Elements of Communication - Lecture Notes PDF

Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 1 Lecture Notes On Communicative English UNIT - 5 Prepared By: Samir Kumar Behera (Lect. in English) 2 Elements of Com...

Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 1 Lecture Notes On Communicative English UNIT - 5 Prepared By: Samir Kumar Behera (Lect. in English) 2 Elements of Communication [Unit - V] UNIT - 5 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION A. Introduction to Communication 1. Meaning, Definition and concept of communication 2. Good Communication and Bad Communication 3. Communication model  One-way Communication Model and Two-way Communication Model with examples 4. Process of communication and factors responsible for it  Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver / Audience, Feedback, Noise, Context B. Professional Communication 1. Meaning of professional communication 2. Types ofprofessional communication 2.1 Formal or Systematic Communication  Upward communication (How it takes place, symbol, merits and demerits)  Down-ward communication (How it takes place, symbol, merits and demerits)  Parallel communication (How it takes place, symbol, merits and demerits) 2.2. Informalcommunication  Grape vine communication (How it takes place, symbol, merits and demerits) D. Non- Verbal Communication 1. Meaning of nonverbal Communication 2. Different areas of Non-verbal Communication  Kinesics or Body Language (Postures and Gestures, Facial Expression and Eye Con- tact)  Proxemics or Spatial Language (Private Space, Personal Space, Social Space,Public Space)  Language of Signs and Symbols(Audio Sign and Visual Sign in everyday life with merits and demerits) Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 3 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION Actually nothing happens in professional world without communication, though it is only a means, and not the end. Still it is communication that propels the management process and serves as the lubricant for its smooth operation. It helps professionals in their five major managerial tasks, namely planning, organizing, executing, staffing and controlling. Since every organization is a social system that involves interaction among people working at different levels, proper communication among them becomes necessary foe achieving the goals of an organization. In a way, it is communication that the existence of an organization in contemporary tim,es. When communication crumbles, the organized action comes to an end. Communication thus is vital to the survival, sustenance and growth of an organization. Living in an atomic world, we are well past an age when the blow of a sword would pose any considerable threat to us. Today, verbal blows appear mighter than the physical ones. Not just that, words - both written and spoken - have acquired a significantly crucial and an almost decisive force in contemporary times. Essentilly, ours is a society that moves on the wheels of communication. Particularly in the professional world, it is communication and its related skills that decide a person’s career curve. The better one’s communication skills, the higher are the chances for him/ her to touch the zenith of success. The poorer one’s communication skills, the greater is the possibility is not achieving one’s goals. Definition of Communication Communication, the buzz word in today’s world, originates from the Latin word communico or communiare, which means ‘to share’. Various researchers and analysts define the term ‘communication’ in their own way. Despite their different versions, it can be briefly summed up that ‘communication essentially means the transfer of ideas, feelings, plans, massages, or information from one person to another’.Obviously however, communication is considered effective only when it gets the desired action or response. Let us explain some of the essentials of communication with the help of the discussion that follows. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION However , sometimes there occurs a hindrance in the communication process, which is called noise. Noise can be defined as an unplanned interference in the communication environment, the one that causes hin france to the transmission of the 4 Elements of Communication [Unit - V] message. It may mainly occur due to two reasoms : disturbance in the channel / medium and / or some kind of error in the message sent. Communication is a process whereby information is encoded, channelled, and sent by a sender to a receiver via a medum. The receiver then decodes the message and gives the sender a feedback. All forms of communication require a sender, a channel, a message, a receiver , and the feedback that effectively winds up the process. Communication requires both the sender and the receiver to have an area of communicative commonality. Before we go further, it is important for us to unsterstand how general purpose communication differs from professional communication. FEATURES OF SUCCESSFUL PROFESIONAL COMMUNICATION Since communication matters a lot in the professional world, it is quite important for us to get acquainted with the most important features of successfull professional communication. Communication is a two - way process by which information is transmitted between individuals and / or organizations so that an understanding develop among them. Communication is a continuous process of maningful interactions among persons in an organization that results in meanings being perceived and understood in adesired way. The role of the receiver and the sender keeps changing in the entire communication activity. Communication skills are generally understood to be an art or technique of persuasion through the use of oral, written, and non - verbal featurea. Communication broadly includes both verbal and non-verbal forms. Therefore, it also includes lip reading, finger- spelling, sign language, and body language used in face - to - face communication. It is process which transmits and disseminates important ideas, thoughts, feelings, plans,etc. IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION The following factors make communication indispensable in the world of business. Understading and Cooperation - If there exists good communiccation between the management and employees, it will bring about an atmosphere of mutual trust and confidence. Only when the employees know exactly what is expected of them can the management utilize their potentialities and make up for their limitations. Through effective communication, employees get job satisfaction and develop a sense of belongingness with the enterprise which ultimately helps the organization grow well. Complexity - This is an age of specialization and therefore, even in a single organization different activities, such as planning, production, sales, stores, advertising, financing, accounts, welfare, etc., are handled by different departments. If these departments do not communicate with one another as well as with the management, there will be coordination among them. For instance, when production is fully geared up, stores may report shortage of raw materials. Similarly, the finance department has to apprise the other departments regarding its constraints, which might have been the result of recent fluctuations in the Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 5 market. In fact, all the departments and units of an organization have to go hand in hand to achieve its goals and for that, they need to keep commucating with one another. Competitiveness - Items of common consumption, such as tea, cigarettes, soaps, blades, clothes, etc., are available in a dozen brands today. Marketing research suggests that firms which communicate better sell better.The better the communication skills of a salesperson, the larger the number of customers he / she can attract. Salesmanship is primarily an art of communication. Besides, companies keep competing with one another through advertisements and other propagandist strategies for securing a higher position in the market. All this involves communication at every step. Harmony - Trade unions believe in bargaining with the management and insist on the protection of the rights and dignity of the workers. The management and such uniouns share a delicate relation and without a proper communication between the two, on harmony can be expected to exist in an organization. Growth - Due to the emergence of multinational companies, large business houses usually operate both within and outside the country. The head office of a large corporate maintains a through and up - to - date knowledge of the various activities at each of its branch offices. It keeps them well - acquainted with the activities of all the centres, which in turn estblishes a link among its various branches and leads to the growth and smooth running of the entire business. PURPOSEOF PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION Professional communication aims at achieving the following objectives : Advising - However competent a professional may be, he / she cannot have specialized knowledge of all the branches such as licensing, taxation, publicity, engineering, etc. To succeed in his / her job, he / she will have to seek frequent advice. Also, the junior employees need to be advised by the supervisory staff on how to fo about doing their jobs. Aproper and timely interaction with experts in the related areas helps the management take wise steps and grow. Persuading - Persuading may be defined as an effort to influence the attitudes, feelings or beliefs of others or to induce action based on that. Buyers have to be persuaded to buy products. In factories of offices, the lazy , the incompetent, and the disgruntled workers have to be persuaded to do their work. It is effective communication alone that can inspire indolent and uninterested people and keep them persuaded towards achieving the common objectives of an organization. Counselling - Even an efficient employee may become slow and indifferent if he / she is fecing personal problems at home. Such employees are encouraged to consult the counselling department. Through effective communication, employees and workers share their concerns, ventilate their problems and thus are restored to their mantal and physical health. 6 Elements of Communication [Unit - V] Providing instructions - Instruction is a particular type of order in which the subordinate is not only ordered for a particular job, but also given suidance on how to go about doingit. All instructions are orders, but all orders need not be instructions. Regardless of the fact that the management intends to give instructions or issue orders, effectiveness in communication is mandatory if the right impact is desired to be created. Giving orders - Order is an authoritative communication. It is a directive to somebody, always a subordinate, to so something, to modify or alter the course of something he / she is already doing, or not to do something. Whatever be the nature and size of an organization, orders are absolutely essential. Ordering without bullying however, is an art that requres effective communication skills. Marketing - Just as marketing is crucial to all business, effective communication holds the key to marketing itself. Since the entire function of marketing rests on communication, it is hard to insgine any of its operations getting through without effective communication. Sometimes companies hire consultants also for obtaining right suggestions related to its various operational aspects. If not properly communiicated, suggestions can be turned down. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE COMMUNICATION What are the factors that influence communication ? Factors that influence communication are message, code, channel or medium & barriers etc. The source has to decide what information to convey & creates the message or content to be conveyed by using words or other symbols which is can be understood by the intended receiver. The process of putting the idea into symbols is called encoding; in order to encode, the sender has to select suitable symbols which can represent the idea, & can be understood by the receiver. The sender also chooses a suitable channel or medium like mail, e-mail, telephone, face to face talk by which to send the message, availability & effectiveness of a medium, & the relationship the two communicants. The receiver becomes aware that message has arrived when he perceives it with his senses. The process of translating the symbols into idea & interpreting the message is called decoding. Obstacles that prevent a message from reaching the intended recipient may be outside & beyond the control of the persons concerned. Some cant be controlled because they are in the environment. Language is our most importnat & powerful tool of communication; & Yet it is a tricky tool that needs skill in handling. Technical terms can be a barrier to communication. More importantly. semantic barriers arise because words mean different things to different persons. NEED FOR COMMUNICATION Sociologists describe human beings as social animals as member of society, they have to constantly interact with their fellow beings. They have feelings emotions like and dislikes - all of which they have to convey. In other word what ever the environment Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 7 in which they are placed they have feelings emotions and to build links end establish relationship. The need for communication arises from their desire to express a meaningful manner. As stated earlier communication is the modus operandi of social inter course As a member of the family a social group and as part of a work-term. he needs to communicate with others. The Massage - The Information that the sender wants to convey in physical form which can be understood by the receiver is known as message. The message depends upon the sender’s idea and the receiver’s perception. These may alter the meaning of the message altogether. Code - Code is the symbolic form of any message or information. In communication system, The sender sends messages to the receiver and receiver also gives the feed back to the sender. In this process coding is necessary.For coding, the sender and receiver can understand the sent text of each other. Coding is of two types. Ist is encoding mentioned by the sender and 2nd is Decoding done by receiver. Verbal communication We use words when we speak or write. The same words sometimes mean different things to different people and elicit different reactions. This is because Ianguage and word have two distinct meaning, namely, the denotative meaning and the connotative meaning. The denotative meaning refers to what a word literally refers to. For example, a dog, denotative meaning is associated with its general appearance and characteristics. Itis canine animal with two paws, a tail and it barks etc. The communication mode which we rely on most often to carry meaning from one person to another is the verbal mode. Anyone who has never thought about it has come to the insight, however, that there are enormous difficulties in sole reliance on this mode of commuication. History is replete with examples of misunderstandings among people who were realing on words to carry meaning perhaps the most significant learning that has come out of this experience has been that words themseleves do not have meaning. People have the meaning, and word are simply tools that we use trying to convey meaning that is idiosyncratic These words of one person is carried into the idiosyncratic meaning system of the other person. One of the difficulties with words is that we attach to them different experimental and emotional connotations. Words are not always associated with similar experiences or similar feelings on the part of the listener and speaker. While there are some differences between people on what believe a dog to be, usually there’s little argument. When you talk about a dog most people will understand what you are referring to.But the difference in comprehansion usually comes in the second type of meaning i.e; the connotative meaning. The connotative meaning of something has to do with the word suggests to the individual based on that person’s experiences and emotional reactions and judgements associated with the word or what it refers to.Two people may understand what the word ‘dog denotes. However, one of them may have grown up with dogs around and learned to enjoy their company. The 8 Elements of Communication [Unit - V] other may have been attacked by a dog when young or sometime in life, and so she/he associates with the word ‘dog ‘with very unpleasant emotions and judgements. So, the meaning of the word dog bears different connotations for each of them. Hence, when you say that “In bringing my dog to you house’’; one person may welcome the idea while the other person may react negatively, if not vehemently to the idea of having a dog in the house. Other difficulties encountered in using the verbal mode include the use of jargon, the use of cliches and the use of specialized vocabularies.It is often said that words have meaning only in context; it can be better said that words only have meaning when they are associated with people in context. It is not uncommon to observe people attempting to find the right words to say what they mean. It is easy to hypothesize that there are some people who, instead of experiencig feelings and sensation more often experience language; that is, their experience parameters are defined by their vocabularies and their ability to be articulate. The psychologists, describe cognitive development in children, saying that we go through three phases: coucrete, imagic, and abstract. When a little baby first experiences the world he is incapably differentiated emotional or sensational experience. He experiences only distress or delight, and his major inputs are concrete; that is, he touches, tastes, sees, hears and smells things. As it becomes necessary for him to interact with the world and significant others in his environment in order to have his needs met, he develops a fantasy life, an imagic experience. Non- Verbal Communication Communication that does not use langage is known as non-verbal communication. A fourth form of symbolic communication to other people is cosmetics, or makeup. we associate meanings with different ways women apply makeup to themselves. The who uses a great many cosmetics is giving out a symbolic message about the meaning that his world has for him. A fifth symbolic mode the choice of automobiles. The business executive who drives a sports car giving out a different set of messages to the world than his colleague who drive a luxury sedan or an ordinary family car. A sixth symbolic mode is the choice and location of our houses. seventh, the geography of our living spaces is a form of symbolic communication.If you sit behind your desk in your office interviewing somebdy who is on the other side of the desk, you are giving out fundamentally different set of messages than if the two of you sit face-to face whit no intevening furniture. So we are giving out a continuous stream of signal about our meaning to other people through the symbols that we choose to surround ourselves and invest ourselves with.These symbols are essentially passive. They are, however, a real part of our communication. When we are talking, when we are not talking, and when we are sleeping. our postures amit passive symbolic signals. Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 9 We say a great deal to each other about who we are how we experience each other and the rest of the world through symblic means. The symblic communicaton mode is essentially passive, and messages emitted in this way are very easily misinterpreted. First of all, our choice of clothes can tell a great deal about who we are, what our values are, what our status is how conservative of liberal we are. We associate differences in occupational status with different uniforms. The banker wears a suit, the farmer wears dhotis, and so on. Thesecond set of symbols with which we often associate meaning is hair.The type of hairdo, length and colour of hair, and the presence or absece of facial hair say a great deal about who we are. However, these signals are often highly ambicious. A third symblic form is jewellery. Married prople often wear wedding rings,some people do not wear a watch, some people wear highly expensivee jewellery, and so on, These are passive messages that are given out continuously to other people.Aflag in the lapel, a red ribbon, an earring in one ear or in the nose convey many things to other people.Colour, space, silence and time are also powerful non- verbal symbols. colours are very important and powerful means of communicaton as they are associated with different moods, feelings, classification and identification. Though space does not make any sound the immediate environment and its contents communicate. It creates. It creates meanings in our mind and in the minds of others Researchers have identified various spaces like personal space, fixed space and what we arrange in it. In fixed space the physical features such as walls, room sizes and capacity are unchagable. They are permanent structures.And in semi -fixed space physical features are partially changable.You can change the carpet, drapeey, funiture etc. silence can also communicate very effectively. positive withdrawl or suspension of speech in a face to face situation is full of meaning. people are people are silent when they want to convey feelings like anger or displeasure. sympathy is best expressed by silence. sometines negative silence can be embarrassing. It projects nervousness or discomfort or even unpreparedness.Time is the meaning we give to a particular time of non-verbal communication we can only percieve it and symbolize it. Time management is an important factor in today’s. We should reconcile to other people’s time language. punctuality and meeting deadlines communicate very favourably. Concepts of time vary across cultures, countries and social setups. Non-verbal Communication: Body Language Our bodies sometimes express our feelings and emotions better than words can. The body uses reflexive and non-reflexive movemants, postures and positions to convey its message to anyone who would care to receive it.Our pupils dilate when we are excited. Our eyes narrow when we are concentrating. We slump when we are tired.The science of non- verbla communication is called kinesics. One’s non-verbal communication, or body language, is ususally involuntary and also have symbolic meaning. 10 Elements of Communication [Unit - V] LANGUAGE OF BODY Oculesics - Communicates eyes behaviour. Paralanguage - Communicates the value of vocal behaviour ; the meaning of how someting is said. Haptics - Tactile communication/ touching behaviour. proxemics - Commuuncation aspects of the use of space. Chronemics - Communicates aspets of the use of time Olfronemics - Communicates aspects of nsmells. Kinesics (body language) - The communicative ability of gestures and body movements. Touching is perhaps the most powerful non-verbal communication from. The skin is the body’s largest organ and through the skin we take in a variety of stimuli.We can communicate very potently though, trust, tenderness, warmth, and a stimuli. we can communicate anger, interest, trust, tenderness, warmth, and a variety of other emotions very potently though touching people differ, however, in their willingness to touch and be touched. some people give out nonverbal in their willingness to touch and be touched. Some people give out nonverbal body signals in a way that they do not want to be touched, and there are other people who describe themselves and are described by others as “touchy feely,’’ learn about therir own personalities and self concepts througth exploring reaction to touching and being touched. There are a number of forms of body language. Ambulation is a first form. We associate different meanings to different ways people carry their bodies from one place to another.How one carries his/her body, wheter he/her glides, strides, stomps, etc. tells a great deal who he/ she is and how he/she is experiencing her environment. Eye contact is a third ofrm of non- verbal communication. we tend to each other up in terms of trutworthiness througn reaction to each other’s eys contact. You can try little experiments with yourself. Con artist and salespeople understand the power of eye contact and use it to good advantage. Counsellors understand that eye contact is a very powerful way of communicating understanding and acceptance. Speakers understand that eye contact is important in keeping an audience interested in one’s subject. Tics constitute a fifth form of non-verbal communication. The involuntary nervous spasms of the body can be a key to one’s being threatened. A number o people stammer of jerk when they are being threaened. But these mannerisms can be easily misinterpreted. Posturing is forth form of non-verbal communication. How one postures the boby when seated or standing constitutes a set of potential signals that may communicate how one legs is often said to be defensive. It is sometimes observed that a person under Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 11 severe psycholagical threat will assume the body position of a foetus. The seductive person opens his body to other people and postures himself so that his entire body is exposed to the other person. Gesturing is an eighth form of non-verbal communication. It is said that if we tie a Frenchman’s hands, he is mute. We carry great deal of meaning through the use of gesture. But gestures do not mean the same thing to all people sometimes people attach a different emphasis to our words and we attempt to clarify our meaning through the use of gestures. Gestures can be either ambiguous or unambiguous. point at water and then point to your mouth. This is an example of an unambiguous gesture. Another person watchig you is almost certain understand that you want to drink water. There is hardly, Any chance of misinterpretation here. In our everyday like, we frequyently use a combination of words, gestures and facial expressions to expess our full meaning. calling someone an’’ idiot with an accompanying smile is different from saying it without a smile. In addition, gestures often have different meanigs in different circumstances, depending upon various factors: cultural, geographical, social, etc. For insance, if you nod by moving your head up and down, in India it means a concurrence, a “yes, whereas the same gesture in, say duwait would mean the exact opposite, a dissent, a “no’’. Sub-vacals constitute a sixth form of non-verbal communication. we say uh,uh, when we are trying to find a word. we say a lot of non-word things in order to carry meaning to another person; we stammer, we hum, we grunt, we groan and so on. These sub-vocal noises are not words but they carry meaning. Distancing is a seventh form of non-verbal communication. Each person is said to have a psychological space around him /her. If another person invades that space, he/she may become somewhat tense, or alert, or jammed up. we tend to place distance between ourselves and others according to the kinds of relationship that we have and what our motives are towards each other. These reasons for establishing distances are often not displayed openly, but the behaviour is, nevertheless, interpreted. Vocalism or inflecton constitutes a ninth form of non-verbal commuication. As an example, take the sentence, ‘’ I love my children.’’ That sentence is meaningless unless it is pronounced. The way that sentence is packaged vocally determines the signal that it gives to another person. For example, the emphasis is on the first word, ‘’I Iove my children ,’’ the implication is somebody else doesn’t If the emphasis is on the second word “I Iove my children,’’ the implication is that some someone else’s children do not receive the same affection. lf the emphasis is placed on the final word ‘’ I Iove my children,’’ a fourth implication may be drawn, that is, that there are other peoploe whom I do not Iove. So, the way we carry our words vocally often determines the meaning that another person is likely to infer from our message. 12 Elements of Communication [Unit - V] DIFFERENT FORMS OF COMMUNICATION Communication is generally classified into the following types  Extrapersonal communication  Mass communication  Media communication  Verbal communocation  Non- verbal communication  INtrapersonal communication  Interpersonal communication  Oral communication  Written commnication Let us briefly get acquainted with some of these varieties of communication. Verbal Communication Since a professional has spend a large amount of his / her working time is speaking and listening to others besides reading and writing, most of the time he / she has to use language as a vehicle of communication. This type of communication is termed as verbal communication. Verbal communication thus stands both for the spoken and the written word used in the communication process. It can further ne divided into oral and written communication. Extrapersonal communication - Communcation does not take place only among human beings. If we observe carefully, we find that sometimes we do communicate with non-human entities, such as a animals, birds, etc. For instance, whenever we command our pet dog or cat sit, stand, or go , they immediately follw our orders. Whenever we caress them pet dog or cat on their back for doing something good, they are elated and they start wagging their tails. This type of communication is known as extrapersonal communcation. Mass Communication - This is generally identified with tools of modern mass media, which include books, the press, cinema, television, radio, the internet, etc,. IT is a means of conveying messages to an entire populace. This also includes the speeches delivered by a prophet or a policitical leader. Written communication - In this type of communication the sender uses the written mode to transmit his / her message. Reports, proposals, books, handbooks, letters, emails, etc. come in this category.Written communicationis routinely used for documentaion purpose in business and government organizations. Non - verbal Communication - When a message is communicated without using a word the process requires non - verbal cues to be transmitted and received. Non- verbal communication forms an important part in the world of professional communication. It can be furhter categorized into two parts body language and paralinguistic features. Body language involves aspects such as personal appearance, walk, gestures, facial expressions, hand movements, posture, and eye contact. The paralinguistic features include a person’s voice, volume, pitch, rate, pauses, articulation, voice modulation, etc. Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 13 Oral communication - A face - to face interaction between the sender and the receiver is called oral communication. In this type of communication, there could be two or more than two persons who use spoken language as a medium of communication. For instance, whenever we make presentations, deliver speeches, participate in group discussions, appear for interviews, or simply interact with somebody we are involved in oral communication. Intrapersonal Communication - This implies individual reflection, comtemplation, and meditation. So, whenever communication takes place within one’s own self, it is termed as intrapersonal cimmunication. One example of this form of communication is transcendental meditation. It is also believed that this type of communicating with the divine and with spirits in the form of prayers and rites and rituals. Media Communication - It includes communication that takes place only with the help of electronic media, such as computer, cell phones, LCD, video, television. etc. Of these, the internet has become a major means for all sorts of official or personal communication. Intrapersonal communication - This is a direct, written, or oral communication that occurs between two or more persons. The oral form of this type of communication, such as a dialogue or a conversation between two or more people, is personal and direct and permits maximum interaction through words and gestures. Regardless of the type of communication involved, communication remains an evercontinuing process that keeps ticking all the time. It is as important to human life as is our any other day - to day activity, such as breathing, eating, and sleeping. COMMUNICATION NETWORk IN AN ORGANIZATION Communication serves as instrument to measure the success or growth of an organization. The success of an organization is recognized by the quality and quanity of information flowing through its personnel. In today’s business enterprises, information must flow faster than ever before. Even a little delay might cause a great loss. In large organizations, to keep oneself informed about the smoot operation of the various departments and for performing excellently in the market, it is essential for professional, who plays a key role in the organization, to know and understand the different forms of communication that constitute the network in an organization. Different Types of Communication Flow Communication in a professional organization flows at different layers and levels which regulate, guide, and propel its flow. The different types of communication flow in an organization are as follows : Upward Downward Corsswise Spiral Horizontal Vertical If the management circulates a copy of new bonus and incentive scheme among all the employees, it will be called spiral communication in the organization. Sometimes however, communication flows between persons who belong to different levels of 14 Elements of Communication [Unit - V] hierarchy and who have no direct reporting relationships. This is used generally to quicken the information flow, improve understanding and coordinate efforts for the achievement of organization objectives. Such a movement of an information is termed as diagoal communication. The information flow in an organization can be seen with the help of which shoes the communication flow that streams in various directions within an organization. Communication may flow horizontally, i.e., among people of the same rank in an organization. This is for better coordination among carious departments and for effective desision - marking purposes. In order to achieve the production target for a particular month, the discussion held between the production manager and the supply manager will certainly be a perfect instance of horizonatal communication. However, when the producation manager imparts certain instructions to the workers and supervisors for the same purpose, it will be downward communication. Here theinformation moves from the higher authority to its subordinates. And in the same context, if the supervisor reports to the production manager refarding the present state of production, it will be case of upward communication. Variation in language – Sometimes ceratin words and idiomatic expressions are culture specific. If we do not use them appropriately in the respective cultural context, it might lead to miscommunication or non - communication. For instance, what is called sidewalk in the US, in Britain it is called pavement, whereas in India, it is called platform.Similarly, it is apartment in the US, flat in Britain, and house in India. In the same way, we find in Britain to table a proposal means to act on it, whereas in America it means to postpone. Therefore, if we use such expressions indiscriminately, it would lead to confusion and consequently may lead to the breakdown of communication. Selection of a wrong variety of language – For various human interactions, we choose different varieties of expressions. Imagine a lawyer flaunting his courtroom gambits and exploiting his argumentative skills to convince his wife to give him a cup of tea! The chances are that he won’t get that!The reason’s is obvious : it is a wrong variety of language chosen and hence it fails to elicit the desired reduly. Because of a wrong variety of language, even a strategy, otherwise effective and useful, mey fail miserably.In the convoluted world of communication, at times it is the selection of a wrong variety of language that leads to failure as the speaker fails to get the feedback of his / her own liking. Grape vine communication - In organizations, informal communication permeates the personal and professional lives if employees. This informal folw of communication is called grapevine. For instance, rumours about the company;s expansion, promotion of an employee, relations between two colleagues are some of the examples of grapevine. It flows in all directions. Grapevine may create both negative and positive impact on the environment within an organization. Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 15 Semantic gap – Semantis gap or distortion might be deliberate or accidental, for example, an advertisement saying, ‘We sell for less,’ raises the question, ‘Less than what ?’ Is the product sold the less number of people of offered at a less price ? Thus, a message such as this may have different connotations and may leave the recipient of the message wondering about the real intention of the message. Thus, whenever there is a gap between the message sent and the message received, it might jave arisen dur to the language employed and the way it has been interpreted. Differences in perception of a message – Different people perceive a particular situation in different ways. This clearly means that all the people cannot perceive a single message in the same way. Consider a situation wherin there occurs a dispute between a worker and his / her superior and a third person is asked to inquire into the matter. During investigation, it is very likely that both the worker and the superior will not recall the situation in exactly the same way. This is mainly because their perception levels are not the same. To overcome this problem, one needs to communicate on various perspectives, try to verify the matter from different points of view, and then come to a conclusion. Similarly, in a business situation, one should be very careful in the choice of words. It is because like many things in the worlds we utter are also open to a variety of interpretations. For instance, if the director of a company instructs the general manager to find out wherther the company premises can afford to have a ‘large parking space’, the manager will not be able to answer unless the director defines what he means by ‘large parking space’, specifying its area. Likewise, words such as good, bad , proper, inappropriate, character, nature and a large number of other words are essentily subjective in nature and can be interpreted in various ways and hence need to be used carefully in order to avoid ambiguty in the message. Badly encoded or wrongly decoded messages – The sender may have clarity about the message that is to be conveyed, but it may still not reach the receiver because the message might have been improperly expressed. Choice of wrong words, absence of punctuation marks or wrongly - timed pauses, poor organization of ideas,use of unnecessary jargon, etc. bring vagueness in the message. It is not just that the speaker may put ideas into coherent and properly worded expressions ; it is at times even the listeners who may contribute to the messy world of misinterpretation by decoding the message in a startlingly different way. Let us consider the following situation. The Manager of Sieve Intermationals refers to the report submitted by his Marking Trainee as bombastic. The young amateurish employee with a limited vocabulary assumes from the form of the word that it must mean something like fantastic and burfts into a grateful Thank you very much,Sir! So a badly or wrongly decoded message can lead to a hilarious situation fo the onlookers but an embarrassing one for the people involved. 16 Elements of Communication [Unit - V] Non- verbal Barriers – Apart from the basic aspects of communication stated earlier, one needs to keep in mind the non - verbal aspects too in order to be considered adept in communication skills. Moreover, when verbal and non - verbal messages clash, receivers tend to trust the non - verbal messages. Sometimes even flashing eyes, rolling eyes, quick movements or very slow movement, or avoiding eye contact may also cause non - verbal barriers to effective communication. Raising eyebrows constantly suggests that the speaker is not convinced about the information that he / she has shared. Bulging eyes leave the audience alientated as the speaker unnecessarily sounds arrogant. Even when a presenter keeps his / her hands or thumbs constantly in the pockets of his / her trousers,he/ she will certainly appear snobbish, scared, or deceptive to his/ her audience. Similarly, if some awkuard gestures are constantly used by the speaker, these will create blocks in the smooth flow of communication. Chapter 10 on non- verbal communication deals with the topic in greater detail. Listening barriers – Poor listenig results in incomplete, incorrect, and inconsistent responses. Sometimes people do not listen to others properly and patiently because rather than listening to others’ views, they may just be waiting anxiously for the speaker to keep quiet so that they may articulate their own views. Experience suggests that those who listen to others with dwindling attention fail to speak propeerly as well. It is so because listening is the mother of all speaking. Listening requires concentration, patience, and focus ; the turbulence characterizing a quintessential twenty- first century mind, however, renders the whole task extremely challengine. And although we all pretend to listen to others while sitting in a meeting or attending some oral presentation, we usually are occupied with the idea of speaking at the earlist opportunity. It is so because speaking is a human urge, while listening is a compulsion. We all aspire to be speakers but not necessarily all of us crave to be a listener. THat is why, there are many sperkers but just a few listeners. Moreover, listeners interrupting the speakers or avoiding an eye contact with them also causes barriers to effective listening. Besides the above, the following reasons may also cause listening barriers in the communication environment :  Topping the speaker’s story with one’s oen set of examples  Forgetting what is being discussed  Asking too many questions for the sake of probing  Making the speaker feel as though he / she s wasting the listener’s time.  Being distracted by something that is not part of the ongoing communication.  Getting ahead of the speaker and completing his / her thoughts These barriers have been elaboretaly discussed in Chapter 9 on developing effective listening skills. Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 17 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Write the rtext of a speech on global warming, Ask the best speaker in your class to deliver it.Let his/ her speech be followed by the most mediocre speaker in your class. Although the text is the same, do you think that the impact that each speaker creats would also be the same ? Not really, Even if both the speakers speak the same thing , they will not speak it in the same way. The best speaker would use his/ her mental agility, voice, and body to communicate to you the essence of the message. The mediocre speaker , however, would not really make such an effort. Does it mean that the real difference between a good speaker and a poor one is the difference in the manner of speaking ? Yes, it does mean that. In fact, inmost of the situations, the speakers do not stand out because of an outstanding text, but because of the manner in which the text is put before the audience. It is so because when people communicate they do not merely share some words, but also bring into play the subtle aspects of their voice and body to play an important part in communicating their ideas. Those who do it well realize their objective of being successful communicators, and those who are slumsy at it fail to register an impact. Therefore, as we prepare ourselves for a professional career, let us be perceptive about how the human body- through gestures, posture, expressions hand movements, appearance and eye contact- communicates the entire range of emotions, expressions , moods and attitudes. For example, when you see passengers sitting at the airport waiting for their flight, candidates sitting in the foyer waiting to be called in for interview, players getting ready to rep[lace or join their teammates playing on the field, or friend or yours waiting for his/her turn to express h9is/her view durinh a group discussion, you can figure out that their ovbious actions underline similar emotions such as restlessness, boredom , fatigue or agitation. For dispalying these emotions, no words are required.It is their sitting or standing posture, their hand or leg movements. their eyes or facial expressions which tell us in no unclear terms that they are going through the ordeal of waiting.The language that shares the unspoken emotion in a silent way is called body language, and together with the other paralinguistic features and proxemics, forms an integral part of none- verbal communication. Body Language - Body language refers to all the expressions that we share by means of our body movements and not through words.Interestingly, the vocabulary of body language is universally common as it is interpreted and understood with the help of universally acknowledged body signs, cues, and symbols.The study of body language is known as kinesics. Since body language acquires a universal appeal and impact, it becomes imperative on our part to attain a certain level of proficiency in this. In fact, just like any other language, body language too needs to be improved with conscious efforts, especially because it is more trust worthy then any number of spoken or written words. Let us take a look at some of the important elements of body language. 18 Elements of Communication [Unit - V] Personal Appearance : A person’s external appearance is as important as the anterior of house. Do you think you would be impressed with a house or its people if you found the anterior is not well kept , most of us are likely to conclude that the house is not well maintained. Similarly, a speaker who does not seem to be maintaining himself/ herself well is not likely to win the appreciation of the audience. Now, what is it that can make or mar our personal appearance ? Let us have a close look at the nunances of the term and understand how to score well on this front. Dress, make -up shoes, and hair style:- Northing in the professional world happens by chance.Professionals make their own choices. Therefore, if the choices go wrong o,omne cannot expect the right results. For example, if ypou choose to wear a rumpled dress on the day you are being interviewed, it is sure to spoil your chances of landing into a job.However, in the professional world there is something more than a job at stake. Therefore, it is important that you selecta dress that is neatly washed, properly ironed and fits you well.0 Being property dressed does not mean being fashionably or glamourusly dressed. Dressing well and keeping a good posture is not something you should do only on special days to make an impression on someone. It is something you have to cultivate, because if you dress sloppily in your everyday life and then one fone day decide to dress to kill, chance are that you won’t succeed. Therefore, make it a habit to dress well. Posture refers to the way we sit , stand and carry ourselves, our posture communicates the way we visualize the world around us. For instance , what do you think of a person who keeps his /her head down while walking ? Certainly not. Most of them actually seem to be scared of being noticed. Some others appear to be lost in deep thought and contemplation.Such people are either mocked at or igonored. On the other hand. the person who stands, sits and walks up right commands respect and attention.Therefore, a professional had to cultivate and maintain elegance in his/ her sitting standing and walking posture. Given below are some important tips following which you can maintain an impressive posture during professional meetings, interviews, group discussions, presentations, and other formal occasions.  Avoid crossing your legs while witting or standing before your audience.  Avoid leaning on the lectern or reclinging against the back of the chair.  Keep shifting your body weight as you stand before your audience.  Feel and communicate ease through your sitting and standing posture and also the way you carry yourself at professional gatherings.  Avoid keeping your feet at attention or parallel.  Look straight while walking , avoid looking down at the floor outside the window or door , or up at the ceiling. Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 19  Don’t let your shuolders droop.  Kift your feet clearly off the floor while walking; avoid dragging them.  Avoid being too slow or aggressively fast while walking up to the prodium or dais.  Donot slouch while walkingor sprawl while sitting. Gestures and Hand Movements - Just as a picture can silently speak a thousand words, a gesture can communicate all that the spekaer feels consciously or unconsciously. Comon gestures and their commonly understood meanings  Crossed arms indicates submissiveness defence and negativity.  Hands on knees indicates readiness.  Locking hands behind one’s back indicates one’s arrogance.  Rubbing the eye indicates doubt and disbelief.  Waving indicates saying hello or goodbuy  Making a first indicates anger.  Thumbs up shown appreciation or agreement.  Pointing means showing something A speaker of listener’s gestures and hand movements can support and emphasize their state of mine. Imagine a speaker who keeps rubbing his/ her palms while deliverung speechl imagine a listern who sits cross- legged and also clamps his/ her arms against the chest; think of a communicator who keeps rubbing his/her face. What do make of them ? Do these people create a favourable impression on thers ? Clearly, they don’t. It is so because , though the geswtures do not overtly convey anythingh, the impact created by them is telling enough.Therefore, it is advisable to use gestures and hand movements appropriately; so that the impact created by them is graceful and suits the occasion. Given below are a few tips which shouls be borne in mind while using gestures and other hand movements.  Don’t lean on to a lectern; it reveals lack of confidence.  Avoid playing with key rings, etc; it distracts your listerns.  Avoid playing with key rings, etc it distracts your listeners.  Don’t wring your hands or play with rings on your fingers.  Don’t tug on your shirt-sleeves or shirt colars; it reveals your discomfiture.  Don’t scratch or crane your neck; it reveals uncertainty and doubt.  Dont’ let your arms wave below your waist or allow them to loosely move about.  Use graceful and socially acceptable gestures. 20 Elements of Communication [Unit - V]  Avoid aggessive and provoking gestures.  Don;t keep your arms folded against your chest; it suggeswts lack of confidence and uncertainty.  Don’t keep your arams folded against your chest; it suggests evasion and fear.  Don’t keep your hands locked behind you; it suggests concealment of your truie personality.  Avoid twiching or rubbing your nose.  Don’t scratch your forehad, or eyebrows, or head; it suggeswts that you are unsure of yourself. Eye Contact : Eyes are the windows to soul. They truthfully convey the emotions and feelings one goes through.In fact, it is believed that you can tell lies with words but your eyes will give away the truth.Therefore, looking in to a person’s eye is the best way to understand his/her attitude or reaction to all that you speak.hence, maintaining an eye contact with your speaker and listern is the most important part of your non- verbal communication skills. As a professional speaker, try to look in to the eyes of the people in front of you.At times, the crowd that we face is huge and we feel nervous and hence start avoiding eye contact. Remember however, that it is bound to spoil all the impact of your otherwise well- written and well articulated speech. Simnilarly, if you avoid eye contact during a job interview, you are more likely to lose rather than gain.It is so because someone who is not able to look into the eyes of their interviews is considered edgy, nervous, and lacking in self-confidence.Even during group discussions and other meetings, the speakers become increasinjgly conscious of those who do not look at them as they speak. Again speakers who do not look into the eyes of their listerns during meetings and other discussions are also likely to lose their credibility. In fact, in any human discourse, eyes play a very significant role, and avoiding eye- contact is seen as an indication of evasion is equal to digging one’s own grave. Therefore, regardless of your position in any human interaction, learn to look into the eyes of your co- communicators.Here are a few suggestions, followinjg which you will be able use your eyes to support your efforts in communicating your ideas effectively. Facial Expressionp - Just as eyes are regarded as the windows to the soul, the face is considered an index of ourmind.If there are unpleasant, sad, and gloomy expressions on your face, you are likely to create a very negative impact on your listeners or speakers.In the entire communication process, it is the person’s face that we get to see most of the time. Therefore,, if a face reflects negativity of any of type and expresses dejection , irritation, indifference, fear, confusion, inhibition, vulnerability, or doubt, it is likely to severely affect the effectiveness of communication. Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 21 Since your face gives an indication of what you experience while communicating with others. it is of great significance to all the people involved in the process if communication.Therefore, use your face for expressing your confidence and ease.Start with a smile; a smilr can light up your face.A smile is more often then not likely to help you establish a rapport with your co- communicators. You may have notices that speakers who spoke to you with a smile on their faces were well accepted and better listened to. If a smile can work wonders, there are in contrast many negative expressions also which may completely wreck your communication with others. Think of a face that has a three day stubble or a perpetual frown or smirk. Would you, as an audience, associate with such a person who runs you down or doubts you through his/ her facial expressions ? No way. Hence it is important to present a pleasant disposition through your facial expressions. let there be emotions of confidence, zeal and enthusiasm. Let your face reveal a heart that is willing to accociate and communicate; express this attitufe both while being a speaker and a listern.  Exude confidence through your eyes.  Feel warmth for your fellow listerns/speakers; it is likely to improve your eye contact with them.  Feel and express a willingness to connect and communicate through your eyes.  Maintain good eye contact with your listerns.  While addressing a large gathering, ensure that you keep loking in all directions.  While others speak, observe them carefully and try to understand the non- verbal cues they emit. Given below are some tips which may help you maintain proper facial expressions while speaking or listening to others;  Avoid being dull in the face; express confidence and ease.  Avoid expressing dejection, sadness, or indifference.  Avoid reflecting strong emotions on your face.  Let your face suggest your honesty, integrity and conviction in what you say.  Don’t smirk; it suggests arrogance.  Don’t express any kind of disrespect of contempt for your listeners.  Let your face suggeswt a willingness to associate yourself with others.  Start with a smile but don’t keep smiling throughout.  Don’t have a frown on your face; it suggests arrogance.  Avoid raising your eyebrows while speaking or listening to others.  Don’t purse your lips while speaking or listening to others.  Don’t narrow your eyebrows; this too sugg4ests your lack of trust in others. 22 Elements of Communication [Unit - V] Paralingustic Features - Just as we can communicate various attitudes through pour gestures, posture, expressions, and body movements,eyes, and hands, we cn express emotions and feelings with the help of different aspects of our voice.Though we cannot radically change our voice, there are different aspects of voice which can be carefully worked on to create the right type of impact on our listerns while we deliver a speech, make a presentation, participate in a group discussion , or appear for a job interview. Pitch/Intonation/Cadence/ VoiceModulation – Pitch refers to the rise and fall in human voice.Just like the other aspects of voice, pitch too plays a crucial role in communicating your ideas to others.In fact, it is the pitch- the rise abd fall- in your voice which can express all the emotions that arte to be conveyed.So that you do not confuse volume and pitch, let us understand the differnce between the two. All of us listen to songs on our stereos, CD players, i- pods, etc.When is it that you lower ? Is it the pitch or the volume ? Obviously, it is the volume of a song that you can decrease or increase, but you cannot increase or decrease the pitch. However. what characterizes a song is not its volume, but the pitch which the gifted signers so meticulously vary. And not just signers, but all speakers need to effectively employ various pitch patterns in their speechs.Pitch is something that adds colour and lustre to your voice, and hence palys an important role in the overall communication process. Since pitch can express and convey all our moods, emotions, and sentiments, it becomes really important for us to carefully employ the desired pitch pattewrns.Quite often, we find the speech of a person quite boring because he/ she does not use the variety of pitch patterns as per the requirment of the situation.In order to understand this, listen carefully to those songs in which the singer keeps signing in a solemn way until he/she reachs the crescendo. The change in the initial note and the later part is the change in the pitch patterns.The changes and varieties of pitch patterns can be observed even while we continue to listen to the song at the same volume.It is , therefore, suggested that you employ the variegated pitch patterns quite judiciously in prder to keep your listeners engaged and interested in your expression. It is, in fact, the variations on the pitch which provide colour and lustre to a signer or a speaker’s voice. Pronuciation and Articulation - Pronunciaion palys an important role in expressing our ideas. As discussed earlier, English is not our native language and hence the pronunciation of Indian speakers of English is different from that of the native speaker.An effort should constantly be made to make our speech as close to standard English as possible.In terms of pronounciation, we should stick Elements of Communication [Unit - V] 23 to RP English as it is recognized as the standard pronunciation of English worldwide.The chapter on phonetics discusses the different RP sounds of English and also gives you sufficient information regarding word stress, weak forms, and intonation patterns. following which you can make your spoken English intelligible to a native listener. Articulation is also as important as pronunciation.To highlight the difference in these two commonly confused terms, let us consider the following words and expressions: ‘psychology’ ‘mythology’ ‘rendezvous’ ‘clerk’ ‘sample’, etc: all such words and many more in English are pronounced in different ways , but the person’s articulation that is at fault. Articulation refers to our ability to speak different sounds distinctly. Proxemics/Space distance - Have you ever observed lions and tigers in a zoo ? Do they appear to be comfortable with their eaged existence/ Don’t you often find them moving restlessly inside their cage ? Tigers and lions- and none of the other animals or birds- seem to be happy inside a cage.Therefore, they appear to be restless and disquieted most of the time.The situation gets worse if many of them are put inside the same cage.You often see them attacking and mauling each other.Why does it happen ? And it is not just animals or birds but also humans that detest being inside cages.We all love our freedom and want to protect it at any cost. Observed closely however, it seems that it is not just freedom but also space that matters to us.Physically, all of us are free.But when we see a crowded place, we do not feel comfortable. We do not want to board a crowded bus or train; sit on a waiting bench where others are sitting stand in a long sleep in a room that seems crammed and crowded with things.In fact these are only a few instances which suggest how we all want our own territoty and space to feel relaxed and enjoy a comfort that is lost if are surrounded bt things or people. While communicating in formal situation,s therefore, it becomes quite important for us to understand and respect the territories of other professionals, and see to it that they never feel intruded.In fact, if you stand too close to people while speaking to them in formal situations, they are likely to resist and resent your presence.Like all animals, humans too have a psychologically defined territoty and not many are welcomed beyond a certain point. Standing or sitting too far away from your listeners or speakers on the other hand, is also not all that advisable.Just as standing or sitting too close to others may make them feel intruded upon and violated or choked, standing or sitting too far away may comminicate a sense of alienation and lack of warmth.Therefore , it becomes important for us to understand the different zones in to which the psychological territories of human beings can be divided.How we can appreciate the various psychological zones maintained by most of us is given below. 24 Elements of Communication [Unit - V] Signs – This includes the mechanical communication such as use of signal flags, the 21-gun salute, hours, and sirens. Symbols : This is the type of communication that makes use of religious, status, or ego-building symbols. Kinesics – Kinesics is the name given to the study of the body’s physical movements. In other words, it is the way the body communicates without words, i.e. through various movements of its parts. As is well said by Warzlawick and his associates, ‘You cannot not communicate.’ You communicate just by being Nodding the head, blinking eyes, shrugging shoulders, waving the hands, and other such physical activities are all forms of communication. Some kinesic behaviours are deliberately intended to communicate. For example, you nod your head for acceptance. Understanding non-verbal cues will develop your ability to use them more effectively during your presentations.    Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] 1 LECT NOTE: COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH By: Yogamaya Khandual 2 Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] UNIT - I LITERATUREAPPRECIATION 1. Reading comprehension Sub-skills of reading comprehension are to be worked out and tested through an unseen passage in about 200-500 words. Astudent should get acquainted withsub-skills of reading for the purpose of : Skimmingthegist Scanning for necessaryinformation Close reading for inference and evaluation Main idea and supporting points Guessing the meaning of un-familiar words Note- making Summarizing Supplying a suitable title 2. Text The followingchapter from“Invitation to English”, Book-1 for +2 students of CHSE, Odisha.2016 reprint to be covered in class room: Standing Up For Yourself ByYevgenyYevtushenko The Magic Of Teamwork By Sam Pitroda Inchcape Rock By Robert Southey To My True Friend By Elizabeth Pinard The student is to answer comprehension questions from these chapters in the end exami ation. Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] 3 READING COMPRESSION Reading Compression is a hard fact, It is a hard fact that most of the readers have only the most basic reading and writing skills and the rest of them not only lack the skills to function successfully in a literatre society, but also are not aware of their inadequacies. These facts make it obvious that we have to look for new approaches to prepare students for the millennium, especially in light of current job market trends. The job market now demands a workforce that is morer highly educated than ever. For example, assemble lines workers must interpret manuals in addition to operating machinery. These workers must be able to read, write, analyze, interpret and synthesize information. 1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions below it. Have you ever looked up at the night sky and noticed a band of stars that have a whitish ‘cloud” around them ? If you have, you were looking at a portion of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. It is called “milky” because of this whitish cloud that the stars live in. This cloud is actually light that the stars give off. People who lived many centuries ago didn’t know that they were seeing when they looked at the Milky Way in the sky. Some thought it was a bridge, some thought it was a river, and others thought it was a pathway for spirits of the dead. Today, the Milky Way is much less mysterious. We know more about our galaxy now then ever before. Scientists and astronomers continue to study it and learn more about it. What is a galaxy ? It is a system of millions to hundreds of billions of stars. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, contains about one trillion, or 1,000,000,000,000, stars. It is hard to imagine a “trillion” stars, isn’t it ? There are hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe. How does a galaxy related to the universe ? A galaxy is part of the universe. The universe includes all galaxies. When you look at the Milky Way at night, the stars you can see are the brightest stars. Some people use a telescope to see more stars, or the stars that are not as bright. It is easiest to see the Milky Way if you live in the country. That is because the light from cities can make it harder to see the light from the stars in a dark sky. The Milky Way has a pancake shape, and the Earth is located somewhere 4 Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] near the centre of this “pancake”. When you look at the Milky Way at night, you are seeing just a portion of the galaxy. This portion appears in a different place in the sky depending on the time of year. It is higher int he sky during the spring and winter. but during the spring and fall, it is lower, and closer to the horizon. QUESTIONS 1.(a) According to the article, how many stars are in the Milky Way ? (i) 1 million (ii) 1 billion (iii) 2 trillion (iv) 1 trillion Ans. (iv) 1 trillion (b) Read this sentence from the story : Today, The Milky Way is much less mysterious. What is a synonym for the word mysterious ? (i) strange (ii) ordinary (iii) common (iv) serious Ans. (i) strange (c) If you live in a city, why would you want to, or need to, use a telescope to see the Milky Way ? (i) people have no idea of telescope in village. (iii) telescopes are easily available in city. (iv) scientists and astronomers continue to study it and learn more about it in city. (ii) the light from cities can make it harder to see the light from the stars in a dark sky. Ans. (iv) The light from cities can make it harder to see the light from the stars in a dark sky. (d) Which of the following statements is NOT a fact ? (i) there are hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe. (ii) the Milky Way contains about one trillion starts. (iii) The Universe contains only one galaxy. (iv) the Milky Way has a pancake shape. Ans. (iii) The Universe contains only one galaxy. (e) Which of the following sentences is true ? (i) galaxy is a part of universe (ii) universe is a part of galaxy Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] 5 (iii) the Milky Way has a round shape (iv) Milky Way is mysterious in recent days. Ans. (i) galaxy is a part of universe (f) Write the synonym of following words : live, imagine Ans. Live - Stay Imagine - Think (g) Write the antonym of following words : appear, easy, dead Ans. Appear - Disappear Easy - Difficult Dead - Alive (h) Prepare a note on the above passage. Ans. Note Milky Way Galaxy Stands with the whitish clouds starts with lives. Milky Way a mysterious thing. Galaxy is a part of the universe. Milky Way is just like a jay cake. In summer and winter it is higher. During spring fans lower and closer to the horizon. (i) Give a suitable title to the above passage. Ans. Mily Way Galaxy : The Part of Universe. 2.(a) (i) “This is the oil that has chaned the life of the common man.’ How has the oil changed the life.......? Ans. The most important use, of oil tht changed the life of man is in looking commercially oil has found its use as a fuel in defence, industrial and transport purposes. (ii) Find a word (in para-2) which means ‘put oil or grease into’. Ans. Lubricate 6 Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] (iii) Find a word (in para-2) which means have a ‘innumerable’. Ans. Countless (iv) Find a word (in para-2) which means ‘layer’. Ans. Film (v) The oil used for this purpose (para-2). ‘This purpose’ here means. Ans. Here the purpose means lubrication. (vi) Find a word from-3 which means ‘very great’; immense’. Ans. Enormous (vii) Oil assumed worldwide importance when. Ans. The internal combustion engine was invented. (b) From your reading of the passage, make you notes on the uses of the mineral oil in the following areas/places. Defence, Industry, Navigation, Railways and General purpose. (Do not add any exra-information). Ans. Defence : The oil helps in the movement of tanks, aeroplanes and waships. Industry : It is used to lubricate all kinds of machinery. Navigation : When mineral oil is refined to petrol it drives motor cars, aeroplaces and ships for nagivation. (c) Give a suitable title for the passage. Ans. Advantages of oil towards humna civilization. 3. Read the following passage and answer the question based on it. Old mother Alison had fallen on evils days. A faded old woman, who lived alone a tumble down hut on the out skirts of the Nillage. Here, life went on as it had done for centuries, the men king out a scanty existence by catching fish in the big lake stretched for miles like an inland sea. Often a gate would arise and lives would be arise. One day such as mother Alision sen didn’t return. The shock of his death seemed too much for her and wild nights she would wonder along the lake side. Perhaps that was why the rumour went round-” A witch” The approach and she was shunned by all. Then trouble fell on the villagers. During a terrible storm a hut caught fire and the flames spread until almost the whole village was in a blaze. The people made rude shulters where they crouched hungry and cold until a whisper went around- “ The witch she has brought this upon us” There was an angry murmur. Old mother Allison’s house had been one of the four to escape the flames. Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] 7 Bushing thither, the fisher folk dragged the oldwoman down tothe lake “ Throw in the witch they cride” Then we shall have an end to our troubles.” Mother Alison had noticed in the sky faint glimmer of light. “ Tomorrow, she said slowly there will not be a live fish left in the lake. “ The people looked at her conscious “ We shall see when tomorrow comes cride someone. And they troubled the old woman back to her hut. All might long the gale raged. but at down the lake lay quiet and skill. On its surface floated innumerable dead fish. The people quiet awestricken. A sign had been sent to prove mother Alison’s innocence. Perhaps it was a sign. On perhaps mother Alison had remebered a time beyond the memory of the villagers when the high hides on the coast had filled the lake with brackish water and killed all the fish. Answer the following question (I) Give word meanings (i) gale: A gale is a very strong wind. (ii) Light -headed: If you feel light- headed you feel rather unsteady and strange for example because you are ill because you have drunk two much alcohol. (iii) Pleaded innocence: If you plead with someone to do something. You ask them in an intense emotional way to do it. (II) (i) What made mother Alison light headed and strange”? Ans: The shock of the death of her sen made mother Alison light headed and strange. (ii) The villagers began to think of mother Alison “ a witch” What does this mean? Why was she shunned by all ? Ans: A witch is a man or woman who claims to have magic powers and to be able to use them for good or bad purposes. A rumour spreaded that she is a witch, hence children ran away at her approach and and she was shunned by all. (iii) What is particular made them blame mother Alison for the fire ? what did they intend to do with her why ? Ans: As mother Alison’s but was escaped from fire, that made them blame her for the fire. People thought that she is responsible for the incident, so they dicided to throw her into the lake. (iv) What did the fisher- folk mean by demanding “ a sign ? ( in the above passage) Ans: A sign to prove her innocence. 8 Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] (v) What does “ a joint glimmer of light” in the sky indicate ? (in the above passage) Ans: A joint glimmer of light indicated that Tomorrow there will be no live fish left in the lake”. (vi) Why had all fish died ? Ans: As the people blamed the innocent lady for the fire, and decided to throw her in to the lake hence God cursed and all the fish of the lake died. (vii) How could you conclude that the lake was a fresh water lake very near be the sea ? Ans: As is the last paragraph the writer talks about brackish water and the tide, it is proved that the lake was very near to the sea. (III) Give a little to the above message and give a season to justify your choice. Ans: “WINNING OF TRUTH” All villagers suspected the lad for incident and decided to punish her. But actually she was innocent and that was proved at last. 4. Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it. (i) As the dreaded examinations crawl to a halt students look forward to the much awaited “ creative outlets” the summer camps, to let off steam and spend their holidays and summer camp is conducted over a short period of four to five weeks involving interesting and fulfilled activities. The colourful specturn of summer camps provide a wide variety of activities which include atilistic skills such as painting, artistic art, music craft and also spoken English, cooking and computers courses. Not only this, the summer camps keep the child “ fit as a fiddle” by importing lessons in yoga, cricket, tennis and swiming. (ii) With changing times and trends parents have become productivity oriented. They want their children to learn through productive play unlike in the pass when play was just play. Today, the parents want to tap the potential of their children to the full up to achieve this aim, the summer camps offerd an Ideal opening for children to devlop their hobbies and talents. The importance of creative play is often underestimated whereas the fact is that art and craft projects can excite even a young childs imaginations and promote a sense of great achievement. The little things that children make and take home give them a sense of achievement and pride when they show them to their parents. (iii) Summer camps develop a childs confidence and his ideas. They also encourage children to do things on their own. The camps are beneficial for hyper Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] 9 active and aggressive children as they help channel their energies fruitfull by drawing out the best in them. They also promote mutual understanding not only among teachers and children but also bring about interactive between the taught. This provides a goal experience for a better future of confidence. On the basis of your reading of the passage complete the following sentences write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number Questions. (a) Activities in summer camps are and. (b) Summer camps keep the children healthy since. (c) Now- a - days parents think play should be. (d) “To achieve this aim’ What aim is referring to here ? (e) “ They also promote mutual understanding “That” refers to. (f) Summer camps are particularly helpful for children who are and. (g) Give the list of qualities and apart from the ones given below. Which camps help to develop in children Confidence creative talents. (h) Write a suitable title of the above passage. (i) Write the synonyms of (i) beneficial (ii) confidence (j) What is a summer camp ? In which way it provides what types of carries to us. (k) What the summer camp provides us to achieve the aim ? ANSWER (a) The activities in summer camps are artistic skills yoga summing etc. (b) They do different physically extracurricular activities for their entertainment. (c) Now - a -days parents think play should be productive. (d) Todays parent want to tap the potential to the fullof. Here this reason indicates the aim given in the question. (e) Here that refers to summer camps about which the writer is telling. (f) Summer camp are particularly helpful for children who are hyperactive and aggressive. (g) Painting swimming, artistic skills yoga and different productive oriented works apart from the others. 10 Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] (h) ADVANTAGE OF SUMMER CAMP. (i) Synonyms of beneficial : Helpful Cenfidence : Self belief (j) A summer camp is conducted ever a short period four to five weeks invilving interesting and fullfilled activities. NOTE MAKING AND SUMMARISING 1. Prepare brief notes in outline form representing the main points of the passage. Write the summary of the passage. The aim of education is to drag out he faculties of the boy on every side of this nature, to develop in him every intellectual and moral power, and to strengthen him physically, mentally and spiritually so that he may turn out at the end of his college career a useful, patriotic, pious gentleman, who respects himself and respects thse around him. Education is a failure when it is simply cramming the boy’s head with a lot of disjointed facts poured into the head as into a basket, to be implied out in the examination room and the imply basket carried out again in the world. It is not a good education which, when a boy has passed his examination, leaves him a nervous wreck, exhausted as to his body and overstrained as to his brain. When a boy goes out of his college, he should be full of life, full of vigour, full of energy and full of delight in his young life to take up the burden of the work of the world. He should not be nerve-exhausted and never-over strained when he has finished his educational carrier. ANSWER 1. Value of Real Education 1. Real education develops – a – intellectual power b – moral power 2. It strengthens a person – a – physically b – morally c – spiritually 3. It makes man – a – patriotic b – useful citizen Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] 11 c – courageous d –energetic e – delightful to take up the burden. 4. Education fails when – a – it degenerates into information cramming b – it makes nervous week by overstraining Summary : Value of Real Education Real education brings about mental and physical development of a man and makes him a complete man, patriotic and useful citizen. It helps man face the odds of life and accept the challenges with courage, conviction and wisdom. Education fails when it degenerates into an information cramming exercise and leaves the student nerve exhausted by overstraining him. 2. Prepare brief notes in outline form representing the main points of the passage. Write the summary of the passage. People moan about poverty as a great evil; and it seems to be an accepted belief if people only had plenty of money, they would be happy and useful and get more out of life. As a rule there is more genuine satisfaction obtained from life in the humble cottages of the poor men than in the places of the rich. I always pity the sons and daughters of rich men, who are attended by servants, and have governesses at a late age, at the sametime I am glad to think that they don’t know what they have missed. It is because I know how sweet and happy and pure the home of honest poverty is, how free from perplexing care and from social envies and jealousies - how loving and united, its members are in the common interest of supporting the family. It is for these reasons that form the ranks of the poor so many strong, eminent self reliant men have always sprang and must spring. If we read the list of the immortals who are not born to die, you will find that most of them have been fair. ANSWERS 2. The Blessing of Poverty. 1. People believe that money brings – a – happiness b – mental peace 2. Poor men leaving in humble cottage derive a – great pleasure b – genuine satisfaction 12 Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] 3. A poor man is free from – a – cares b – anxieties c – social envies d –Jealousies Summary : The Blessings of Poverty. It is believed that wealth brings satisfaction in life. But genuine satisfaction in life is obtained in the humble cottages of the poor than in the places of the rich. The members of a rich family are self centered hence selfish in nature. Anxiety and perplexes haunt them very often. On the other hand the members of a poor family live for the common interest hence they get human association and heavenly peace in their family. 3. Prepare brief notes in outline form representing the main points of the passage. Write the summary of the passage. About 2,500 million years ago (according to present theories) the earth on which we live was a ball of gas, which, on cooling, grew smaller and became liquid. The liquid continued to cool, giving off some of its heat by radiation and when liquids grow colder they solidify. The crust of the heart is the solid matter resulting from this cooling, but probably inside the earth there is still a mass of molten material which has not cooled as much as the outer crust. The crust on which we live and from which we obtain almost everything that we have is not quite rigid. Volcanoes present on Etna and Stromboli in the Italian islands remind us from time to time of the force and heat below the ground. Various places on the earth are subject to earthquakes, the country that has suffered most form these being happen. The study of earthquakes, the science of seismology, has shown that the origin of many of them is under the bottom of the sea and near the coast of a continent or large island. In an earthquake the surface of the land may move suddenly in any direction, bringing houses down, changing a straight railway-track into a useless zigzag, altering the courses of rivers. Changing the shapes of hills, and sometimes causing an immense sea-wave to rush on the nearest shore and add to the destruction. This tidal wave, as it is called, is wrongly named because it has nothing to do with tide. ANSWERS 3. Evolution of Earth and the Impact of Earthquake on it 1. Evolution of the earth a – a ball of fire 2,500 millions and years ago. b – Gaseous state changed into liquid. c – Liquid cooled and solidified then it became curse. Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] 13 2. Volcanoes remind us – a – The force and heat below the ground 3. Origin of earthquake – a – beneath the sea b – near the coast on large island. 4. Devastation caused by the earthquakes a – houses collapse b – changes railway tracks c – alters the course of the rivers d –large tides rash to the shore Summary : Evolution of Earth and Impact of Earthquake on it. 2,500 millions years ago, the earth was in a gaseous state. The gas on cooling becomes liquid. The gas cooling solidified and formed the earth’s crust. Volcanoes remind us the force and heat below the ground. Earthquakes causes colossal loss of life and property. It collapses buildings change railway tracks, alters the course of rivers, light tidal waves in the from of Tsunami submerges coastal belt. 4. Prepare brief notes in outline form representing the main points of the passage. Write the summary of the passage. What is soil ? The original materials from which it has been formed through long ages are the rocks of the earth’s crust. There are three kinds of rocks, make in three different ways. Igneous rocks (Latin; ignis, fire) were made when the molten material of which the earth consisted long ago became cooler and solidified : granite, a very hard rock, is one of these, another kind of rock is sedimentary stock, formed when river brought down small pieces of material with them as they flowed into the sea. The matter which they brought down with them fell to the bottom the sea, and this sediment was slowly pressed and cemented together other substances into rock. Then the crust of the earth moved; the bottom of the seas were revised, and when they reached a sufficient height became dry land, sedimentary rocks are found in all kinds of places, even on high mountains. Shale (which often bear oil), limestone and chalk and sedimentary rocks. The third kind of rock is metamorphic rock-rock which has been made by change due to heat. This was formed, for instance, when the lava thrown out by volcanoes affected the material over which it flowed. The heat changed the surface underneath and produced different kinds rocks, of which slate and marble are two. 14 Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] ANSWERS 4. Soil and Classification of Rocks 1. Soil is formed of – earth’s crust. S/N Types of rocks Formed of Examples 1. lgneous molten material granite 2. Sedimentary small pieces of material shell, lime brought by stone chalk river current 3. Metamorphic change due to slate, heat marble Summary : Soil and Classification of Rocks. Soil has its origin in the rocks of the earth’s crust. There are three kinds of rocks : igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Each of these rocks is made in a different way. Granite, chalk the slate marble characterize them respectively. The first rock came into existence when the molten material became cooler and solidified. The second was formed out of other substances and the third kind of rock has been made by change due to heat. 5. Prepare brief notes in outline form representing the main points of the passage. Write the summary of the passage. Animals talk to each other, of course; there can be no question about that. The trouble is, very few people can understand them. I know of only one person who could, and that was old Bill Martin, a Miner from California. I know he could, because he told me so himself. He had spent to many years among the mountains, listening to his only neighbours, the birds, that he could understand every word they said. Bill told me that some birds do not talk much because they do not have much of an education. They have a limited vocabulary and use only the simplest of sentences. But some birds just cannot stop talking. They are very proud of their command of language and like to show off by using complicated sentences and difficult words. Blue jays, Bill said, are the best talkers, follwed by Magpies, Sparrows and Wood Pigeons (in that order). The Crane, on the other hand, is a bird of few words, answering only when it is spoken to. Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] 15 ANSWERS 5. Bill Martin’s View on Birds 1. Bill Martin – (a) a mariner from California (b) spent so many years among birds. (c) understood the talking of the birds. 2. Bill’s observation on birds – (a) Characteristics of untalkative birds – (i) not much education (ii) posses limited vocabulary (b) Characteristic of most talkative birds (i) Proud of their command over language. (ii) boast of using complicated sentences and difficult words. Examples : (i) Blue jays (ii) Magpies (iii) Sparrows (iv) Wood pigeons (c) Let talktive birds – (i) Know few words (ii) answer only when it is spoken Example : Crane Summary : Bill Martin’s View on Birds Very few people can understand what animals talk, but Bill Martin, a Miner from Californian is an exception. The narrator learns from him that some birds do not talk much because of their little education and limited vocabulary. But there are others who talk ceaselessly. They have fluency in their language. They are the birds like Blue jays, Magpies, Sparrows and Wood-Pigeons. The Crane speaks too little. Match the following L 1. Chance (a) possibility of happening. (b) a suitable time or situation when you have the opportunity to do something. (c) an unpleasant or dangerous possibility. (d) the way that some things happen without any cause that you can see or understand. (e) opportunity. 16 Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] Questions : (i) Time brought him a great chance. (ii) It was the change she had been waiting for. (iii) When installing electrical instrument don’t take any chance. (iv) I met bear by chance. (v) Is there any chance of getting tickets for tonight ? Answer : (i) Chance – opportunity (ii) Chance – a suitable time or situation when you have the opportunity to do something. (iii) Chance – an unpleasant or dangerous possibility. (iv) Chance – the way that some things happen without any cause that you can see or understand. (v) Chance – possibility of something happening. 3. Character (a) all the qualities and features that make a person, group of people and places or to have a strong or weak character. (b) strong personal qualities such as the ability to deal with difficult or dangerous situation. (c) approving the interesting or unusual quality that a person or a place has. (d) a person particularly and (unpleasant) or strange one. (e) the opinion that people have of you. Questions : (i) The modern hotels here have no real character. (ii) She was a victim of character assassination. (iii) There were really strange character hanging around the bar. (iv) The book gives a fascinating insight upto Mr. Naveen Pattnaik’s character. (v) Everyone admires her strength of character and determination. Answer : (i) character – a person particularly an unpleasant or strange one. (ii) character – the opinion that people have of you. (iii) character – strong personal qualities such as the ability to deal with difficult or dangerous situation. Literature Appreciation [Unit - I] 17 (iv) character – all the qualities and features that make a person, group of people and or to have a strong or weak character. (v) character – approving the interesting or unusual quality that a person or a place has. 4. Check : (a) to see if it is correct, safe or a acceptable. (b) to find out if something or somebody present. (c) to control something or to stop something from increasing or getting worse. (d) to stop yourself from saying or doing something or from showing a particular emotion. (e) to leave coats, bags e