Employment, Migration, and Urbanization PDF

 ECN81 | Group 4 presents EMPLOYMENT, MIGRATION, AND URBANIZATION. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature  GROUP MEMBERS Ba communication iiI Viernes, john zhen ganado, Adrianne earl germ...

 ECN81 | Group 4 presents EMPLOYMENT, MIGRATION, AND URBANIZATION. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature  GROUP MEMBERS Ba communication iiI Viernes, john zhen ganado, Adrianne earl german, rainzhel juan, jelene kyla lacuesta, jenn khylei failano, jirah dean COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature URBANIZATION Definition and description urbanization noun : the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities. Ildefons Cerdà coined the term "urbanization" from his book called "General Theory of Urbanization, 1867" in order to describe in a rational perspective, the new science of making cities. In that text, Cerdà invented the word “urbanization” which is used today to describe the process of expansion and redevelopment of cities. Cerdà is known as the creator of Barcelona’s Eixample district. Cerdà, a strong supporter of liberal and reformist ideas, considered that the conceptualization and construction of a city was not exclusive to art. A city, though an ode to art and beauty, had to respond to a rational and fundamental objective: to serve the citizen. Thus, the city had to make life easier for the average citizen, and utilize key science and technological advances to solve common urban problems. This is why Cerdà saw it necessary to claim that city planning was a new science, with its own method, and should be taken just a seriously as other scientific disciplines. that Cerdà invented the word urbanization, making it a scientific and linguistic term THE PHILIPPINE CONTEXT ✓ The Philippines is one of the fastest urbanizing countries in East Asia and the Pacific. ✓ This can bring many opportunities for growth and poverty reduction. ✓ Cities become engines of growth if well-planned and well-managed. ✓ Rapid urbanization in the Philippines has brought new jobs, educational opportunities, and better living conditions for some. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature THE PHILIPPINE CONTEXT ✓ There are several underlying structural issues affecting urbanization in the Philippines, such as the country's archipelagic geography which creates divisions in connectivity both within the country and the external markets; o a stagnating manufacturing sector that has not resulted in high-quality jobs and, in turn, has negatively affected urban-led growth; o and the country's high exposure to natural hazards, like flooding and earthquake risks, all of which exacerbate urban management challenges. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature Positive Impacts of Urbanization in the Philippines 1) Economic Growth and Job Creation 2) Improved Living Conditions 3) Increased Investment in Infrastructure Negative Impacts of Urbanization in the Philippines 1) Environmental Degradation 2) Overcrowding and Congestion 3) Social Inequality and Slums PROS CONS Urbanization has been a driving force for Rapid urbanization has led to severe traffic congestion, economic development, contributing to particularly in Metro Manila, costing the economy an increased productivity and job creation. estimated $70 million daily due to lost productivity. This congestion affects the quality of life and increases Cities like Metro Manila and Cebu have become travel times for residents. The influx of people into cities economic hubs, attracting investments and has resulted in a housing crisis, with many residents fostering industries that boost local economies. living in informal settlements or slums due to a lack of affordable housing options. Urban areas generally provide better access to essential services such as healthcare, education, Approximately 11% of Metro Manila's population lives and social services. This accessibility can improve in such conditions. Urban areas face significant living standards and quality of life for urban environmental challenges, including pollution, waste residents. management issues, and vulnerability to natural disasters like flooding. It leads to improved infrastructure, including The rapid pace of urbanization often outstrips the transportation systems, utilities, and public capacity for effective urban planning and facilities, which can enhance overall urban liability. environmental management. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature How does it affect THE economic status? In the Philippines 1) Increased Productivity and Job Creation 2) Structural Transformation 3) Sustainability and Resilience` COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature In essence, Urbanization presents significant opportunities for economic growth in the Philippines, it also poses substantial challenges that require strategic governance and investment to ensure inclusive and sustainable development. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature MIGRATION Definition and description migration noun : defined as the general process of people or animals moving from one place to another. There are many different types of migration, including internal and external migration, gross or net migration, and immigration and emigration. In general, migration occurs seasonally, but moves can also be permanent with the more specific types of migration. MIGRATION Humans have always migrated in groups and as individuals to seek freedom from war and conflict, to escape hunger and poverty, to find new economic opportunities and employment, to flee from religious intolerance or political repression, or even to trade and to travel to new places. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature Migration rode down over the last four centuries (COHEN, 1995) Migration within Europe, Africa and Asia (17th - 18th centuries) Permanent settlement in the colonies (1500s to mid 19th century) Slavery (1550 to the end of the 18th century) Indentured labour (1834-1917) Migration to the New World (1800s-1930) Post WWII migration (late 1940s to 1960s) Post 1970s migration Types of Migration 1) Internal Migration - from one section of a country to another. 2)External Migration - from one country or region to another. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature  ADVANTAGE ✓ A richer and more diverse culture ✓ Helps to reduce any labor shortages ✓ Migrants are more prepared to take Impacts of migration on low paid, low-skilled jobs Migration can bring advantages and disadvantages to the areas in which the migrants move to. DISADVANTAGE ✓ Increasing cost of services such as health care and education ✓ Overcrowding ✓ Disagreements between different religions and cultures The reasons for migrating can be broadly categorized as: Push and Pull Factors Pull factors are seen as positive things that attract people to a particular place. Push factors are the negative things that make people want to move away THE PHILIPPINE CONTEXT ✓ in 1970s, Filipinos have been going overseas to seek better employment opportunities when the Marcos administration deliberately sought to export labor to ease unemployment in the country and gain from remittances sent back by the Overseas Contract Workers (OCWs). ✓ In December 2013, the term OCWs was changed to Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). ✓ In 2015, more women than men have been going abroad because of the available jobs. Labor migrants also tend to come not from the lowest-income strata but from lower- middle and middle-income families. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature PROS CONS It has already been mentioned that There are also the social costs of migration remittances sent back to the country both for the migrants and the families they leave behind. strongly contribute to the economy as well as help ease unemployment and Among these is the breakdown of underemployment. relationships between spouses, as with parents and their children. Most migrants and their families back in the Philippines lament the loneliness, anxieties, and emotional aches and longings from long- term separation, their inability to be present in the day-to-day lives of their spouses and children, and to physically share moments of joy, grief, disappointments, and excitement. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature EMPLOYMENT Definition and description employment noun : the condition of having paid work (Oxford Dictionary). Employment The Philippine Context It is a condition of being remunerated This definition involves various terms of through paid or unpaid work and employment such as Full-time participating in the country's labor employment, part-time, and self- force. employment, and contractual employment. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), a person is considered employed if: ✓They have done at least one hour of paid work in the reference week. ✓They are absent from work for a certain period due to illness, maternity, or other similar reasons. ✓They are actively seeking work, but have not yet found a suitable job. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature Employment It is defined as persons of working age who, during a short reference period, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period (i.e. who worked in a job for at least one hour) or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangements. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature The Philippines is a service-based economy; in other words, most employees work in the service industry. This includes such industries as: a. Wholesale and Retail Trade: Selling goods to businesses or consumers. b. Transportation: Moving goods and people from one place to another. c. Accommodation and Food Service: Providing lodging and meals to visitors. d. Financial and Insurance Activities: Offering banking, insurance, and other financial services. However, the unemployment rate is relatively low. Job quality, mismatch, and underemployment tend to be more pressing concerns. This means that many Filipinos work in low-paying jobs, jobs that do not have something to do with their skills, or jobs that do not give them enough hours of work. In the Philippines, the following are the recognized types of employment: 1. Regular employment & Casual Employment Pursuant to Article 280 of the Labor Code of the Philippines (Labor Code), the primary standard that determines regular employment is the reasonable connection between the particular activity performed by the employee and the usual business or trade of the employer; the emphasis is on the necessity or desirability of the employee’s activity. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature 2. Project Employment An arrangement whereby “the employment has been fixed for a specific project or undertaking whose completion or termination has been determined at the time of the engagement of the employee.” 3. Seasonal Employment Seasonal employment applies “where the work or service to be performed is seasonal in nature and the employment is for the duration of the season.” COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature 4. Fixed term Fixed-term employment is valid when: (a) the fixed period of employment was knowingly and voluntarily agreed upon by the employer and employee without any force, duress, or improper pressure being brought to bear upon the employee and absent any other circumstances vitiating his consent; or (b) it satisfactorily appears that the employer and the employee dealt with each other on more or less equal terms with no moral dominance exercised by the former or the latter 5. probationary Probationary employment exists when the employee, upon his engagement is made to undergo a trial period where the employee determines his fitness to qualify for regular employment, based on reasonable standards made known to him at the time of engagement. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature Having a low unemployment rate of 4.7% in July 2024, the Philippines has a strong job market because many Filipinos are employed nowadays. This directly equates to the economic security of households and increases purchasing power, which further supports economic growth. Below are some examples that have positively impacted the Philippine economy: ✓ Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) ✓ BPO Industry ✓ Agriculture ✓ Tourism Despite the positive strides, an underemployment rate of 12.1% in July 2024 still indicates that Filipino workers are still found in underemployment because the time they work is limited and their skills are somewhat wasted. Such conditions mean less money and uncertain finances to support economic advancement. Examples that have affected the Philippine economy in negative ways are as follows : ✓ Informal Employment ✓ Child Labor ✓ Job Mismatch PROS CONS Low Unemployment Rate. Underemployment. High Labor Force Lack of Skills. Participation. Overtime Work. Growing Service Sector. English Proficiency. Impact on the Status of the Philippine Economy A low unemployment rate and a strong labor market boost economic growth by increasing consumer spending, as more employed people have income to buy goods and services. This rise in consumption benefits businesses, encouraging them to invest and expand. Additionally, higher employment results in increased tax revenues, which the government can use to fund public services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure, further driving economic growth. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature Impact on the Status of the Philippine Economy However, challenges like underemployment, low-quality jobs, and income inequality persist. Underemployment occurs when workers take part-time jobs or roles that don’t utilize their skills, leading to lower earnings and financial insecurity. Low-quality jobs often lack benefits such as healthcare, job security, and advancement opportunities, limiting long-term financial stability. This widens the income gap and hinders poverty reduction efforts. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature Impact on the Status of the Philippine Economy To ensure sustainable growth, the government must address these issues by promoting inclusive policies focused on education, healthcare, skill development, and fair labor practices. By creating better-quality jobs with fair wages and opportunities for advancement, more Filipinos can contribute to the economy and help reduce poverty. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Languages & Literature  How Does Creating Jobs/Employment Help the Economy? Creating jobs helps the economy by GDP. When an individual is employed, they are paid by their employer. This results in them having money to spend on food, clothing, entertainment, and in a variety of other areas. The more an individual spends, the more that demand increases. When demand for a product or service increases, companies increase their output to meet the increased demand. Companies do this by investing more and hiring more workers. More workers start the cycle over, with there being even more money spent in the economy, increasing demand further. REFERENCES Baker, J., & Watanabe, M. (2017, September 20). Unlocking the Philippines’ urbanization potential. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/eastasiapacific/unlocking-the-philippines-urbanization-potential Baker, J., & Watanabe, M. (2024, March 16). Unlocking the Philippines’ urbanization potential. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/eastasiapacific/unlocking-the-philippines-urbanization-potential Balita, C. (2024, August 21). Employment share Philippines 2024, by sector. Satista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1268346/philippines-employment-rate-by-sector/ Balita, C. (2024a, August 12). 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Philippines economy and the effects of industrial and urbanisation. https://info.ceicdata.com/philippines-economy-and-the-effects-of-industrial-and-urbanisation Meer Meer & Meer Attorneys at Law. (n.d.). Types of Employment in the Philippines. Meer Law. https://meerlaw.ph/areas-of-practice/labor/types-of-employment-in-the-philippines/ National Economic and Development Authority. (2023, November 8). PH Gov’t To Prioritize Addressing Job Vulnerability As Employment Continues To Improve In September 2023—NEDA. NEDA. https://neda.gov.ph/ph-govt-to-prioritize-addressing-job-vulnerability-as-employment-continues-to-improve- in-september-2023-neda/ Santasusagna, A. (2018, March 20). From Barcelona to the world: The great lesson of Ildefons Cerdà. MésEconomia. https://www.meseconomia.cat/from-barcelona-to-the-world-the-great-lesson-of-ildefons-cerda/ Striking Women. (n.d.). A history of migration. https://www.striking-women.org/module/migration/history-migration The World Bank Group. (2017). Philippines Urbanization Review. https://www.worldbank.org Urban Links. (2023, May 26). Urban programs in the Philippines: A snapshot. Urban Links. https://urban- links.org/urban-programs-in-the-philippines-snapshot/ Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph