ELS MODULE 1: Origin and Structure of the Universe and Solar System PDF

Going Beyond: The Origin and Structure of the Universe and the Solar System  Lesson Objectives State the different hypothesis explaining the origin of the universe Explain that Earth consists of four subsystems Determine the different activities that affects the quality and availabil...

Going Beyond: The Origin and Structure of the Universe and the Solar System  Lesson Objectives State the different hypothesis explaining the origin of the universe Explain that Earth consists of four subsystems Determine the different activities that affects the quality and availability of water for human use Recognize the uniqueness of Earth as being the only planet in the Solar System with properties necessary to support life  The Structure and Composition of the Universe  The universe is composed of baryonic matter, dark matter and dark energy composed of BARYONS such composed of particles a mysterious force as Protons and Neutrons. It that do not absorb, that is responsible includes planets, stars and reflect or emit light. other celectial bodies such as for the expansion comets, meteors and Example of this is the of the universe. asteroids. black hole. Baryonic Matter (5%) 71 %  HYDROGEN AND HELIUM ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE it makes almost 99 % of its chemical composition. As nuclear fission happens, hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium. The Universe contains different astronomical bodies and is expanding any astronomical body made up of plasma that can produce heat and light A group of stars First proposed by GEORGES LEMAITRE in 1927 The most accepted theory about the origin of the universe because he provided efficient and enough evidence to prove the claim Stated that the Universe started in a hot, dense state, where matter and energy closely interacted with each other. As more atoms form, they combine with one another through a process called NUCLEOSYNTHESIS Successfully explains why and how the universe is expanding through the observation of REDSHIFT Another piece of evidence that supports the Big Bang Theory in 1965 Discovered by Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias Explained that CMB is an electromagnetic radiation which is a leftover from the formation of the universe. Proposed by Sir Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold and Sir Fred Hoyle States that the universe has no beginning and no end. Claims that as the universe expands, new matter is created in the form of galaxies and stars.  A small part of the universe vast in its own right as it contains its own star, the sun and eight orbiting planets, as well as numerous moons, dwarf planets and many more.  The Nebular Hypothesis States that the solar system was formed from a nebula, a giant cloud of gas and dust. The nebula appeared to be intact at first, but it is speculated that a nearby supernova (massive explosion of star), disrupted this stable state. Materials that made up the nebula were drawn toward the center of the giant gas cloud in a phenomenon is called Gravitational Collapse The Protoplanet Disc cloud of gas and dust that surrounded the newly formed sun and eventually became the planets of the solar system Created 2 types of planets: Terrestrial Planet- Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars Jovian Planet- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune The Encounter Hypothesis Different theories about the interaction of the sun with a comet, a star or other celestial bodies that were collected from different scientist and experts. CURRENT ADVANCEMENT OR INFORMATION ON THE SOLAR SYSTEM MARS ROVER MISSIONS Opportunity, Spirit, Perserverance and Curiosity Rovers have collected and analyze rock samples of Mars. One of the objective of this mission is to look for more evidence of ancient life in Mars INFORMATION FROM PLUTO FLYBY Downgrading of Pluto from a planet tojust a part of celestial beings in the Solar System THE POSSIBLITY OF PLANET NINE the possibility of the existence of a planet as big as Neptune in the Kuiper Belt. They claim that an undiscovered planet is affecting the ways these smaller objects orbit the sun. The planet has not been discovered yet. EARTH the third planet from the sun the only habitable planet Earth can harbor life because of the following reasons:  Stable Location Orion- Cygnus Arm of the Milky Way Goldilocks Zone Water can be propagated Stable Sun Sun is the Earth’s primary source of energy Scientist believed that sun is in stable age compared to other star.  Earth’s Core and Mantle Earth is made up of liquid iron and nickle. The liquid phase allows material to flow leading to the formation of the Earth’s magnetosphere. Earth’s Atmosphere The gases that makes up the Earth’s atmosphere is also ideal for organisms as it is made up of right combination of gases that is used for photosynthesis and respiration Earth’s Systems The Atmosphere Refers to the mixture of gases that surrounds the planet. The Atmosphere is made up of 78 % Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen and 1% of other gases such as Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Neon, Helium, Methane and Hydrogen. It is divided into five layers based on their temperature. TROPOSPHERE LAYERS: 0-20 km. above the surface TEMPERATURE: Decreases as you go higher OTHER INFORMATION: Contains 75-85 % of the atmosphere’s mass Decrease in temperature is caused by the expansion of gases with increasing altitude.  er STRATOSPHERE ay eL Ozon LAYERS: er 20-50 km above the surface Lay TEMPERATURE: e Increases as you go higher zon OTHER INFORMATION: O Contains the OZONE LAYER that absorbs yer most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun a L Absorption of radiation in this layer causes ne the increasing temperature with altitude. zo O MESOSPHERE LAYERS: 50-85 km above the surface TEMPERATURE: Decreases as you go higher OTHER INFORMATION: Meteor vaporize in this layer as they enter the planet  THERMOSPHERE LAYERS: 85 up to 500-1000km above the surface TEMPERATURE: Increases as you go higher OTHER INFORMATION: Contains IONOSPHERE, a layer of positively charged molecules used by humans to transmit radio waves in the air Positively charged atoms is responsible for Aurora australis and Aurora borealis  EXOSPHERE LAYERS: Starts at 1000km above the surface TEMPERATURE: Decreases as you go higher OTHER INFORMATION: Maks the line between the atmosphere of Earth and the outer space The Hydrosphere Refers to the waters found on Earth which can be liquid, ice or vapor. About 70 % of Earth’s surface is covered by water but majority is Salt Water with 97% and freshwater that makes up only 3%. All in all, only 1% of Earth’s water is readily accessible for human consumption  WATER CYCLE involves the repeated process where water evaporates, condences as clouds, is transported to other areas and falls again to the surface of the Earth. The Geosphere also known as the Lithosphere, contains the solid part of the Earth. It is mainly composed of the layers of the Earth. Scientist have classified Earth’s layer into two ways: the Compositional Layers and the Mechanical Layers of the Earth The Biosphere Composed all the organisms on Earth. The biospehere is dependent on other Earth systems for its survival. Depending on the needs of the organisms, there are different cycles for the interaction to be possible.  PERSONALITIES WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM 1. ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT- Described the structure of the Universe in his book COSMOS 2. JAMES LOVELOCK- Proposed that Earth can achieve stability through interaction and maintaining HOMEOSTASIS 3. JAMES HUTTON- Studies about Earth’s Crust 4. CHARLES DARWIN- Theory of Evolution 5. ALFRED WEGENER- Continental Drift Theory/ Supercontinent THANK YOU!!!