Embryology 1 - 2.1 PDF
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These notes provide a detailed overview of human embryology. The document covers various stages including cellular proliferation, morphogenesis, and growth, along with details on specific processes like cellular migration and induction. It also includes diagrams illustrating key concepts and a section discussing common chromosomal disorders.
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**[Embryology 1 - 2.1]** Human somatic cell - 46 (2 sex, 44 autosomes and 22 homologous sets) Words:\ Spermatozoa = male sex cell Ova = female sex cell (has ZP3 receptors zona pellucida receptor) Diploid = 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid = 1 set of chromosomes Meiosis = forms 4 non identical hap...
**[Embryology 1 - 2.1]** Human somatic cell - 46 (2 sex, 44 autosomes and 22 homologous sets) Words:\ Spermatozoa = male sex cell Ova = female sex cell (has ZP3 receptors zona pellucida receptor) Diploid = 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid = 1 set of chromosomes Meiosis = forms 4 non identical haploid sex cells Mitosis = forms 2 identical diploid body cells Synthetic (S) phase -  Prenatal development **Stage 1 (0-4 weeks)** **Stage 2** **Stage 3** ------------------------- -------------------------------- ----------------------- Cellular proliferation morphogenesis Growth and maturation Cellular migration Intricate embryology processes **Induction, competence and differentiation** - - - - **Week 1** = fertilisation to formation of blastocyst - - - - - -  **Week 2** = Implantation of blastocyst - - - - - - - Endoderm - form organs eg colon, stomach, intestines, liver, lungs, pancreas Ectoderm - forms outer linings eg skin, oral mucosa, NS, enamel NCC - form rest of tooth  **Week 3** = Gastrulation Bilaminar → trilaminar 1. - - - 2. 3. 4. Head = prochordal region or prechordal plate (cranial end) Tail = cecal plate (caudal end) This forms 3 primary germ layers: Ectoderm - - - - - - Endoderm - - - - Mesoderm Paraxial mesoderm - - - - Intermediate mesoderm - - Lateral plate mesoderm (somatic and splanchnic layer) - - - - - - - - - - - - **M**yeloid sc **E**rythroid sc **S**pleen **O** gonads **D**ermin **E**ntire trunk **R**enal system **M**eninges **A**drenal cortex **L**ymphoid sc **C**irculatory system **E**ndothelium of bv **L**ining of body cav - viscer and parietal **L**imbs **S**mooth muscle of GIT - - - - - - -   **[Defects in embryonic development]** Abnormal no of chromo causes congenital anomalies 10% of malfunctions caused by alteration in single gene Autosomal dominant inheritance: - - - - Autosomal recessive inheritance: - - - **Downs syndrome - Trisomy 21** Cause: - Features: - - - - **Turners syndrome - XO** Common chromosomal disorders in females Causes: - Features: - - - - **Klinefelter syndrome - XXY** Causes: - Features: - - - - - 
