Earth and Life Science Lesson 1

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Questions and Answers

What type of reproduction involves one organism dividing into two identical cells?

Binary Fission (correct)

Budding

Fragmentation

Regeneration

Which type of animal reproduction involves developing eggs that hatch inside the body?

Oviparous

Asexual

Viviparous

Ovoviviparous (correct)

What is the primary focus of genetic engineering?

Natural selection of species

Theoretical genetics

Direct manipulation of DNA (correct)

Evolutionary biology

What type of feedback mechanism serves to enhance a physiological response until a specific outcome is achieved?

Positive Feedback Signup and view all the answers

How do endotherms primarily regulate their internal body temperature?

Through physiological means Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure reflects the evolutionary relationship of organisms and has similar morphological features?

Homologous Structures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to environmental changes that may affect extinction?

Dietary habits Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes structures inherited from ancestors that are no longer functionally necessary in a species?

Vestigial Structures Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that life arose from non-living materials spontaneously?

Theory of Spontaneous Generation Signup and view all the answers

What did Francisco Redi's experiments demonstrate regarding the origin of life?

Life originates from pre-existing life. Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is known for the first observation of microorganisms?

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the Cellular Basis of Life?

Cells are the smallest functional units of life. Signup and view all the answers

Which hierarchy of biological organization is illustrated correctly?

Atom > Molecule > Cell > Tissue > Organism Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pasteurization, which was popularized by Louis Pasteur?

To kill pathogens and preserve food. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that life may have originated from spores brought to Earth from other planets?

Theory of Panspermia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a biological system?

A set of related parts interacting to form an organization. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an ecosystem?

All living organisms and their interactions with non-living components in a particular area. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a population?

Individuals within one species residing in a specific area at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best illustrates the concept of form and function in biology?

The structure of a flower attracts insects for pollination. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of double-fertilization in angiosperms?

To create both the zygote and a supportive tissue for seed development. Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of pollination involve?

The transfer of pollen from the male part to the female part of a flower. Signup and view all the answers

In the biological organization hierarchy, which level comes directly below the organism?

Organ system Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly represents the theory of evolution?

Evolution explains the diversity of life and species' adaptations over time. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a gamete in the context of reproduction?

A reproductive cell that can unite with another gamete. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lesson 1: Earth and Life Science

Paleontologists: Scientists who study early life forms, collecting, identifying, and studying evidence.
Fossil: Preserved remains of ancient organisms.
Stromatolites: Layered sedimentary formations created by photosynthetic cyanobacteria, found near water.
Deep Sea Vent Theory: Life began in hydrothermal vents (cracks on Earth's surface).
Theory of Special Creation/Divine Theory: Life is created by supernatural powers.
Theory of Panspermia/Spore Theory: Life arrived on Earth from another planet in resistant spores.
Primordial Soup Theory: Life originated from water charged with lightning.
Theory of Spontaneous Generation/Abiogenesis: Non-living materials generate life spontaneously.
Pneuma: Material needed for life to arise from nonliving matter.
Francisco Redi: Experiment disproved spontaneous generation.
John Needham: Experiment tried to prove spontaneous generation, but flawed.
Louis Pasteur: Experiment disproved spontaneous generation, popularized pasteurization.

Lesson 2: Biological Systems

Biological System: Complex system of parts forming an organization.
Hierarchy of Organization: Atom -> Molecule -> Cells -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem -> Biosphere.
Atom: Smallest basic unit of matter.
Molecule: Group of two or more atoms.
Cell: Basic unit of life.
Tissue: Groups of similar cells working together.
Organ: Structure composed of two or more tissue types.
Organ System: Groups of organs working together.
Organism: Individual living entity.
Population: Group of the same species living together.
Community: All populations living in a particular area.
Ecosystem: All living organisms (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components in an area, interacting.
Biosphere: All ecosystems on Earth.
Form and Function: Structure relates to function.
Reproduction and Inheritance: Passing on traits.
Interaction with the Environment: Biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) interact.
Energy: Required for biological functions.
Regulation/Homeostasis: Ability to adjust to the environment.
Evolution and Diversity: Explains life's diversity on Earth.
Scientific Inquiry: Way to gain knowledge.

Lesson 3: Plant Reproduction

Stamen: Male reproductive part.
Filament: Supports the anther.
Anther: Produces pollen.
Pollen: Male gametes.
Carpel/Pistil: Female reproductive part.
Stigma: Sticky part to catch pollen.
Style: Connects stigma and ovary.
Ovary: Contains ovules.
Ovule: Female gametes
Gametes: Reproductive cells.
Zygote: Union of two gametes.
Fertilization: Fusion of two gametes.
Pollination: Transfer of pollen to the female part of the flower.
Self-pollination: Pollen transfer on the same plant.
Cross-pollination: Pollen transfer on different plants.
Angiosperms: Flowering plants.

Lesson 4: Genetic Engineering and Reproduction

Gymnosperms: Non-flowering, seed-producing plants.
Double Fertilization: Two cells are fertilized.
Germination: Growth of seedlings into plants.
Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction with one parent, creates genetically identical offspring.
Sexual Reproduction: Reproduction with two parents, creates genetically unique offspring.
Types of Asexual Reproduction: Budding, Binary Fission, Fragmentation, Regeneration.
Types of Animal Reproduction: Oviparous, Viviparous, Ovoviviparous.
Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA to alter organisms.
GMA: Genetically modified animal.
GMP: Genetically modified plant.
GMF: Genetically modified foods.
GMO: Genetically modified organism.
Genetic Engineering Technique: Steps involve identifying, extracting, removing, and inserting a desirable gene.

Lesson 5: Respiration and Life Processes

Respiration: Exchange of gases.
Endotherms: Warm-blooded animals that regulate internal temperature.
Ectotherms/Poikilotherms: Cold-blooded animals, body temp changes with surroundings.
Negative Feedback: Reduces excessive response to maintain normal range.
Positive Feedback: Intensifies response until an endpoint.
Excretion: Removal of waste.
Osmoregulation: Maintaining salt and water balances.
Immune System: Protects against foreign bacteria.
Nervous System: Allows body to respond to changes.
Body in Motion: Movement for survival.

Lesson 6: Evolution and Environmental Change

Evolution: Gradual change and development of species.
Embryology: Study of embryos and development.
Homologous Structures: Similar structures from common ancestors.
Vestigial Structure: Feature no longer necessary but inherited from ancestors.
Genetics: Study of heredity and genes.
Environmental Changes Affecting Extinction: Variations in atmosphere, temperature, floods, glaciation, cosmic radiation/asteroid impact, and diseases.
Balance of Nature: Ecosystems have a limited capacity for individuals.
Diversity and Stability: Organisms have specific roles.
Resistance: Ability to remain stable despite disturbances.
Resilience: Ability to adapt to adversity.

Ecosystems

Terrestrial Ecosystem: Land-based.
Aquatic Ecosystem: Water-based.
Grassland: Dominated by grasses.
Desert: Minimal rainfall.
Marine Ecosystem: Large, high dissolved salts and minerals.
Freshwater: Minimal salt, covers 0.8% of Earth.
Human Activities: Ecosystem damage.

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Description

Explore the foundations of Earth and Life Science in this quiz. Learn about key concepts such as paleontology, theories of life origins, and significant experiments in the field. Test your knowledge on the different scientific perspectives regarding the emergence of life on Earth.