. New vocabulary is in bold. Example sentences help you to understand new words. The right-hand There is space for you page practises the to write your answers. new vocabulary. There is an example in each exercise to help you. Over to you is a chance for you to use the new words to write about yourself, your life and your country. After you do the exercises, you can check your answers in the Answer key at the back of the book. You will also find possible answers for most of the Over to you exercises. The Index at the back of the book has all the new words and phrases from the units, with a phonemic transcription to help you with pronunciation. If you have the edition with the ebook, you can listen to the pronunciation of all the new vocabulary, and there are more practice exercises as well. see p262 for more information about the ebook. It is a good idea to have a dictionary when you use the book. sometimes you may want a bilingual dictionary, so you can find a translation; sometimes the book asks you to use an English dictionary for an exercise. You also need a notebook when you are studying. The study units 1–4 in this book will give you ideas and information to help you to use your notebook and become a better learner. I hope you enjoy using this book. 6 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate To the teacher This book can be used in class or for self-study. It is intended for learners at the upper A2 level and B1 level on the Council of Europe scale, and teaches more than 2,000 words and phrases. The vocabulary is organised around common everyday topics, but also contains units on different aspects of language such as phrasal verbs, uncountable nouns and link words and phrases. These units provide key information about lexis, but also help to ensure that learners are exposed to the most important vocabulary for their level. The first four units are dedicated to aspects of vocabulary learning such as record keeping and dictionary use. The book has been written so that units can be studied in any order, but I recommend you look at these four study units first, as they provide learners with important advice about vocabulary learning in general. Throughout the book, vocabulary items have been chosen for their usefulness in a wide range of everyday situations, and this task has been made easier by having access to the English Profile (EP). Forming part of a large research programme sponsored by the Council of Europe, the EP helps teachers and students identify the words or phrases that a learner can be expected to know at each level of the Common European Framework. The words and phrases have mainly been selected using the Cambridge Learner Corpus, examination wordlists and classroom materials, and in this book the main focus is on words and phrases at the upper end of the A2 level and across the B1 level. Much of the new vocabulary (on average about 25 items per unit) is presented through different types of text, and then explained immediately after the item appears, or in a separate glossary below the text; some words are presented in tables or lists, and contextualised in sentence examples; some of the new vocabulary is presented in pictures and diagrams. The new vocabulary is then practised on the right-hand pages through a wide range of exercise types. These pages generally progress from easier to more difficult exercises, with items often tested receptively first, e.g. through a matching or grouping exercise, before moving on to more challenging productive exercises such as gap-fill texts or sentence transformations. In many units, the final exercise is called Over to you. This indicates a personalised exercise, in which learners have an opportunity to use some of the new vocabulary to talk about themselves, their lives and their country, and sometimes to express their own personal opinions. These make ideal classroom speaking activities for pairs or groups, but many of the exercises on the right-hand page can be adapted for speaking practice. For example, where there are short question and answer dialogues, students can first read the dialogues out loud, then one student can ask the questions, and their partner has to respond appropriately using target vocabulary from the unit, but without referring to the book. There is a comprehensive Answer key at the back of the book, as well as an Index of all the vocabulary taught with a phonemic pronunciation guide and a unit reference to where each item appears. Find more resources for teachers at www.cambridge.org/elt/inuse We hope you enjoy using this new edition. English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate 7 Study unit 1 Learning vocabulary A Using this book It’s a good idea to have a routine when you use this book. [something you do often and usually in the same way] For example: a weekly routine when you study a new unit for at least [not less than] 30–45 minutes; a daily routine when you revise that unit. [study it again] You may only need to revise for five or ten minutes each time. 1.1 Over to you Write your answers. 1 How often can you spend at least half an hour or forty- five minutes on a unit? 2 How often can you revise? How much time can you spend when you revise? Where will you do it? B Studying a new unit When you are studying a unit for the first time, you need to be active when you are learning. With a new word or phrase, say it aloud [speak it so you can hear it], and repeat it to yourself silently [in your head, not speaking]. If you have the eBook that goes with the book, use it to check the pronunciation. Use a highlighter pen to mark words you think are important or difficult. Write down new words and phrases in your notebook. (See Unit 2 for more information.) Always try to write an example sentence for new words. You can choose an example from this book or a dictionary, but an example from your own life will often help you to remember a word, e.g. I shared a flat with an Australian girl when I was in London last year. Do exercises in pencil, then you can rub them out (using a rubber) and do them again later. This is a good way to revise vocabulary. 1.2 Over to you Write your answers. 1 Which of these things do you do now when you are learning vocabulary? 2 What will you do in the future? C Revising a unit When you are revising a unit one or two days later, it is also important to be as active as possible. Test yourself, e.g. look at a word and cover the meaning. Can you remember what the meaning is? If you can’t, check the meaning, then come back to the word in five minutes’ time and test yourself again. Look at what you wrote in your notebook when you first studied the unit. Is there any new information you want to add, e.g. something about the pronunciation, or a common word partner? (See Unit 2.) Diagrams may help you to organise some of the vocabulary differently, and help you to remember it. 8 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate  Who took Let’s take a 1.3 Over to you 1 Study unit my pen? break now. Write your answers. 1 Do you revise vocabulary that you study? If so, take how often? I took notes What size shoes during the lecture. do you take? 2 Will you try to revise more often in the future? If so, will you use some of the ideas above? D Expanding* your vocabulary When you learn a word, e.g. dirty, think of synonyms (syn) [words with a similar meaning] or opposites (opp) in your language. Look them up in a bilingual dictionary to find the English words, then look up the English words in an English dictionary to check the meaning. From this, you will find that the opposite of dirty is clean, and you may also find filthy [very dirty]. * making something bigger 1.4 Using this method, find opposites for the words in bold. 1 My room is very clean. opp dirty 2 It’s a permanent job. opp 3 He was kind to all of his animals. opp 4 Babies have very soft, smooth skin. opp 5 Where’s the entrance? opp 6 Was the bird dead? opp 7 Did they accept the invitation? opp Building word families (see Units 70–72) will also help to expand your vocabulary. From a noun, verb or adjective, you can often find related words in the dictionary with a similar meaning. So, you can often learn two or three words, and not just one, e.g. argue v = have an angry discussion; n = argument. 1.5 Use a dictionary to find the related parts of speech for the words in bold. 1 She gave me some advice. verb advise 2 We mustn’t argue. noun 3 I will have to revise this unit. noun 4 Is there a choice? verb 5 I want to expand my vocabulary. noun 6 The two boys are very different. noun verb 7 They need to communicate more. noun adj Try to read and listen to English as much as possible. The more you read and listen, the more you will learn. When you read, try to: – Highlight or underline interesting new words. – Highlight words if they are familiar but you can’t remember the meaning. There is a lot of spoken English on the Internet which you can play again and again. Try to make a note of interesting words and look up the meaning. 1.6 Over to you Now choose a unit that interests you. Study the left-hand page, then do the exercises in pencil. Wait for at least 24 hours, revise the unit, then answer these questions. 1 How many answers did you get right the first time? 2 How many answers did you get right the second time? English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate 9 Study unit 2 Keeping a vocabulary notebook A What do you do? This is what some students do. cup saucer mug RAFAEL I write down new English words and phrases in my notebook, and next to each one I write a Spanish translation. I usually write down if a word is a noun, verb, adjective, and so on. KAZUO I sometimes write a word in phonemics because English pronunciation is very difficult for me. But my notebook is a mess [nothing is in a good order; syn untidy]. I like to draw pictures. EUN I sometimes make a note of new words in my notebook, but I often forget [don’t remember]. I usually write a translation, and sometimes I write example sentences as well. ANDREY I’ve got a notebook. I don’t use it much but when I do, I try and list words by topic, so I put all the animals together, and all the clothes words together, and so on. I find it’s easier to remember the words this way. DONATA I note down new words and phrases. Sometimes I translate them into Polish, and sometimes I write an explanation [a description of what something means] in English if it is not difficult. For example: kitten – a very young cat B Tips for your notebook A tip is a piece of advice to help you. Here are some tips for your notebook. Put words from one topic in the same place, e.g. food in one place, clothes in another, etc. Don’t mix them up [put them together with no order]. You can also have grammar topics, e.g. ‘uncountable nouns’, or a page for words that all have a connection, e.g. words and phrases that were all in a story you read in English. Some words and phrases will go in more than one topic. If you can’t find a topic for a new word or phrase, e.g. useful or in particular, put them in a different place in your notebook, e.g. a page for each day or each week, or perhaps one page for every English lesson you have. Write the date clearly at the top, e.g. Monday 14th May. When you write down new vocabulary, write a translation if it is necessary [you need it; opp unnecessary], but also write the meaning in English if it is possible, or draw pictures. If possible, add synonyms, opposites, other parts of speech, etc. (See Unit 1.) awful adj = terrible (syn dreadful) enjoy v = like something and get pleasure from it n = enjoyment adj = enjoyable Example sentences help you with the grammar of a word, or with word partners (collocations). I enjoy living in a big city. (NOT I enjoy to live in a big city.) (See Units 87–8.) I spent two weeks in Rome. (NOT I passed two weeks in Rome. You spend time in a place.) (See Unit 74.) Remember, words often have more than one meaning that you need to know, e.g. a tip is also money that you give, for example, to a waiter for serving you in a restaurant. 10 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate  Exercises 2 Study unit 2.1 Organise the words into the topics below. One word can go in two different topics. Use a dictionary to help you. diet branch lay the table count v dig v ground flour add up raw leaf minus butcher thousand frozen zero butterfly food garden numbers diet 2.2 Explain these words in English, or draw a picture, or if you think an explanation is too difficult and a drawing is not possible, write a translation instead. 1 raw not cooked 2 dig 3 butcher 4 leaf 5 flour 6 lay the table 7 add up 8 minus 2.3 What information could you include with these words? The answers are all on the opposite page. 1 forget opposite – remember 2 awful 3 necessary 4 translate 5 tip 6 enjoy 2.4 Over to you Answer the questions. If possible, compare your answers with someone else. 1 Look again at what the students said on the opposite page. What are the good things that they do? Underline them. 2 Do you do all of these things? 3 Is there anything you don’t do now, but will do in the future? 4 At the moment, which person’s notebook is most like your notebook? 5 What are the most useful tips on the opposite page for you? English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate 11 Study unit 3 Using a dictionary A What dictionaries do I need? A bilingual dictionary [using two languages] is easy for you to understand, and quick and easy to use. A dictionary in English will give you reading practice in English and many more examples of how words are used. If possible, use both. These are good dictionaries in English for your level, and most of them are available online: Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary Oxford Wordpower Dictionary Longman Active Study Dictionary Macmillan Essential Dictionary B Information in dictionaries If you look up a word [find a word in a dictionary] using the Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary, the information is shown like this: pronunciation part of speech using (= noun) phonemic fun1 /fʌn/ noun [u] [U] tells you that fun symbols (see is uncountable (see page 247) 1 enjoyment or pleasure, or something 2 for fun/for the fun of it Unit 86) a definition that gives you enjoyment or pleasure for pleasure and not for any other reason fixed phrases using explains the She’s great fun to be with. 3 make fun of sb/sth the word are shown meaning Have fun! (= enjoy yourself) in bold (see Units to make a joke about someone or bold italics It’s no fun having to work late every something in an unkind way. 75–6) night. show common The other children at school used to examples are in word partners make fun of his hair. italics (see Unit 74) 3.1 Correct the spelling mistakes. Use a dictionary to check your answers. 1 allways always 6 confortable 2 realy 7 accomodation 3 unfortunatly 8 beautifull 4 expecially 9 unbeleivable 5 cloths 10 neccesary 3.2 In the word island /ˈaɪlənd/, the letter ‘s’ is silent (not pronounced). Use your dictionary to find the silent letters in these words. 1 knee 2 comb 3 castle 4 salmon 5 receipt C Defining words ‘Defining words’ are words that dictionaries use when they define [explain] the words in the dictionary. Some of these are quite common. emphasise [give something more attention and importance], e.g. My teacher has always emphasised the importance of writing down new words in a notebook. relating to or connected to/with [having a relationship with someone or something], e.g. musical is connected with / related to music amount [how much there is of something], e.g. £5 million is a large amount of money. official [done by the government or someone in authority], e.g. A passport is an official document. behave [do or say things in a particular way], e.g. People can behave strangely when they’re nervous. 12 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate  Exercises 3 Study unit 3.3 Complete the dictionary definitions using words from the box. connected with emphasise relating to behave official amount 1 industrial / ɪnˈdʌstriəl/ 1 adjective connected with industry 2 sum /sʌm/ noun [C] an of money 3 pretend /prɪˈtend/ verb [I,T] to as if something is true when it is not 4 certificate /səˈtɪfɪkət/ noun [C] an document that gives details to show something is true 5 not at all /nɒt ət ɔːl/ used instead of ‘no’ or ‘not’ to what you are saying: I’m not at all happy about it 6 legal /ˈliːgəl/ adjective the law D Using a dictionary When you use a dictionary to check the meaning of a word, put a tick (✓) next to it. Each time you return to a page with a tick, see [find out] if you remember the word. When you meet a new word or phrase in a text, first try to guess the meaning [try to think of the meaning when you don’t know it]. Then, use a dictionary to see if your guess was correct. Don’t just read the dictionary definition. Example phrases and sentences show you how a word or phrase is used, and they help you to understand the meaning more clearly. If you look up a word in a bilingual dictionary and get two or three different translations, check these words in an English dictionary to see which translation is the best one for the situation. Remember that many words have more than one meaning. The first meaning in the dictionary is not always the one you want. You may need to read through the different meanings. 3.4 Answer the questions, and use an English dictionary to check the answers. 1 What does puppy mean? It’s a very young dog. 2 Is the correct spelling organize or organise? 3 What part of speech is extremely? 4 What kind of noun is advice? 5 What preposition follows the verb rely? 6 Look up friend, and then the words in bold that are often used with it. Can you complete these phrases? She’s an friend; he’s my friend; you friends with people. 3.5 Match the sentences on the right with the different meanings of post on the left. post1 /pəʊst/ noun 1 He’s applied for a post overseas. 1 System [no plural] UK (US mail) 3 Job [c] formal 2 Did you send the the system for sending letters, a job cheque by post? parcels, etc A part-time post. 3 I tied the flag Your letter is in the post. A teaching post. to a post. I’m sending the documents by post. 4 We haven’t 4 Pole [c] had any post yet. 2 Letters [u] UK (US mail) a long, vertical piece of wood or letters, parcels, etc that you send metal fixed into the ground at or receive one end. Has the post arrived/come yet? I found the dog tied to a post. English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate 13 Study unit 4 English language words A Parts of speech I have a brown leather chair by the window, and I often sit there in the morning to listen to music. In the sentence above, I is a pronoun; chair, window, morning and music are all nouns; have, sit and listen are verbs; brown and leather are adjectives; often is an adverb; by and to are prepositions; the is a definite article; a is an indefinite article; and is a conjunction or link word. Here are two more examples: We saw an elephant at the zoo yesterday. Elephant and zoo are nouns; saw is a verb; at is a preposition; an is an indefinite article; the is a definite article. It was a cold night, so I walked quickly. Was and walked are verbs; cold is an adjective; night is a noun; quickly is an adverb; so is a link word. B Grammar When you are learning vocabulary, you need to know certain things about different words; for example, if nouns are countable, e.g. books, apples, chairs; or uncountable, e.g. information (NOT informations), advice (NOT advices). (See Unit 86.) With verbs, you need to know if they are regular, e.g. work, live, etc; or irregular, e.g. go/went, take/took. You will also need to learn the grammar of phrasal verbs, e.g. take something off, wake up. (See Units 79–80.) You also need to learn certain groups of words as phrases, e.g. at the moment, never mind, see you later. (See Units 75–6.) C Word building In the word uncomfortable, un- is a prefix, and -able is a suffix. Other common prefixes include in- and dis-, e.g. incorrect and dislike. Common suffixes include -ment and -ive, e.g. improvement and attractive. (See Units 70–72.) D Pronunciation Dictionaries show the pronunciation of a word using phonemic symbols, e.g. book /bʊk/, before /bɪˈfɔː/, cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/. Every word has one or more syllables, e.g. book has one syllable, before has two syllables, cinema has three syllables. It is important to know which syllable to stress, e.g. on before it is the second syllable (be'fore), on cinema it is the first syllable ('cinema). The vertical mark ' shows where the stressed syllable begins. E Punctuation Every sentence must begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop. Some sentences have a comma, which often shows a pause [when you stop reading or speaking for a short time] in a long sentence. Did you also know that a question must end with a question mark? 14 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate  Exercises 4 Study unit 4.1 Put the words into the correct columns. noun comma phonemic symbol adverb stress question mark syllable preposition full stop adjective parts of speech punctuation pronunciation noun 4.2 There is one word missing in each line of the text. Where does the missing word go? What could it be? What part of speech is it? Last year I went to for my holiday. I spent the first 1 Spain (noun) week Seville staying with a couple of friends, and 2 then I a train to Barcelona, where I spent another 3 ten days. It is beautiful city and I had a marvellous 4 time. I stayed in a very hotel right in the centre, but 5 I didn’t mind spending a lot money because it was a 6 wonderful and it was very convenient. My brother was 7 the person who recommended it; he goes Spain a lot 8 and he stays anywhere else. I may go back next year 9 if have enough time. 10 4.3 Answer the questions. 1 What type of verb is break? an irregular verb 2 What does a sentence begin with? 3 What do you put at the end of every sentence? 4 What’s missing here. 5 What shows you there is a pause in the middle of a long sentence? 6 What type of noun is butter? 7 What type of verbs are pick somebody up and grow up? 8 What are full stop and comma examples of? 9 How do dictionaries show the pronunciation of a word? 10 Is the ‘a’ in phrase pronounced the same as can, can’t or late? 4.4 Mark the stress on each word. How many syllables are there? ' English 2 informal opposite syllable decide adjective education pronunciation 4.5 Look at these words and answer the questions. cheap dangerous kind lucky 1 What part of speech are these words? adjectives 2 Can you change the first two words into adverbs? 3 Is the pronunciation of kind like wind (noun) or find (verb)? 4 What prefix do you need to form the opposite of the last two words? 5 What suffix makes a noun from kind? English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate 15  5 Country, nationality and language A Who speaks what where? country nationality language Australia Australian English Brazil Brazilian Portuguese China Chinese Mandarin (and Cantonese) Egypt Egyptian Arabic France French French Germany German German Greece Greek Greek Israel Israeli Hebrew Italy Italian Italian Japan Japanese Japanese (South) Korea Korean Korean Poland Polish Polish Russia Russian Russian Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian Arabic Spain Spanish Spanish Switzerland Swiss Swiss-German, French, Italian Thailand Thai Thai Turkey Turkish Turkish the UK (United Kingdom)* British English the USA (United States of America) American English *the UK (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) I come from Argentina, so I’m Argentinian and my first language is Spanish. The capital is Buenos Aires, which has a population of more than 10 million people. Common mistakes He’s English. (NOT He’s english.); We ate French food. (NOT We ate France food.) I went to the USA. (NOT I went to USA.) I also visited the UK. (NOT I also visited UK.) B Parts of the world The continents in the world are Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, South America, Australia [Australia and New Zealand] and Antarctica. We also use these terms for different parts of the world: the Middle East (e.g. United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia), the Far East (e.g. Thailand, Japan), the Caribbean (e.g. Jamaica, Barbados), Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland). C The people When we are talking about people from a particular country, we add ‘s’ to nationalities ending in ‘-i’ or ‘-(i)an’, but we need the definite article (the) for most others. Brazilians/Russians are … The British / The French are … Thais/Israelis The Swiss / The Japanese With both groups we can also use the word ‘people’, e.g. Brazilian people, British people, etc. 16 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate. Exercises 5.1 Answer the questions. 1 What nationality are people from Poland? Polish 2 What nationality are people from Thailand? 3 What language is spoken in Spain? 4 Where do people speak Hebrew? 5 Where do people speak Mandarin? 6 What language is spoken in Brazil? 7 What language is spoken in Egypt? 8 What nationality are people from Germany? 9 Write down three countries whose first language is English. 10 Write down three languages spoken in Switzerland. 5.2 What parts of the world are these countries in? Write the continent, e.g. Europe, or the area, e.g. the Far East. 1 Germany Europe 4 Italy 2 Japan 5 Jamaica 3 Saudi Arabia 6 Argentina 5.3 Underline the main stress in the words in the box, and practise saying them. Use the pronunciation in the index to help you. Brazilian Japan Egyptian Arabic Scandinavia Chinese Portuguese Australia Saudi Arabia 5.4 Write the answers. 1 Bangkok is the capital of Thailand. 4 Moscow is the capital of..2 Ankara is the capital of. 5 Buenos Aires is the capital of. 3 Seoul is the capital of. 6 Athens is the capital of. 5.5 Complete the sentences with the name of the people from the country on the right. 1 I’ve worked a lot with the French. FRANCE 2 I know lots of. GERMANY 3 We do a lot of business with. JAPAN 4 I used to know a lot of. ISRAEL 5 I have always found very friendly. BRAZIL 6 People often say that are very reserved. BRITAIN 7 are very organised. SWITZERLAND 8 I met a lot of on my trip to Moscow. RUSSIA 5.6 Over to you Answer the questions for you, then ask a friend – if possible, someone from a different country – and write their answers. 1 What’s your nationality? 2 What’s the capital city and population of your country? 3 What’s your first language? 4 What other languages do you speak? 5 Which countries have you visited? 6 Which countries would you like to visit? English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate 17  6 The physical world A Facts DID YOU KNOW...? The Krubera- Voronja Cave Two thirds of the surface1 of the The Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Earth2, is covered in, water. Canal is the longest canal in the world. It is 1,794 kilometres long. El Azizia in Libya is the hottest place in the world, where temperatures The highest waterfall in the world Beijing-Hangshou of over3 57 °C (57 degrees Celsius) is the Angel Falls in Venezuela. It Grand Canal have been recorded. is 979 metres high. The coldest place on earth is probably The Amazon Rainforest is the Vostok in Antarctica, which reached a largest rainforest in the world, temperature of minus 89 °C. covering 40% of the South American continent. The Krubera-Voronja Cave near the Black Sea coast in Georgia, is the The Pacifi c is the largest ocean deepest cave in the world. It is over in the world, and is nearly twice the 2000 metres deep. size of the Atlantic Ocean. The Angel Falls 1 2 3 the top or outside part the planet we live on more than Language help Cover can mean that something is over something else, e.g. The surface was covered in water; The ground was covered with snow. Cover can also refer to the size of something, e.g. The Amazon rainforest covers 40% of South America, or the distance you travel, e.g. We covered ten miles in one day. B Geography Switzerland consists of [is made or formed from] three main geographical regions [areas in a country or the world]: The Swiss Plateau, The Jura, and The Alps. Switzerland is a land of contrasts [big differences], with completely different landscapes [the appearance of an area of land]. The climate [weather conditions] can also change within a very short distance. For example, Ascona in the south has an almost Mediterranean climate, but the Dufour Peak in Valais has a very cold climate. The distance between the two is just 70 kilometres. Lake Constance Basel St Gallen Zurich north north-west north-east Bern west east Lake Geneva south-west south-east Geneva south Locarno 18 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate  Exercises 6.1 Look at the map of Switzerland and complete the sentences. 1 Zurich is in the north. 2 The Jura mountains are. 3 Geneva is. 4 St Gallen is. 5 Basel is. 6 Lake Constance is. 7 Locarno is. 6.2 Test your knowledge. Can you complete these sentences without looking at the opposite page? 1 Two thirds of the surface of the Earth is covered in water. 2 Vostok in Antarctica is the. 3 El Azizia in Libya is the. 4 The Krubera-Voronja is the deepest in the world. 5 The Beijing–Hangzhou Grand is the longest in the world. 6 At 979 metres the Angel Falls is the highest in the world. 7 The Amazon is the largest. 8 The largest in the world is the Pacific. 9 The we live on is called the Earth. 6.3 Complete the sentences. 1 Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. 2 In the autumn, the ground is in leaves that have fallen off the trees. 3 You find this animal in the semi-desert of Australia. 4 Brazil is a country of : large empty areas inland, and cities near the coast. 5 The Amazon rainforest 40% of the South American continent. 6 Mountains and lakes are typical of the in Switzerland. 7 It was a freezing night. The was well below zero. 8 Switzerland of three main geographical regions. 9 It takes the moon just under 28 days to go round the. 10 People say Cape Town in South Africa has a wonderful : sunny for much of the year, and never too hot or very cold. 11 The from London to Paris is 340 kilometres; that’s less than the from London to Edinburgh. 12 When the temperature fell to 10 Celsius, all the schools in the town closed. 6.4 Over to you Answer the questions about your country and your region. 1 What are the highest and lowest temperatures? 2 Do you like the climate? 3 Are there any regions which have a very different landscape from the rest of the country? 4 Do you have any long canals, or famous caves or waterfalls? 5 How would you describe the landscape in the region where you live? 6 What’s the distance from the place where you live to the next big town? English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate 19  7 Weather A Weather conditions Notice that it is very common to form adjectives by adding -y. noun adjective noun adjective verb fog foggy sun sunny the sun is shining cloud cloudy wind windy the wind is blowing the cold cold snow snowy it’s snowing ice icy rain wet it’s raining There are common word partners to describe weather conditions: It was very cloudy this morning, but the sun came out after lunch. [appeared] The accident happened in thick fog [bad fog]. We had some heavy rain at the weekend. [a lot of rain; opp light rain] There was a strong wind when we were on the boat. [a lot of wind] The wind has blown all the apples off the tree. It rained in the morning, but the sky was clear by lunchtime. [no clouds] It’s been extremely cold today. [very; also extremely hot/windy] B Rain and storms For heavy rain we often use the verb pour, e.g. pour with rain. For short periods of light or heavy rain, we use the noun shower. A storm is heavy rain with strong winds. It poured with rain this afternoon. Look, it’s really pouring (with rain) now. We had a couple of heavy/light showers this morning. A period of hot weather sometimes ends with a thunderstorm. First it becomes very humid [the air feels very warm and wet], then you hear thunder and see lightning, and it’s followed by heavy rain. C Temperature* 40 degrees Celsius 10 degrees below zero boiling hot warm not very warm cold freezing [very hot] (also cool) (also chilly) [very cold] * how hot or cold it is Language help Cool can either mean slightly cold in a negative way, e.g. We’ve had a cool summer; or slightly cold in a pleasant way, e.g. The water in the pool was lovely and cool. Mild is often used in a positive way to describe weather that is not as cold as usual, e.g. It’s been a mild winter. 20 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate  Exercises 7.1 Match the words on the left with the words on the right. 1 a sunny e a with rain 2 heavy b fog 3 a strong c sky 4 a clear d and lightning 5 pour e day 6 thick f rain 7 thunder g wind 7.2 Write short sentences to describe the weather conditions in each picture. 1 It’s foggy. 3 5 2 4 6 7.3 True or false? If a sentence is false, change it to make it true. 1 When it’s foggy, you need sunglasses. False. When it’s foggy you can’t see very well. 2 It’s nice to sit outside when it’s freezing. 3 If you’re boiling, you might enjoy a swim. 4 A shower is a type of wind. 5 If it’s chilly, you may want to put on a coat. 6 If it’s humid, the air will be very dry. 7 A mild winter means it is colder than usual. 8 If it rains, the road will be wet. 7.4 Complete the sentences. 1 We had really thick fog this morning. 2 I don’t mind wet weather if it stays quite mild. I just hate the. 3 We had a heavy this morning, but it only lasted a few minutes. 4 It was with rain when we left the house. 5 It was minus ten in New York yesterday. It is often below here in winter. It’s cold! 6 It’s getting very humid. We might have a later. 7 It was cloudy and grey this morning, but when the sun out it was quite hot. 8 What’s the today? It feels much colder than yesterday. 9 It was hot sitting in the sun, but under the beach umbrella it was nice and. 7.5 Over to you Do you have these weather conditions in your country? When do you have them? humid weather storms and thunderstorms strong winds thick fog temperatures below zero showers English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate 21  8 Animals and insects A Pets and farm animals In the UK, many people keep pets [animals that live with people]. The most common are dogs and cats, but people also keep birds, e.g. parrots, that are usually in a cage. Children sometimes keep mice (sing mouse) and rabbits. Some people keep more unusual animals as pets, e.g. frogs, snakes and spiders. rabbit donkey spider frog goat cage mouse snake parrot bull Farms in the UK may have sheep, pigs, cows, horses, donkeys, chickens, goats and a bull. B Wild animals The pictures show a number of wild animals [animals that normally live in natural conditions]. If you are lucky, you may see these animals in the wild [living free], but you will probably see them in a zoo. Some of these animals, for example tigers, are now quite rare [not often seen or found]. It is important that we protect [keep safe] these endangered animals. leopard monkey elephant tiger bear camel lion trunk giraffe C Insects wings bee ant mosquito fly butterfly D Sea creatures Many different creatures [living things, e.g. animals] live in the sea. whale octopus dolphin shark 22 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate  Exercises 8.1 Put the words into the correct columns. goat monkey goat fly bull bee elephant pig mosquito tiger donkey camel ant leopard butterfly farm animals wild animals insects goat 8.2 Look at the underlined letters in each pair of words. Is the pronunciation the same or different? Use the index to help you. 1 whale water different 6 goat giraffe 2 cat camel same 7 spider wild 3 bear bee 8 camel snake 4 leopard mosquito 9 leopard shark 5 lion tiger 10 monkey frog 8.3 Complete the sentences. 1 Cats and dogs are the most common pets in the UK. 2 I’ve only seen animals in zoos or on TV. 3 I don’t like keeping birds in a ; they need more space. 4 I hate ants and mosquitos. In fact, I hate all. 5 It’s hard to see tigers in the wild because they are now. 6 Some animals are disappearing, so we must them. 8.4 Start each sentence with a suitable creature from the opposite page. 1 Sharks can swim very long distances. 2 are very clever and are similar to humans. 3 can travel through the desert for long distances without water. 4 can be 25 metres in length. 5 can eat leaves from tall trees when they are standing on the ground. 6 sometimes change their skin several times a year. 7 can pick things up with their trunk. 8 are kept as pets, usually in cages, and some can even talk! 8.5 Over to you Answer the questions. If possible, compare your answers with someone else. 1 Have you got any pets? What pets? 2 Have you ever seen animals in the wild? What did you see? Where? 3 How do you feel about birds in cages and wild animals in zoos? 4 Are you frightened of any creatures, e.g. mice? English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate 23  9 The body and movement A Parts of the body The outer part of the body is covered in skin. Too much sun is bad for your skin. forehead cheek chin lips neck shoulder chest elbow breast waist bottom hip wrist thumb knee ankle heel toe B Movements with your mouth, face and head People breathe through their nose or mouth. You breathe in and out about 12–15 times a minute. People smile when they’re happy, and sometimes smile at people to be polite. People laugh at things which are funny. People sometimes cry if they’re very unhappy, or receive bad news. People in some countries nod their head [move it up and down] to mean ‘yes’, and shake their head [move it from side to side] for ‘no’. People often yawn when they’re tired, and sometimes when they’re bored. C Common expressions shake hands comb your blow your with someone hair nose fold your wave to arms somebody 24 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate  Exercises 9.1 Find ten more words for parts of the body, either across or down. T H U K C A P O N H N H N I toe E C H E E K O H I P E S L C E A N K T E H E L B O W E I L I P S K I N 9.2 Match the words on the left with the words on the right. 1 shake e a your hair 2 wave b your nose 3 comb c to somebody 4 fold d your head 5 blow e hands 6 nod f your arms 9.3 Label the picture. 1 forehead 6 2 7 3 4 8 5 9.4 What do these actions often mean? (There may be several possible answers.) 1 People often smile when they’re happy. 2 They often breathe quickly after 3 They laugh 4 They may wave to somebody 5 They blow their nose 6 They shake their head 7 And nod their head 8 They cry 9 They yawn English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate 25 10 Describing appearance A Describing beauty Your appearance is the way you look, and we sometimes use different words to talk about beauty in men and women. WOMEN can be attractive or good-looking [nice to look at], and we often use pretty [attractive] to describe a girl. We use beautiful or gorgeous for women who are very attractive. MEN can be attractive and good-looking, but also handsome. If men are very attractive, we can say they are gorgeous or very good-looking, but not usually beautiful. Liam has become quite handsome. Bella looks gorgeous in that dress. Olivia was very pretty when she was younger. They’re a very good-looking couple. Language help The opposite of beautiful is ugly, but it is not very polite to describe someone as ugly; ordinary [not special or different] is more polite. It also isn’t polite to say that someone is fat; overweight is more polite. B Size We can talk about a person’s height [how tall or short they are] and their weight [how heavy they are], e.g. I’m roughly [about; syn approximately] one metre eighty (tall), and I weigh just under eighty kilograms. If someone is not tall or short, you can describe them as medium height. If a person is very similar to most other people in height and weight, you can say they are average. A: How tall is Hannah? A: Is Marco quite big? B: Medium height, I’d say. B: No, about average. C Hair blonde fair brown dark black (or blond) Common mistakes Remember that ‘hair’ is uncountable, e.g. She’s got straight hair. (NOT She’s got straight hairs.) Also: She’s got long black hair. (NOT She’s straight wavy curly got a long black hair.) D Talking about someone’s appearance A: What does Sophia’s boyfriend look like? [Can you describe his appearance?] B: He’s blond, and quite good-looking. A: Is he tall? B: Er, tallish [quite tall], but he’s got broad shoulders [wide; opp narrow]. He looks very athletic [strong, healthy and often good at sports]. I think he does a lot of sport. A: Is he quite smart [clean, tidy and stylish]? B: Yeah, he dresses quite well [the clothes he wears are quite nice]. Language help We can use the suffix -ish at the end of some adjectives to mean ‘quite’, e.g. She’s got longish hair, and at the end of some numbers to mean ‘more or less’, e.g. He’s twentyish. 26 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate  Exercises 10.1 Complete the sentences. 1 She’s got straight hair..2 Isabella is very good-. 3 Beata’s got blonde. 4 Her brother’s got very broad. 5 That’s a nice suit: Jack’s very today. 6 I would say he was medium. 7 Charlotte’s hair is fair but her brother’s is quite. 10.2 Find six more pairs of words in the box. Why are they pairs? attractive height average good-looking weight narrow roughly tall curly approximately medium wavy broad weigh Attractive and good- looking are similar in meaning. 10.3 Complete the dialogues using words that are similar to the underlined words. 1 A: She’s good-looking. B: Yes, very attractive. 2 A: María José looked beautiful last night. B: Yes, absolutely. 3 A: Her boyfriend’s quite good-looking. B: Yes, he is rather. 4 A: Andreas looks very strong and healthy. B: Yes, I think he’s very. 5 A: That little girl is attractive, isn’t she? B: Yes, she’s very. 6 A: Ethan’s getting fat. B: Yes, he is a bit. 7 A: Did you think he was a bit ugly? B: Yes, he was quite. 8 A: Is she about 25? B: Yes,. 9 A: He’s just above average height. B: Yes, he is , isn’t he? 10.4 Over to you Answer the questions. 1 How tall are you? 2 What’s your hair like? 3 Think about one of your best friends. What does he/she look like? English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and intermediate 27 11 Describing character A What are you like? 1 Describe your character Choose the number that describes you. For example, in the first line 1 = very positive, 3 = not very positive or negative, 5 = very negative. 1 2 3 4 5 I think I’m very positive2. I’m quite a negative person. I’m usually reliable3. I’m quite unreliable. I’m quite confident4. I’m quite shy5. I’m hard-working6. I’m quite lazy. I have a good sense of humour7. I’m usually quite serious8. I’m usually quite patient9. I’m quite impatient. 1 2 3 4 5 1 what you are like as a person 2 believe that good things will happen Common mistakes 3 can be trusted to do what people expect you to do 4 A: What’s he like? (NOT How feeling sure about yourself and your abilities is he like?) 5 not confident, especially about meeting or talking to new people B: He’s very nice. (NOT He’s 6 putting a lot of effort into your work and spending a lot of time on it like very nice.) 7 the ability to laugh and understand when something is funny 8 a serious person is quiet and doesn’t laugh very much 9 able to stay calm and not get angry, especially when things take a lot of time B Opposites positive negative generous [happy to give more money or help than is usual] mean honest [an honest person tells the truth] dishonest clever, intelligent [able to learn and understand things quickly] stupid calm [relaxed and not worried or frightened] nervous, anxious Language help We use kind to describe someone who wants to help people a lot, and nice, friendly or pleasant for someone who is happy to talk to people. The opposites are unkind, unfriendly and unpleasant. C Describing a friend The first thing I would say about my best friend is that she’s very sensible1. I’ve never known Emilia to do anything silly2, and I know I can always trust3 her. She’s also very creative4; shemakesthings,andshe’savery talented5 artist. I wish6 I had her talent. 1 5 practical; doesn’t do stupid things has a natural ability 2 6 not sensible, a bit stupid I would like to have her 3 be sure that she is honest talent but I haven’t got it. 4 good at thinking of new ideas and using her imagination 28 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate  Exercises 11.1 Find five pairs of opposites and put them into the correct columns. nice mean sensible lazy calm generous unpleasant hard-working silly nervous positive negative nice 11.2 Write the opposites using the correct prefix. 1 un kind 3 pleasant 5 honest 2 friendly 4 patient 6 reliable 11.3 Describe the person in the sentences, in one word. 1 My brother is in the office from 8 am to 6 pm every day. hard-working 2 He has never bought me a drink in ten years. 3 She often promises to do things but sometimes she forgets. 4 My teacher explains things again and never gets angry. 5 Emma finds it difficult to meet people and talk to strangers. 6 Noah is practical and doesn’t do anything stupid. 7 Our teacher is nice, but he’s quiet and he doesn’t laugh a lot. 8 Danya is very relaxed and doesn’t seem to worry about things. 9 My boss is really good at using his imagination to think of new ideas. 10 Ava can play several musical instruments. 11.4 Complete the sentences. 1 My sister can’t wait for anything; she’s so impatient. 2 I get very before exams; I need to try and relax a bit more. 3 I I could paint as well as your brother; he’s so creative. 4 Adeline hasn’t done a thing since she’s been here. Honestly, she’s so. 5 I always have a laugh with my cousin – he’s got a great sense of. 6 My younger sister is able to understand new ideas so quickly; she’s very. 7 If Sarah says she’ll do it, then she’ll do it. I her completely. 8 He’d like to be relaxed and confident, but it’s just not part of his. 9 He failed his exams, but he isn’t. He just didn’t do any work. 10 Aurora helped me bake some cakes last week; she’s very. 11.5 Over to you Complete the quiz on the opposite page for yourself. From all the words on the opposite page, which one would you most like to be, and which is the one you would hate to be? If possible, compare your answers with someone else. English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate 29 12 Feelings A How do you feel? Language help We use emotion and feeling(s) for something which someone feels strongly about, e.g. love, hate or anger. Emotions are part of our character, e.g. Timo is a very emotional person. [shows his feelings easily] Feeling is often plural, e.g. She doesn’t like talking about her feelings. I’m very proud1 of my son’s success, but The politicians seem confused3 about what I’m a bit disappointed2 that the local paper to do, so I’m not hopeful4 that things will hasn’t shown more interest in the story. improve. 1 feeling good because you (or someone you 3 not able to think clearly or understand something 4 know) has done something well feeling positive about a future situation 2 unhappy because someone or something was not as good as you hoped. I think Harry ended the relationship because his girlfriend was getting We were curious5 to see what all the noise was jealous8, but now he’s quite upset9. about, but I felt anxious6 when I saw how angry 8 the men were, and really scared7 when they unhappy and angry because someone started coming towards us. you love seems too interested in another person 9 5 wanting to know or learn unhappy because something unpleasant about something has happened 6 Language help worried 7 afraid; syn frightened adjective noun adjective noun proud pride disappointed disappointment jealous jealousy confused confusion curious curiosity anxious anxiety B The effect of the weather on our feelings Why do people say they feel more cheerful [happy] when the sun shines, and miserable [unhappy] when it’s raining? Why do some people suffer from SAD (seasonal affective disorder), which makes them feel depressed [unhappy, often for a long time, and without hope for the future] during long dark winters? Can the weather really affect our mood [the way we feel at a particular time], or is it just in our imaginations? C The effect of colour on our emotions COLOUR can have an effect on our mood, but how do specific colours relate to our emotions? RED can make us feel energetic1, GREEN is associated with nature and is but it can also indicate anger2. good for people suffering from stress4. PINK though, is softer and more about BLUE is relaxing and helps us to be creative5, maternal love and caring for3 people. but too much dark blue can make us depressed. 1 4 wanting to be busy and doing a lot of things feelings of worry caused by difficult situations 2 being angry such as problems at work 3 5 looking after someone, especially someone young or old good at thinking of new ideas or using our imagination 30 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate  Exercises 12.1 Cover the opposite page. Complete the tables. adjective noun adjective noun angry anger disappointed jealous curiosity confused anxious pride emotion 12.2 Find the best sentence ending on the right for each of the sentence beginnings on the left. 1 He was very anxious when c a he heard his aunt had died. 2 He was very jealous when b his father appeared on TV with the Prime Minister. 3 He was very scared when c his 14-year-old daughter didn’t get home until 2 am. 4 He was very proud when d he saw the man coming towards him with a knife. 5 He was very upset when e he was ill. 6 He was very miserable when f his best friend went out with the girl he really liked. 12.3 Match the words and faces. anxious 1 scared cheerful upset confused depressed 1 2 3 4 5 6 12.4 Complete the sentences. 1 My aunt had to care for her elderly mother for years. 2 I can’t tell whether Mia is happy or not; she never shows her. 3 I’m much more in the mornings. By the afternoon I feel tired. 4 Weather has a big on the way I feel. 5 He’s been under a lot of recently because of the amount of work he has to do. 6 Oliver’s cheerful one minute and miserable the next; his changes all the time. 7 It’s been a depressing month, but I’m things will get better next month. 8 I don’t like walking home in the dark. I get very. 12.5 Over to you Answer the questions. If possible, compare your answers with someone else. 1 Does colour or the weather have an effect on your emotions? How? 2 Do you ever suffer from stress? Why? 3 Does your mood change a lot from day to day? Why? 4 Do you feel more energetic at certain times of the day? Why? English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate 31 13 Family and friends A Relatives* RELATIVES My father died when I was nine, and so my mother was a widow1 with four young children. She remarried five years later, so now I have a stepfather. As he is not my real father, I call him by his first name, which is Dieter. I’ve got an elder2 brother called Thomas and two younger sisters, Anya and Claudia, who are twins3. We’re a close family4. My mother is an only child5, but I’ve got two uncles on my father’s side. One is married with two children, and the other is married with three children, so altogether I have five cousins. I get on well with6 Uncle Rolf, and he always tells me I’m his favourite nephew. Of his nieces, I think he likes Anya best. Recently my brother Thomas got married. His wife’s name is Sabine, so I now have a sister-in-law7 as well. * members of your family; syn relations 4 a family who like each other and stay together a lot 1 5 a woman whose husband has died without brothers or sisters 2 6 older have a good relationship with 3 7 two children born to one mother at the same time (also mother/brother/son-in-law, etc.) Father Mother Dieter Uncle Rolf Sabine Thomas Me Anya Claudia Common mistakes It’s more common and more natural to say ‘Thomas’s wife’ (NOT the wife of Thomas) or ‘Anna’s younger sister’ (NOT the younger sister of Anna). B Friends FRIENDS My best friend is Florian, an old school friend1. We got to know each other2 when we were in the same class at school. We’ve been mates3 ever since4, and our friendship is very important to both of us. He spends a lot of time with my family, and his current5 girlfriend is actually one of Thomas’s ex-girlfriends. But we all get on really well. Florian Language help We use the prefix ex- for a relationship we had in the past but do not have now, e.g. The children stay with my ex- husband at the weekend; I saw an ex- girlfriend of mine yesterday. 32 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate  Exercises 13.1 Look at the family tree, then complete the sentences below. Simon Cath Brian Meg (now dead) Emily (11) Tom (16) Leyla (14) Henry (10) 1 Simon died two years ago, so Cath is a widow. 2 Leyla is Cath’s. 3 Tom is Cath’s. 4 Cath is Meg’s. 5 Simon was Brian’s. 6 Tom is Leyla’s brother. 7 Emily is Leyla’s. 8 Emily is an child. 13.2 Which words are being defined? 1 Your current boyfriend is the one that you have now. 2 means get married again. 3 are all the members of your family. 4 Your friend is the one you like more than any other. 5 An friend is someone you have known for a long time. 6 are two children born to one mother at the same time. 7 is an informal word for a friend. 8 is the noun when two people are friends. 9 Your is the man who is married to your mother but is not your father. 13.3 Complete the text. I was still going out with James when I met my husband, Ben. We 1 got to know each other because we went to the same gym twice a week. We went out with each other for about 18 months, and we got 2 three years ago, so 3 we’ve been a couple for almost five years. We’ve continued to go to the gym ever 4 we got married, and I still quite often see James when we’re there. It’s nice if you can still 5 with an 6 -boyfriend or -girlfriend. 13.4 Over to you Answer the questions for you, then, if possible, ask a friend and write their answers. 1 Are you an only child? If not, do you have elder brothers or sisters? 2 Do you get on well with other members of your family? 3 Are you a close family? 4 Who was the last person in your family to get married? When? 5 Who’s your best friend? 6 How long have you known him/her? 7 How did you get to know each other? English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate 33 14 Growing up A Ages and stages in the UK Age Stage 0 birth [the moment a baby is born] Up to 12 months a baby 12 months – 3 years old a toddler 3–12 years old a child: this period is your childhood 13–18 approximately a teenager: during this period you are in your teens 18+ an adult 40+ approximately people are middle-aged [in the middle of their lives] 60 or 65 retirement [when people stop work; they are retired] 80+ old age (we usually describe people as elderly) B Approximate ages Common mistakes I’m in my early twenties [21–23]. We can say, he’s 30 or he’s My parents are in their mid-fifties [54–56]. 30 years old. (NOT he has My grandmother is in her late seventies [77–79]. 30 or he’s 30 years) My grandfather is nearly/almost eighty [he’s probably 79]. Also: a 30-year-old man My English teacher’s approximately/roughly thirty. (NOT a 30-years-old man) [about 30 / more or less 30] C Past and present PAST AND PRESENT My grandmother’s name was Mary. She’s dead1 now. She died about ten years ago when I was in my teens, but I remember her well. She was brought up2 on a farm in Wales, and her parents were very strict: as a teenager, they didn’t allow3 her to listen to the radio or go to parties in the village. In the end4, she decided to leave home and get a job in Cardiff. At first5 it wasn’t easy, but she managed6 to find work, and she also met the man who became her husband: my grandfather. My mother was born four years later. She had a very different childhood. She grew up in the city, she was allowed to go to parties, and when she was in her teens, her parents let7 her stay out late8. My mum is the same with me. 1 3 6 not living; opp alive give permission was able (but it was 2 4 looked after until you finally, after a lot of difficult) 7 are an adult time or thought allowed 5 8 at the beginning not go home until late Language help Let and allow have the same meaning. Let is slightly more informal, and allow is often used in the passive. My dad let me drive his car. I was allowed to drive my dad’s car. You’re not allowed to smoke in that room. (NOT It’s not allowed to smoke in that room.) 34 English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate  Exercises 14.1 Complete the sentences. 1 Isabella is only six months old – she’s still a baby. 2 Louis was 22 a few months ago, so he’s in his. 3 Amelia is 35, so she’s in her. 4 Abigail will be 13 this year, so she’ll soon be a. 5 William is 53 and his wife is 47, so they’re both. 6 Joan is 80 this year, so she is quite. 7 Michael was a bus driver for 40 years but he’s now. 8 Leon is 18 this year, so legally he becomes. 9 The boys are 14 and 16, so they’re both in their. 10 Holly is just over a year old and she’s starting to walk, so she’s a now. 14.2 Are the sentences true or false about Mary’s life on the opposite page? If a sentence is false, change it to make it true. 1 Mary was brought up in the city. False. Mary was brought up on a farm. 2 She grew up in Wales. 3 Her parents let her do what she wanted. 4 She wasn’t allowed to listen to the radio. 5 Life was easy when she went to Cardiff. 6 She couldn’t get a job in Cardiff. 14.3 Rewrite the sentences without using the underlined words and phrases. Keep a similar meaning. 1 My parents are dead now. My parents aren’t alive now. 2 It was hard but finally I did it. It was hard but. 3 She’s approximately my age. She’s. 4 They’re almost thirty now. They’re. 5 I had to do what my parents wanted. My parents were. 6 My parents let me stay up and watch TV. I was. 7 My mum looked after me in Scotland. I was. 8 I was able to pass my exams but it wasn’t easy. I. 9 I didn’t go home until late. I. 10 I was allowed to wear what I liked. My parents. 11 I was happy as a child. I had a happy. 12 My grandparents don’t work any more.