ELS Lesson 1.docx

 **STARTER** Your teacher will show pictures of the planets found in the Solar System. Identify them correctly to gain high points in the recitation.  **Lesson 1** **The Origin &** **Structure of the Solar System & the Earth System** John Myles D. C...

 **STARTER** Your teacher will show pictures of the planets found in the Solar System. Identify them correctly to gain high points in the recitation.  **Lesson 1** **The Origin &** **Structure of the Solar System & the Earth System** John Myles D. Canuto, EcT, LPT **TARGET** At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1\. Enumerate and analyze the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe; 2.Enumerate and analyze the different hypotheses explaining the formation of the solar system; and 3.Gather information on recent astronomical research. **NAVIGATE** **01 03** **Early Beliefs on the Origin of the Universe** **The Fate of the Universe** **02 04** **The Route to the Big Bang** **The Formation of the Solar System** **01** **Early Beliefs on the Origin of the** **Universe** The early civilizations observed the night sky and were able to prepare star charts and models of the universe. Early creation myths described the nature and origin of the universe. The Egyptians, Chinese, and other early civilizations forwarded the idea of chaotic rivers or oceans interacting from the skies or from singularities that started to grow or expand in the dark space. **Classification of Beliefs THEISM ATHEISM** Belief on a divine creator who created the universe Belief on a random origin of the universe **GEOCENTRISM** More than 2,000 years ago, Euxodus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, and other Greek natural philosophers, believed that Earth is located at the center of a constant universe. Celestial objects that can be observed from Earth like the planets, satellites, or the stars are perfect orbs. They move in uniform circular motions as the spheres in which thy are attached revolve around the Earth. This is called geocentrism. **HELIOCENTRIC**  With the Italian astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and the Polish astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), the geocentric model of the solar system was replaced by the heliocentric model. Here, the celestial objects and planets including Earth are moving around the Sun. Further refinements of the idea came after the ideas of other astronomers such as the German astronomer, Johannes Kepler (1571- 1630). **02** **THE ROUTE TO THE BIG BANG**  **Edwin Hubble** (1889-1953) American Astronomer who argued that more distant objects are moving away at greater rates inferred that the universe was not static, and in fact, expanding. **William Huggins** (1824-1910) English Astronomer who in 1968 discovered the redshift. **Vesto Slipher**(1875-1969) American Astronomer who was allowed to show that most nebulae were moving away from the Milky Way galaxy. **The Route to the Big Bang** **The steady-state theory of the expanding universe proposed by the British scientists**  **Hermann Bondi (1919-2005) and Thomas Gold (1920-2004) in 1948 explains that the universe is expanding although it does not account for the origin of the universe.** **T~~he~~ steady state theory argues that even if the universe is expanding, it has always ~~e~~xisted in its present state such that when galaxies move apart and the new matt~~e~~r is formed. In this theory, there is a continuous creation of matter rather than an origin. Eventually, it was falsified due to observatio[n]s that universe evolved.** **Father George Lemaitre (1894-1966)** In 1927, he proposed that the  universe began as a single "primeval atom" that exploded and eventually caused an expanding universe. This theory was based on Einstein's theory of relativity and redshift data available during his time. **George Gamow (1904-1968)** A Russian-American physicist who refined Lemaitre's idea and postulated that there is measurable cosmic microwave background radiation that are remnants of the initial explosion. **Arno Allan Penzias & Robert Woodrow Wilson** In 1965, German-American  astrophysicist Penzias and American radio astronomer Wilson measured the 2.7 Kelvin radiation that confirmed Gamow's theory. This now forms part of the most comprehensive theory on the origin of the universe we call the **[big bang]**. **BIG BANG THEORY** According to the big bang theory, initially, there was no space and matter. Then about 13.8 billion years ago, a big bang moment occurred from a singularity, and space came into existence; energy that would be converted to matter filled this space. This formation of matter and expansion of spa~~c~~e ~~c~~ontinued until today. The pieces of evidence that support this theory include the current data on the expansion, the relative abundance of elements, and the cosmic microwave background radiation. **Presently, it is assumed that our universe is about 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, and 5% radiation and visible matter. Hydrogen, deuterium, and helium atoms comprising the matter of the initial universe are believed to have been formed about 13.8 billion years ago in the big bang.** **These initial components created the first stars, and nucleosynthesis in the stars created the other elements including carbon (C), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). Heavy stars collapsed, bursted, and exploded in a phenomenon known as a supernova.** **During a supernova, the heavier elements from iron to as heavy as Uranium (U) were created. Across g~~a~~laxies, clusters of gas started to rotate and accrete to form stars and their systems. This mechanism is highly attributed to the gravitational force -- "the great architect of the universe".**  **03** **The Fate of the Universe** **Since the universe is evolving and expanding, what will happen to it in the future? The fate of the universe depends on its mass and the rate of expansion. There are at least three possible outcomes for the universe. It may collapse, stop expanding, or continue to expand. Recent data support the claim that the universe is accelerating and thus will expand further.** **04** **THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM** **The most accepted theory of the o~~r~~igin and formation of any stellar system such as our solar system is**  **the proto-planet nebular model or hypothesis. About 5 billion years ago, our solar system started to form a very hot dense ball and nuclear reactions that formed the Sun.** **Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827)** Laplace, who is a French astronomer, proposed the nebular hypothesis in 1976 that explains that the concentration of gas and dust that surround and orbit the early Sun eventually coalesced to form planetesimals. **In 1905, the planetesimal hypothesis of US Geologist Thomas Chamberlin (1843-**  **1928) and American astronomer Forest Moulton (1872-1952) stated that a star was close e[n]ough to the Sun and this interaction allowed for the** **ejection of materials from the Sun that eventually cooled and condensed into planetesimals and protoplanets.** **The Chamberlin and Moulton theory is no longer accepted, but the concept of planetesimals forming planets and**  **other objects in the solar system remains. On the other hand, from 1974 to about 1977, John R. Dormand and the British physicist Michael Mark Woolfson (1927-2019) proposed a capture and planetary condensation theory that states that fast** **encounters allow the Sun to capture materials that may condense to planets.** **The recent model of the protoplanet hypothesis integrates many ideas from [t]he previous theories. It states that planets formed and grew in size by the accretion of planetesimals. It is believed that our Sun and the planets in the Solar System were formed about the same time. Early Earth was very hot and was a ball of molten materials. Gravity eventually gathered and organized materials that allowed it to achieve its spherical nature. The force of gravity also created the layers of Earth due to their varying densities.** **Recent astronomical** **research include** **understanding the** **heliosphere, extraterrestrial life, and other bodies like comets that are in the Kuiper belt and farther out the Solar System in a region referred to as the Oort cloud.** OPTIMIZE What process allowed the formation of the planets in the solar system? TARGET At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1.Describe Earth as the life-supporting and life-sustaining planet in the solar system; 2.Identify the interactions of Earth's subsystems; and 3.Identify and differentiate the layers of Earth. Table of contents 01 02 The Earth as a Living Planet The Earth as a System 01 The Earth as a Living Planet Do you think there are living organisms on the other planets? Why or why not? Whatever your answer is to this question, one idea is certain --Earth is a host of life. Humans are much interested to know if there are life forms beyond Earth. But presently, we still do not have evidence that there is life in other regions of space. On the other hand, Earth is a unique planet because of its ability to support and sustain life. There are many reasons why there is life on Earth and the following are the most notable:  a\. The appropriate distance from the Sun that provides energy for plants and that drives circulation in the oceans and the atmosphere There are many reasons why there is life on Earth and the following are the most notable: b\. The presence of adequate amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere There are many reasons why there is life on Earth and the following are the most notable:  c\. The presence of Earth's magnetic field allows for water to be retained on Earth as well as protects us from solar winds, keeping the planet habitable There are many reasons why there is life on Earth and the following are the most notable: d\. The abundance of the soil allows vegetation to grow There are many reasons why there is life on Earth and the following are the most notable:  e\. The presence of liquid water 02 The Earth as a System A system is a collection of elements or components that are organized and work as a whole. It is made up of subsets or subsystems. Earth is essentially a closed thermodynamic system, where only energy is exchanged between Earth and its surroundings. The Earth's interacting  subsystems are the lithosphere or geosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the sphere that accounts for the totality of life called the biosphere. GEOSPHERE The **geosphere** is composed of the rock and mineral-rich solid regions of Earth including its plastic mantle and the iron-nickel core. The outer layer of Earth is its continental and oceanic crusts. The density of oceanic crust is about 3.0 g/cm^3^, and the density of continental crust is about 2.7g/cm^3^. The thicker continental crust that is granitic is less dense than the thinner oceanic crust, which is basaltic in nature. GEOSPHERE The mantle of Earth is about 2,900 km thick and separates the crust from the core. Most of the volume and mass of  Earth are attributed to the mantle. Recent research on lava ejected by volcanoes revealed that the mantle is composed of iron, magnesium, and calcium. GEOSPHERE The innermost layer of Earth is the core. Seismological data and studies on meteorites revealed that the core is composed of iron and nickel and is further divided into the liquid outer core and the solid inner core. The movement of the outer core over the inner core generates Earth's magnetic field. HYDROSPHERE The hydrosphere of Earth is composed of all the bodies of  water of Earth; the majority of which are in the oceans, and the remainder are in freshwater reservoirs and frozen in ice. The total amount of water evaporated and precipitated over Earth is maintained by the water cycle. ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases that surround it. The numerous gas particles rapidly move and collide with one another. There are more gas particles near the surface than at higher altitudes. The atmosphere is made of about 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, and the rest are trace gases. ATMOSPHERE The troposphere, the  lowest region of the atmosphere is where most of the weather patterns occur. The atmosphere interacts with the hydrosphere as water is cycled through it. BIOSPHERE Another sphere or subsystem is the biosphere. The term was coined by Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadsky (1863-1945) because he thought that life on Earth is an agent that helps it evolve. The biosphere in essence sums up all the life and living conditions on Earth. In 1983, NASA's advisory council created the Earth Systems Science  Committee and, in 1988, published the report, "Earth System Science: A Program for Global Change." This report is significant since it highlighted the interactions of Earth's subsystems. **THANKS!** Do you have any questions? jmdcanuto\@letranbataan.edu.ph CREDITS: This presentation template was created by **Slidesgo**, including icons by **Flaticon**, and infographics & Slidesgo Flaticon images by **Freepik** Freepik