Earth And Life Sciences Past Paper 2ND PDF
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Sorsogon National High School
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This document contains notes on earth and life sciences, covering topics such as the circulatory system, reproduction, and genetic engineering. The document appears to be a set of notes, rather than a past paper.
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EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES ☁️ byCOLE Semester 1 (Earth) Circulatory System HEART, BLOOD, B. VESSELS - Heartcoronary vessels surround the heart - Pumps blood throughout the body - Hollow muscular organ. About the size of f...
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES ☁️ byCOLE Semester 1 (Earth) Circulatory System HEART, BLOOD, B. VESSELS - Heartcoronary vessels surround the heart - Pumps blood throughout the body - Hollow muscular organ. About the size of fist Fo ur chambers- Right and Left Atrium and Ventricles our valves- Tricuspid valve, Mitral Valve, PulmonaryValve F Superior and Inferior ena Cava V Deoxygenated entrance - Superior – upper part - Inferior – lower part Right atrium and Ventricle - Receiving chambers of deoxygenated blood Tricuspid Valve - Controls blood flow for RA and RV Pulmonary Valve, Pulmonary Artery, Lungs, Pulmonary Vein - gas exchange happens Left Atrium and Ventricle - Receiving chamber of oxygenated blood Left Ventricle - largest and strongest heart chamber Mitral Valve - Controls blood flow for LA and LV Aortic Valve - Aorta systemic circulation types of blood circulation 3 1.CORONARYheart and its tissues 2.PULMONARYheart – lungs 3.SYSTEMICto the rest of the body he three blood vessels T 1.Arteriesaway from the heart 2.Veinstowards the heart 3.Capillariesconnects smallest arteries to the smallestveins EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES ☁️ byCOLE Semester 1 (Earth) Vocabulary: Gametes ➔ O rganisms reproductive cell (sperm & egg) Zygote ➔ Fertilized ovum or egg Chromosomes ➔ T hread-like structure inside the nucleus and plant cell ➔ Made out ofproteinandsingle molecule of dna Cell division ➔ P arent cell produce two daughter cells ➔ Product of division of parent cell ( mitosis and meiosis) Mitosis ➔ P arent cell producetwo identical daughter cells Meiosis ➔ P arent cell producefour daughter cells thatcontains half of both parents genetic information Haploid ➔ Q uality cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes ➔ Egg and sperm are haploid Diploid ➔ h as paired chromosomes from each parent ➔ 23 pairs of chromosomes homologous chromosome ➔ P air are similar length, centromere and staining pattern, for genes with same corresponding loci ➔ One is inherited from mom another is inherited from dad non-homologous ➔ C hromosome thatdo not belong to the same pair ➔ Does not pair during meiosis prokaryote ➔ C elllacks nucleus and organelles ➔ Two distinct group:bacteriaand archaea eukaryote ➔ H as aclearly defined nucleus ➔ Its nuclear membrane has nucleus that has well defined chromosomes Cytokinesis ( cell division) ➔ O ne cell is physically divided into two daughter cells EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES ☁️ byCOLE Semester 1 (Earth) Reproduction ➔ A biological process when the same species produces offspring (1. Genetics, 2. characteristics) ➔ Continuous process, producing another generation 2 Different Ways to Reproduce ASEXUAL Type Process Binary Fission In a Bacterium (e.g.prokaryotic): ➔ Cell divides into 2 daughter cells 1. Inside acytoplasm,there is a chromosome. Types: 2. DNA Replicationtakes place, the 1. Irregular in Amoeba- the regular chromosomedoubles. process of splitting up 3. Cytokinesis -splitting up 2. Longitudinal in Euglena- splits vertically (lengthwise) In an Amoeba(e.g. eukaryotic): 3. Transverse in Paramecium- it 1. There is aparent cellcontaining splits into two, but sticks together chromosomes. 2. Nucleusdivides into two 3. Cytokinesis oth process ends up withtwo identical B daughter cells. Budding ➔ O ffspring is attached to its parent when born ➔ Breaks off to parent to continue life independently/as an individual Can occur in: 1. Unicellular organisms 2. Multicellular organisms Parthenogenesis mbryo forms and develops without E fertilization by a gamete Sporogenesis A cycle of: ➔ F orming spores that can be used in reproduction pores > Spore Germination > Mycelium > S Developing fruit body > Mature mushroom Common process to organisms such as: ➔ Ferns (non-flowering) > Molds ➔ Mushrooms (multicellular fungi) Fragmentation roken fragments grow into another B Organism breaks off from itself individual organism (flatworms, sponges) EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES ☁️ byCOLE Semester 1 (Earth) Regeneration Regrow certain parts they’ve lost 📌 : When fragmentation happens, an organism loses a part, regeneration takes place on the plant that loses a part, and that lost part continues to grow as an individual SEXUAL Type Process Fertilization(in humans and animals) Can happen in 2 ways: 1. V iviparity -embryodevelops Two main processes: inside the parent’s body - born as alive 1. Fertilization(fusion of gametes) individuals. Gametes(egg;sperm)> (fuse) 2 2. Oviparity -laysdeveloping eggs Fertilization>Zygote(grows, changes to - Developed > they be fully developed [to turn into fetus]) hatch out from their shells. 2. F ormation of Gametes(cell division) Meiosis (four new cells are formed) ➔ Each with half the genetic material that the original cell had Pollination tamen -male sex organ, found inpollen S grains, produced inanthers istil- female sex organ, found inovules, P produced inovary GENETIC ENGINEERING-Recombinant DNA Technology /Gene Modification ➔ M anipulation ofgenetic material(containsDeoxyribonucleicAcid [DNA]) ➔ Done by adding or removing a region of DNA into another organism ➔ Can alter/enhance Process of Genetic Engineering (of human insulin) Bacteria -hasplasmids- can replicate independently - Uses genetic engineering asvectors /carriers offoreign DNA fragments GENE CLONING-To produce large amounts, gene isisolated>inserted to plasmid > replicate identical copies EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES ☁️ byCOLE Semester 1 (Earth) . E 1 xtractplasmid from bacteria/yeast cell 2. Cutplasmid withmolecular scissors - restrictionenzymes 3. Insert isolated genesto gap of plasmid (to geneticallymodify) DNA Ligase (enzyme) -turns intorecombinant plasmid 4. Transformation: Recombinant plasmid >new bacteria/yeastcell 5. Genetically modified objectdivides rapidlyto createinsulin 6. Genetically modified bacteria/yeastare grown intofermentation cells(contains nutrients for replicating) 7. Mixture is filtered to release insulin. 8. Purifying and packagingto pens. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs) ➔ C rops -improve yield, growth rates and nutritionalvalue ➔ Animals- can be used to grow human transport tissues& organs ➔ Microorganisms -produce clean fuel to becomebiodegraders/ decomposers of organic substances ➔ Pharmacies -introduce vaccines, antibodies, medicines& foods
